Landscapes Forest and Global Change - ESA - Escola Superior ...

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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses and fragments: impacts of fragmentation in a forest park landscape 234 all sorts) protect and maintain endemic, threatened or endangered, flora and fauna, geological features, and cultural heritage sites. In addition, they can generate income for the local and national economies, and provide important benefits associated with enhanced tourism sectors. However, many parks are also associated with negative social and ecological impacts. Human populations neighboring parks are often excluded from settlement, access, resource extraction, and most forms of consumptive land use in the park, which in turn affects farmers’ land use and livelihood options. The processes that drive land cover change are complex and cannot be understood without addressing underlying cause and effect relationships. Changes in climate, population, and land use occur and interact simultaneously at different temporal and spatial scales, having major implications for both livelihoods and biodiversity. Forest loss and fragmentation are regarded as the greatest threat to global biological diversity (Turner and Corlett 1996). Fragmentation negatively impacts species composition due to a reduction in forest area and isolation of remaining fragments. Between 1990 and 2005, forest cover in Africa decreased by 21 million ha (Chapman et al. 2006). Since most parks are already ecosystem remnants of a limited size, it is important to consider each as a component of a larger landscape. The presence and use of forest fragments outside parks illustrate the interconnected nature of the park-domestic landscape.Within the greater continuous landscape, remnant fragments of larger forests can be important to neighboring human communities, providing subsistence-based resources. These forests represent reservoirs of land, resources, and economic opportunity for people, while at the same time are often viewed as buffers for parks by managers, as wildlife corridors and habitat that extends the effective size of the park. Unfortunately, these forest fragments are also hazards for local farmers, as sources of crop raids by primates, elephants, and birds. There has been extensive conversion of fragments, both to claim more land and to destroy the habitat of would-be crop raiders. Health concerns have also arisen as pest animals move pathogens across landscapes, leading to spillover of disease (potential zoonotic emergence), and spillback (pathogens transferred back into parks). The decline of remaining fragments in the human-dominated landscape may be an inevitable process, exacerbated by the impacts of current and future changing climate. The impacts that fragmentation has on both wildlife and vegetation within a fragment and perhaps more importantly, the impact of loss of intact habitat and wildlife on the people relying on the remaining fragments, are important to understanding and slowing or preventing future decline. As fragments decrease and become more degraded, encroachment into the park and the number and severity of human-wildlife incidences may increase. There is growing interest in the academic community and by policy makers as to the extent of climate change impact on ecological communities (Walther et al. 2002). Climate variability and change are affecting wildlife populations, posing serious risk to poverty reduction and threatening rural livelihoods. Local climate variability directly impacts crop yields, resource quality and abundance, vegetation productivity, and wildlife habitat and food sources. Climate change can also adversely affect the availability of resources for human populations outside of parks, who depend on the land for their livelihoods. In addition, changes in food abundance within parks may force wildlife to seek food in agricultural areas near the park boundary, increasing the vulnerability of farms to crop damage and predation. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses and fragments: impacts of fragmentation in a forest park landscape 235 Figure 1. Kibale National Park in western Uganda. 2. Study Site Kibale National Park (795km 2 , Figure 1), medium altitude tropical moist forest in western Uganda represents one of the best-studied forest sites in forested Africa, having been the site for multiple field projects for 40 years. The human population surrounding Kibale has increased seven-fold since 1920 and exceeds 270 people/km 2 at the western edge. Annual population growth rates range between 3 and 4% per year. The landscape is a mosaic of small farms (most 200ha), and interspersed forest fragments and wetlands (0.5-200ha or more), effectively isolating the park (Hartter and Southworth 2009). Forest fragments and wetlands extending from Kibale’s boundaries and isolated within the agricultural matrix vary in size, shape, and resource types and amount. The Kibale landscape is an extremely valuable setting because the biophysical and social response to social and ecological change may be emblematic of forest park landscapes across the entire Albertine Rift and likely elsewhere. Parks in the Albertine Rift have been identified as areas of extremely high endemic biodiversity and have been classed as a conservation priority (Plumptre et al. 2007). Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Chan
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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S.R. Freitas et al. 2010. The effec
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elem
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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