Landscapes Forest and Global Change - ESA - Escola Superior ...

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A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Changes in structure and composition of forest stands at regional and national level 294 Changes of forest structure, occurred in the period 1970–2005, were mainly influenced by forest management; forest management is reflected through the harvest intensity and various forest management concepts in forest management regions. In addition, changes of forest stands were significantly influenced by the initial state of the stands. The increase of total growing stock was the highest in forests with lower growing stock, high proportion of broadleaves and less intensive management. In these forests the growing stock of low-diameter and mediumdiameter trees rose, too. Ownership, holding size and share of abandoned land in a compartment were the most important social factors, whereas the main environmental factors were altitude, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and site productivity. 4. Discussion Forest stands in the study area and more broadly in the central Europe changed significantly in last centuries (Klopcic et al., 2009; Spiecker, 2003). In the observed period changes are reflected in constant increase of growing stock, general aging of forest stands and shifting tree species composition closer to current climatic and edaphic conditions. In spite of the general trends of changing composition and structure of forest stands, this study and several others (e.g. Poljanec et al., 2010) indicate that changes varied in nature and magnitude between different forest types and different areas. Forest resources in extreme site conditions were least affected, in particular in the mountains where forest changes are slow due to harsh growing conditions, while in other forests types, changes of forest structure and composition can take on different forms. Varying magnitude and orientation of changes in stand parameters can be linked to the impact of different site conditions (Oliver and Larson, 1996), initial state of forest stands and different natural and anthropogenic disturbances (Pickett and White, 1996), as well as the selection of indicators and scale in which changes are observed. Initial state of forest stands in 1970 and forest management are the most important factors explaining changes in forest stand structure and composition in last four decades, while the impact of natural and social factors is indirect as they point to differing conditions for forest management. Initial state of the forest stands in 1970 are a result of interplay between different site conditions (Oliver and Larson, 1996) and different past forest management and land use history (Spiecker, 2003; Johann, 2007). In the most of the study area intensive harvesting and even-aged forestry promoting spruce significantly change stand structure and composition, while the application of uneven-aged systems in the 19 th and beginning of 20 th century particularly in the Dinaric region resulted in more preserved forest stand structure and composition. In the past few decades nature-based forestry (Diaci, 2006) was applied through intensive forest management planning on the entire study area. The harvest intensity decreased and only in exceptions reached the net annual increment, natural tree species and more diverse, site oriented forest structure was promoted through silvicultural measures. Current structure and composition of forest stands in the study area showed significant improvement of forest stands over the period under research. In fact, some stand parameter values such as average growing stock, current annual increment and diameter distribution came close to goal values. The development of species composition is generally favorable, since alteration of natural tree species composition decreased. Despite overall improved conservation status of forests, the status and future development of silver fir population is unfavourable (Boncina et al., 2009). In the future, regeneration and tending of appropriately structured growing stock is given priority over growing stock accumulation. On account of significant differences inside of study area a differentiated approach adapted to local forest conditions will be needed to ensure even Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Changes in structure and composition of forest stands at regional and national level 295 accumulation of growing stock, its maintenance or active regeneration of forest stands. Special focus will need to be placed on alleviating forest management risks, which depends mainly upon implementation of silvicultural, protective and other measures intended to increase resistance of forest stands. References Boncina A., Ficko A., Klopcic M., Matijasic D., Poljanec A. 2009. Management of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Slovenia. Research Reports Forestry and Wood Science and Technology, 90: 43–56. Chapman R. A., Heitzman E., Shelton M. G. 2006. Long-term changes in forest structure and species composition of an upland oak forest in Arkansas. Forest ecology and management, 236: 85–92. Diaci J. 2006. Nature-based silviculture in Slovenia : origins, development and future trends. Studia forestalia Slovenica, 126: 119-131 European forest types, categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy, 2006. European Environmental Agency Technical Report No. 9. Gold. S., Korotkov A.V., Sasse V. 2000. The development of European forest resources, 1950 to 2000. Forest Policy and Economics, 8: 183–192 Johann, E., 2007. Traditional forest management under the influence of science and industry: the story of the alpine cultural landscapes. Forest Ecology and Management 249: 54–62. Klopcic M., Jerina K., Boncina A. 2009. Long-term changes of structure and tree species composition in Dinaric uneven-aged forests: are red deer an important factor European journal of forest research, DOI: 10.1007/s10342-009-0325-z. Oliver C. D., Larson B. C. 1996. Forest stand dynamics. Updated ed. New York, John Wiley & Sons: 520. Pickett S. T., White P. S. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance of natural patch dynamics. San Diego, Academic Press: 472. Poljanec A., Ficko A., Boncina A. 2010. Spatiotemporal dynamic of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Slovenia, 1970-2005. Forest Ecology and Management, 259: 2183–2190. Spiecker, H., 2003. Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe-temperate zone. Journal of Environmental Management, 67: 55–65. Tamhane, A.C., 1979. A comparison of procedures for multiple comparisons of means with unequal variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74: 471–479. Welch, B.L., 1947. The generalization of ‘‘student’s’’ problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika, 34: 28–35. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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T. Batista et al. 2010. The third d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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A.M. Carvalho et al. 2010. Connecti
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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A.M. Geraldes & M.J. Boavida 2010.
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elem
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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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