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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Identification of climatic trends for some localities in the Southern Region of Campos Gerais 383 Table 1 . Length of series and location of the municipalities of Fernandes Pinheiro, Lapa and Ponta Grossa – State of Parana, Brazil. City Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) Series Fernandes Pinheiro Number of years -25°27’ -50°35’ 893 1963-2007 45 Lapa -25°47’ -49°46’ 910 1989-2007 19 Ponta Grossa -25°13’ -50°01’ 880 1954-2001 48 3. Result The climatological data were analyzed with the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test, producing the results shown in Table 2. Table 2 . Results of the Mann-Kendall Test applied on the climatological data of rainfall and temperature in the cities of Fernandes Pinheiro, Lapa and Ponta Grossa, State of Parana, Brazil. Localidade Variável Teste de Mann- Kendall (U calculado) 0,05% de significância 0,01% de significância Fernandes Precip itação 0,35 NS NS Pinheiro Fernandes Temperatura 3,30 S S Pinheiro Máxima Fernandes Temperatura 5,81 S S Pinheiro Média Fernandes Temperatura 5,38 S S Pinheiro Mínima Lapa Precip itação -1,92 NS NS Lapa Lapa Lapa Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Temperatura Máxima 2,41 S NS Temperatura 2,27 S NS Média Temperatura 2,27 S NS Mínima Precip itação 2,06 S NS Temperatura Máxima Temperatura Média Temperatura Mínima -3,18 S S 1,88 NS NS 4,85 S S With respect to the rainfall data, a positive trend was observed for the city of Ponta Grossa, while for the other two cities, the results were not estatistically significant. For temperatures (maximum, average and minimum), significant trends were detected for all the cities, at least with 0.05% of significance. For the maximum temperature there was a positive trend for the Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Identification of climatic trends for some localities in the Southern Region of Campos Gerais 384 cities of Lapa and Fernandes Pinheiro, the latter being significant at 0.01%, while for the city of Ponta Grossa, the maximum temperature had a significant negative trend of 0.01%. For minimum temperature, all the cities had significant positive trends, showing a rise in the minimum temperature in the region. These results of a temperature rise in the southern region of Campos Gerais, in the State of Parana, is reinforced by analyzing the average temperature in the three localities, which showed positive trends. Finally, for the city of Ponta Grossa, in despite of having observed an average temperature rise, this was not significant for the studied period. 4. Discussion According to Silva (2004) the rainfall in southern Brazil are distributed regularly throughout the year, compared to other regions of the country, but in recent years the phenomenon El Nino has served continuously in this region. This climatic phenomenon, when actuates, significantly alters the levels of rainfall, which are increased during the year. Whereas this phenomenon has been acting steadily in the region, the increase in the totals of annual rainfall and the positive trend observed for the city of Ponta Grossa may be correlated with the performance of such a frequent phenomenon in the region. Back (2001) also found elevated totals of annual rainfall for the city of Urussanga, State of Santa Catarina, identifying a significant positive trend. The decrease of the maximum temperature in Ponta Grossa, along with higher minimum temperature, can be partially explained as a consequence of increased cloudiness in the region. Due to this rise in the levels of cloudiness during the day, a smaller amount of sunlight can reach the earth's surface, occurring a decrease in maximum temperature. During the night, with lots of clouds, there is greater retention of radiation, complicating its loss to space, thereby increasing the minimum temperature at location (Silva & Guetter, 2003). In a previous study, Silveira & Gam (2006), analyzing changes in minimum temperatures in southern Brazil, found that the minimum temperature in the state of Rio Grande do Sul also showed a positive trend over the study period under review. The same increases were verified by Obregon & Marengo (2007), which developed a major study on climate throughout the Brazilian territory, in order to determine possible changes in climate variables. In this study the annual minimum temperatures in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, showed a significant positive trend at 0.05%, reinforcing the findings of elevated temperatures in the State of Parana. One reason for this increase in temperatures can also be correlated to the increase in the totals of areas destinated to urbanization in the last years (Sansigolo et al., 1992). In some regions, deforestation and changes in land use, as a result of human activities have increased rapidly in recent decades, and there are evidences that these actions can modify the thermodynamic characteristics of the lower atmosphere. These changes are the result of complex interactions between climate, hydrology, vegetation and management of water resources and land. Acknowlegments The authors thank to the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) for the authorization to access the rainfall data, and to the SETI – Fundação Araucaria, by the research support. References Back, J.A., 2001. Aplicação de análise estatística para a identificação de tendências climáticas. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 36, n. 5: 717-726. Groisman, P., Knight, R., Easterling, D., Karl, T., Hegerl, G., Razuvaev, V., 2005. Trends in tense precipitation in the climate record. Journal of Climate, 18: 1326-1350. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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