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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. Electrical network hazard assessment for the avifauna in Portugal 260 Table 2: Electrical power line classification, according to hazard level Electrocution Collision Class Death_class Number of lines Length (km) Length (%) 1 [0 ; 0,83] 6447 1597,375 9,21 2 [0,83 ; 1,66] 4386 1698,577 9,79 3 [1,66 ; 2,49] 14926 6024,488 34,72 4 [2,49 ; 3,33] 11267 4899,044 28,24 5 [3,33 ; 4,16] 8223 3130,009 18,04 1 [0 ; 1,32] 6248 2649,333 17,28 2 [1,32 ; 2,65] 9360 3439,777 22,46 3 [2,65 ; 3,97] 10557 3761,530 24,53 4 [3,97 ; 5,30] 6365 2356,527 15,37 5 [5,30 ; 6,63] 7685 3128,657 20,40 Final results enable to state that Portuguese country areas with lower degree of birds’ electric shock danger are: the north and part of the center, as well as the southwestern district of Lisbon, and the coastline of the districts of Setúbal and Beja. In the districts of Guarda, Castelo Branco; Bragança, Braga, Porto, Portalegre, Santarém (North), Setubal and Viana do Castelo dominates the middle class of danger (see Figure 1 for location). The regions under high hazard level are: the districts of Évora, Santarém (South), Lisboa (northeast) Beja (central and northern) and Faro. According to the power line network characteristics and location, the south of Portugal is the results most concern as well the central coast. 4. Discussion The objectives of this study were successfully achieved. The entire power line net work was classified and analysed, for the entire country, the relationship between power network and environmental characteristics, with special relevance for Natural Regions and Protected Areas. We would like to highlight the following results: the worst case scenario, related to collision hazard, indicates that the high and very high hazard classes of collision are present in more than 36% of the total analysed kilometres, for electrocution hazard, the worst forecast indicates the prevalence of high and very high hazard classes in approximately 50% of the total analysed kilometres. These results are worrying in terms of ecology, and should wherever possible, be eliminated or minimised in order to reduce negative effects on avifauna, for Natural Regions and Protected Areas, the results indicate that the high and very high hazard classes of collision are present in more than 43% of the total analysed kilometres, the high and very high hazard classes of electrocution are present in more than 34% of the total analysed kilometres and 43% classified as middle class. References Bernhardsen, T. 1999. Geographical Information Systems, an introduction – Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. U.S.A. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. Electrical network hazard assessment for the avifauna in Portugal 261 Beaulaurier, D. L. 1981. Mitigation or bird collision with transmission lines. Bonneville Power Administration. U.S. Department of Energy. Portland. U.S.A Burrough, P. A. 1987. Principles of geographical information systems for land resources assessment. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Oxford. United Kingdom. Brandão, R., Infante, S., Ministro, J., Neves, L. 2005. Estudo sobre o Impacto das Linhas Eléctricas de Média e Alta Tensão na Avifauna em Portugal. Quercus Associação Nacional de Conservação da Natureza e SPEA Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves. Castelo Branco. Portugal. Ferrer, M., Janss, G. F. E. 1999. Aves y Líneas Eléctricas, Colisión, Electrocución y Nidificación. Serviços Informativos Ambientales - Quercus. Madrid. Espanha. Hoef, J. M., Johnston, K., Lucas, N., Krivoruchko, K. 2001. Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. ESRI. USA. Janss, G. F. 2000. Avian mortality from power lines: a morphologic approach of a species-specific mortality. Biological Conservation 95: 353-359. James, B. W. & Haak, B.A. 1979. Factors affecting avian flight behavior and collision mortality at transmission lines. Bonnevile Power Administration Report. U.S. Department of Energy. Oregon. U.S.A. Janns, G. F. & Ferrer, N. 1998. Rate of collision with power lines: conductor-marking and groundwire-marking. Journal of Field Ornithology 69: 8-17. Meyer, J. R. 1978. Effects of transmission lines on bird flight behavior and collision mortality. Bonnevile Power Administration Report. U. S. Department of Energy. Oregon. U.S.A. Soares, A. 2006. Geoestatística para as ciências da terra e do ambiente – Segunda Edição. Instituto superior Técnico. Lisboa. Portugal. Acknowledgement Authors woul like to expresse is acknowledge to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), project REEQ/1163/AGR/2005, CITAB – UTAD, EDP – Electricidade De Portugal, the Portuguese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICN – Instituto da Conservação da Natureza), the National Association for Nature Conservation (Quercus - Associação Nacional de Conservação da Natureza) and the Portuguese Society for Birds Survey (SPEA - Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves). Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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