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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmental drivers of benthic communities: the importance of landscape metrics 5 Results The results of the MANOVA for benthic composition are presented on Table 3, separately for each year, and showed that site produced the significant differences for both years (p
V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmental drivers of benthic communities: the importance of landscape metrics 6 The dbRDA ordinations, grouping biological and environmental data are represented on Figure 2, with separate plots for biological and environmental variables. The 1st axis reflected the longitudinal variation, where the landscape variables linked to the natural cover (forest and shrubs) define the sites located upstream and the ones associated with the vineyard influence more the lower reaches. On the first sites we may notice the presence of less disturbed communities reflected by higher values of the biotic index, EPT, shredders and intolerant fauna, whereas this pattern is replaced downstream by a dominance of organisms with branchial and cutaneous respiration, belonging to trophic groups with mainly filterers and gatherers. Concerning the relation between benthic fauna and soil use it was also detected a longitudinal gradient related to soil use from natural areas (e.g. hardwood forest) to agriculture (including vineyards). Figure 2: Redundance analysis (dbRDA) between invertebrate metrics and landscape metrics. The left diagram represents the biological metrics and on the one on the right represents the landscape patterns. Acronyms for landscape metrics: N number of patches; SD- patch size standard deviation, SI- mean shape index, SH- mean patch fractal dimension, FR- area weighted mean patch fractal dimension; the last letters represent vegetation types: VIN vineyard; AG agriculture; FF broadleaf forest; FR coniferous forest; FM mixed forest; URB urban area (see Table 2 for the biological metric codes) Discussion Many studies using environmental variables determined at different spatial levels, attempt to extract the relevant scales that lend structure to aquatic communities such as benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages (Roth et al., 1996; Lammert and Allan, 1999). Lowe et al. (2006), who made a revision on patterns and processes across multiple scales of stream-habitat organization, emphasize the fractal network structure of stream systems at a landscape scale and mention the need to understand how the spatial configuration of habitats within a network affect fluxes of individuals and materials. The same authors conclude that broader use of multiscale approaches to explore population and community dynamics and species-ecosystem linkages in streams will produce research results that are applicable to management and conservation challenges. This study found that landscape metrics provided a powerful tool for assessing both macroinvertebrate dynamics, instream habitats and also the river corridor. It was also Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
Page 1 and 2: Landscapes Forest and Global Change
Page 3: The contributions to this volume ha
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Foreword Preface
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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