Landscapes Forest and Global Change - ESA - Escola Superior ...

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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010. Integrating esthetical and ecological values at the central Asia landscape change 341 landscape beauty in Greek and Roman gardens two thousand years ago (Botkin, 2001). The English garden, a much later development, represents the naturalistic (natural-like) idea of landscape beauty, and in the early Renaissance the wilderness and the power of nature symbolized the power of God and sublime beauty. Landscape preferences studies usually adopt objective quantification or normative judgments methods (Burley, 2006, Panagopoulos, 2009). Unfortunately, such methodological approaches fail to account for people’s subjectivity, a core element that informs their spatial preferences and evaluations of landscapes, and have resulted in simplistic interpretations of human-place interactions (Ohta, 2001). According to Burke (1958) aesthetic of landscapes can be distinguished as “Picturesque” (dominated from asymmetry, scenes, nostalgic); “Beautiful” (feeling that induce in us a sense of affection and tenderness or “Sublime” (that is a pleasure that arises, from pain or fear). A violent emotion can be caused from sublime landscapes – especially with heightened spiritual feelings- and the elements of pathos and empathy exist in sublimity. During the second half of the 18th century the meaning of the word “sublime” shifted from rhetorical aesthetic to a psychological sense. The theory of “Peri Hipsous” had established the distinction between the elevated style beauty and the capacity to raise passion (Kaplan, 1987; Ramos & Panagopoulos, 2007). Deserts can be valued aesthetically, if they are beautiful, sublime or picturesque. To identify whether a desert landscape is beautiful or not, a set of variables is to be investigated. These variables might be physical or not, they can be recognized visually and non-visually using our senses. The aesthetic value of the desert landscape can be recognized when the specialists and the community recognize together, the attributes of the aesthetic variables (Lothian, 1999). Objective of the present study is to find how a person interprets desert landscapes using phenomenological methodology. 2. Methodology A questioner was used as research tool to measure landscape preference. The participants were 11 men and five women, three of whom participated in preliminary (test) interviews. Participants ranged between the ages of 19 and 65, possessed a high school and above education, originated from Portugal and related to landscape planning and design. Thirty four color photographs of natural and designed desert landscapes were selected from landscape photographs. The interview style was semi-structured, beginning with basic open-ended questions were then made more specific. The questions were constructed following the principles described by Patton (1980): 1) Experience/Behavior (what a person does or has done); 2) Opinion/Value questions (aimed at understanding the subject's cognitive and interpretive processes); 3) Feelings (emotional responses to experiences and thoughts); 4) Aesthetic knowledge (factual information); and 5) Sensory Experience (what is seen, heard, touched, tasted, and/or smelled). The time frame of the questions may vary as necessary at the discretion of the interviewer. Typical questions for this study include the following: `What do you see on the photo' What would you feel if you were there' `Have you ever been to a place like this', What element of the landscape attracted you Other sections of the questionnaire included psychophysical questions and other with sustainability perceptions and economic preferences. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010. Integrating esthetical and ecological values at the central Asia landscape change 342 3. Results and Conclusions Regardless of their fragile ecosystems and stigma of landscapes to avoid, decertified areas enjoy numerous human-based and natural attractions that are in some cases unique in natural world. Finding of this study well reveal that arid areas have a great number of potential capacities. Natural features like dunes, salt domes, erosion sculpts badlands, salt lakes, fresh and saline water springs, and animals well- adapted to hard-to-live circumstances, are just few instances of wonderful natural phenomena one can see in an arid area. cactus and halophyte plants, from small bushes to 6-meter high shrubs, are other natural picturesque sceneries that only deserts can offer. Also, human-based attractions like historical monuments, type of architecture and materials used for construction purposes, the ways desert-dwellers produce and subsist or deal with drought are other striking views that can attract tourists. Tabular data relating to the distribution of scenic ratings, and the indications of preference among observers, were generated using SPSS statistical software. After qualitative analysis, 7 main categories of cognitive aspects of natural landscapes were identified. Each landscape evoked each participant's memories and background, and altered through these influences, imagination/association, impression, aesthetic judgments, and meaning and attractiveness of nature. All these played their roles in the evaluation of desert landscapes (Figure 1). Each question caused that the participants remembered individual memories from their life and memories acquired through media or education. Participant’s background, hobbies and personal preference influenced the landscape cognition. Time of day and season were also associated with questions related to first impressions about the landscape. Imaginative activities and modifications concerning the landscapes as well as the feeling of greatness of nature influence the answers. Also, because the participants were related to planning and design of landscapes they judged the landscape aesthetically depending on particular elements of the scene and they were able to understand it as a photograph or as an actual scene. 14 Desert Topical Island Mountain Rural 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Liberty Discomfort Solitude Admiration Fear Enthusiasm Surprise Adventurous Curious Boring Sadness Harmony Asymmetry Simplicity Equilibrium Power Vastness Spiritual Obscure Incomprehensible Happiness Figure 1. Feelings evoked by each participant when evaluating different types of landscapes. Landscape cognition with photographs showed dynamic and complicated interactions of various mental aspects during the course of each session. Participants had sufficient time for various Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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T. Batista et al. 2010. The third d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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