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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-scale analysis of carbon stocks and deforestation monitoring 401 Figure 2: (1) MODIS (left) mosaic composite image RGB 2009: 3 – 2 – 1 (2) derived EVI image (up right) and (3) derived NDVI image (down right) Projection: Laborde (Hotine Mercator Oblique) – Ellipsoïde International 1924 Spatial analysis Biomass inventory Allometric equation Landsat-7 ETM+ 2005 Preclassification Modis EVI / NDVI Stratification Plot based sampling Tree based sampling EVI/NDVI values for classification Post classification: Biomass map Plot based biomass stock Wood density / weight Allometric equation Accuracy assessment Figure 3: Research Approach Vegetation indices (*1000) 1000 Biomass (t/ha) 600 750 400 500 250 200 0 0 1 51 Biomass (t/ha) 101 151 NDVI*1000 201 251 EVI*1000 301 351 Observations Figure 4: Repartition of NDVI and EVI with plot biomass stock Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-scale analysis of carbon stocks and deforestation monitoring 402 4. Discussion Although deforestation occurs in practically all developing countries (FAO, 2006), the actual rate of deforestation makes REDD initiatives more and more important to maximize reductions of greenhouse gases. In this way, it is important to create methodologies to assess and to monitor the deforestation and the carbon stock together. The REDD initiatives suppose that countries has to be able to assess both degradation and deforestation processes. However, the degradation analysis seems to have some limitations regarding the cost effectiveness of the methodology. Rakoto Ratsimba et al. (2010) have shown that this kind of assessment is possible at a small scale (local level) while the upscaling process demonstrates that only deforestation monitoring is possible over large areas. It is due to loss of spatial accuracy (the diversity of value of 23 * 23 pixels of SPOT image are included in a single pixel of MODIS image). This study reports that it is possible to report a forest map through biomass stock assessment. It gives the opportunity for policy makers to have not only the total area of the forest (2 754 905 ha for the humid forest of the Eastern of Madagascar), but also the mean carbon stock per area (126 ± 12 t/ha) (see Figure 5). If we refer to other studies done in the region, Sussman et al. (1994) estimated the forest area of the region at 3 800 000 ha in 1985. Moreover, the same assessment can be done in other images (2000 for example) in order to model the deforestation process. The accuracy assessment gives a total value of 28,85 % which is an acceptable value regarding other carbon assessment (Samalca et al., 2007 – 41,27 % ; Rakoto Ratsimba et al., 2010 – 31,35 %). Thus, depending on REDD objective in Madagascar and the country priority, a small scale or larger scale initiative could be implemented. Figure 5: Forest map of the Eastern Humid Forest of Madagascar (biomass stock 126 ± 12 t/ha) Projection: Laborde (Hotine Mercator Oblique) – Ellipsoïde International 1924 References Aboal J.R., Arevalo, J.R. and Fernandez, A., 2005. Allometric relationships of different tree species and stand above ground biomass in the Gomera laurel forest (Canary Islands). Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 200(3): 264-274. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2006. Forest Resources Assessment. Rome. Bonan G. B., 2008. Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests. Science, 2008, vol. 320, no. 5882. pp. 1444. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2009. The World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC. Holmgren P., Clairs T. and Kasten T., 2008. Role of satellite remore sensing in REDD. Issue Paper, UN REDD (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme), 9p. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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