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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape Structure of a Conservation Area and its Surroundings in Minas Gerais State, Brazil 242 Figure 1: Land cover map of the conservation area Mata do Limoeiro and surroundings. Table 2: Landscape metrics results for the conservation area Metrics Classes Forest Grasslands Pasture Landscape TA (ha) 1.550,20 515,08 31,76 2.097,04 PD (no./100 ha) 0,28 1,66 0,38 2,33 NP 6 35 8 49 AREA MN (ha) 258,36 14,71 3,97 42,79 AREA (minimum – ha) 0,60 0,04 0,04 0,04 AREA (maximum – ha) 1.529,20 121,00 26,68 1.529,20 SHAPE MN 2,02 1,68 1,73 1,73 TCA (ha) 1.437,60 393,76 21,45 1.852,84 CAI (%) 92,73 78,44 67,53 93,12 ENN MN (m) 224,93 109,82 164,83 132,90 IJI (%) 49,38 63,82 95,41 64,04 Metrics Table 3: Landscape metrics results for the surrounding area Classes Forest Grasslands Pasture Urban Areas Landscape TA ( ha) 16.833,28 7.244,28 28.561,80 35,56 52.674,92 PD (no./100 ha) 0,63 0,19 0,45 0,00 1,28 NP 334 102 240 2 678 AREA MN (ha) 50,39 71,02 119,00 17,78 77,69 AREA (min. – ha) 0,04 0,04 0,04 9,60 0,04 AREA (max. – ha) 11.190,24 3.540,96 22.580,76 25,96 22.580,76 SHAPE MN 1,69 2,10 1,78 1,88 1,77 TCA (ha) 14.573,72 6.223,76 23.356,88 26,20 47.180,56 CAI (%) 86,58 85,91 92,28 73,68 89,57 ENN MN (m) 191,37 312,11 139,73 72,11 190,55 IJI (%) 51,47 62,50 49,20 16,13 52,53 Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape Structure of a Conservation Area and its Surroundings in Minas Gerais State, Brazil 243 4. Discussion The landscape structure results for the conservation site showed that the area to be preserved comprises a large amount of forest and grasslands. These findings increase the site importance for nature conservation purposes especially considering that the area is set in the Brazil’s Atlantic Forest Dominion, a highly threatened tropical ecosystem (Conservational International 2000), where conservation recommendations includes large areas, with elevate forest cover to favor species maintenance (Metzger 2009). Inside the conservation site the results of low patch number and high average area for the forest cover indicated the preservation of more continuous areas whereas in the surroundings the findings suggested concerns regarding fragmentation, especially for those areas located at the east side, closer to Itabira county. Valente (2001) found as more fragmented, in a landscape structure study of river basins, the sites with lower mean patch area and higher patch density. As pointed out by Ji at al (2008), patch number and average area can reflect the fragmentation of a certain landscape in some degree. Landscapes comprising lower mean patch area tend to be more fragmented (Mac Garigal and Marks 1995). The mean shape index results inside and outside the conservation area for the various land cover classes indicated a prevalence of irregular patches. Valente (2001) and Jorge and Garcia (1997) found similar results for the mean shape index in forest and savannah environments. Patches characterized by larger areas tends to present more irregular shapes (Mac Garigal and Marks 1995) and irregular patches with lower areas interact in a higher degree with the surrounding matrix being more susceptible to the edge effect (Valente 2001). In the present study, the characteristics of the core area might be compensating the shape. The land cover majority inside and outside the conservation area presented high proportion of core area suggesting a larger proportion of natural vegetation with low influence of the edge effect. This is the case of the largest forest patch found inside the area to be preserved (1.529,20ha). Regarding conservation purposes, the forest patch exceeds the 250ha core area criterion suggested by Jongman (1995), for nature conservation planning in Europe. The mean distance among patches of the same land cover inside the conservation area was highest for forests and in the surroundings for grasslands. Considering that approximately half of the patches of natural vegetation inside the conservation area presented low mean distances, a relative aggregation and low isolation among patches is occurring. Low isolation enables a better influx of animals, seeds and pollen improving dispersion and biological diversity (Forman & Godron 1986). The highest interspersion and juxtaposition index inside the conservation area was found for the pastures. This land cover type showed consequently a higher adjacency to the other patch types indicating a potential impact risk, since inappropriate fencing system coupled with free grazing, may favor invasive species colonization and damages to the seed bank. The surrounding area may work well as a buffer zone and enhance the flux among patches, given the richness in patches found. Nevertheless, the fragmentation trend especially on the east side and the large amount of pastures has to be considered. As pointed out by Jongman (1995) nature conservation sustainability must be supported by policies on buffering external influences and integrating functions, where possible. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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