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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling feedbacks between avalanches and forests under a changing environment 175 Potential release areas (PRAs) were simulated in the avalanche release subroutine as results of the GLM equations, and are influenced by the avalanche flow dynamics and the subsequent forest regeneration. The forest has a strong influence in reducing PRA occurrence, but we found that the forest structure is just as important. Sparsely vegetated areas, which under some definitions may still be classified as forests, can only reduce PRAs up to a certain point, but can not avoid avalanches altogether. Furthermore, a forest cannot stop an avalanche once it reaches full speed and strength, which can happen for example when avalanches are initiated far above forests. Avalanches are expected to have a stronger influence on vegetation at higher altitudes, due to the increased release probability at higher altitudes, and the downhill flow direction. Forests at higher altitudes should therefore experience more disturbances by avalanches. As these forests are also climatically more limited in regeneration, they should be more sensitive to disturbances. Regarding the IDH, diversities of forests at high altitudes are strongly influenced by disturbances, and may not be ably to maintain the same diversity without avalanches (Rixen et al. 2007). However, climate change could further shift the maxima along the axis of disturbance intensities, and therefore also influence forest diversity and structure. 4. Conclusions Including an avalanche module in a forest-landscape model provides a useful tool, and improves model predictions for the avalanche protection function. Compared to models that include vegetation only as a binary variable, our merged model is able to predict PRAs relatively well, even though it does not consider the same physical or short-term weather variables most avalanches models use. The purpose of our merged model is not to explicitly account for single avalanche events, but to generate scenarios of trends for forest-avalanche feedbacks, forest protection abilities, and their development over time under changing environment. We expect that the proposed changes in TreeMig will lead to an improved representation of subalpine forest and treeline ecotones for different climate change scenarios, and therefore to a better judgment of how effective different forests are in terms of avalanche protection under various environmental scenarios. This should then contribute to improved long-term decision support for forest management of the study area. References Bebi, P., F. Kienast, and W. Schonenberger. 2001. Assessing structures in mountain forests as a basis for investigating the forests' dynamics and protective function. Forest Ecology and Management 145: 3-14. Bebi, P., D. Kulakowski, and C. Rixen. 2009. Snow avalanche disturbances in forest ecosystems - State of research and implications for management. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1883-1892. Bugmann, H. 1994. On the ecology of mountainous forests in a changing climate: a simulation study. PhD Thesis. Dissertation Nr 10638, ETH Zurich. Christen, M., P. Bartelt, J. Kowalski, and L. Stoffel. 2008. Calculation of dense snow avalanches in three-dimensional terrain with the numerical simulation program RAMMS. Online documentation. http://ramms.slf.ch/ramms/images/stories/rammsissw08.pdf (last accessed March 2010) Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling feedbacks between avalanches and forests under a changing environment 176 Cordonnier, T., B. Courbaud, F. Berger, and A. Franc. 2008. Permanence of resilience and protection efficiency in mountain Norway spruce forest stands: A simulation study. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 347-354. Lischke, H. and B. Zierl. 2002. Feedback between structured vegetation and soil water in a changing climate: A simulation study. Pages 349-377 Climate Change: Implications for the Hydrological Cycle and for Water Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. Lischke, H., N. E. Zimmermann, J. Bolliger, S. Rickebusch, and T. J. Loffler. 2006. TreeMig: A forest-landscape model for simulating spatio-temporal patterns from stand to landscape scale. Ecological Modelling 199: 409-420. Meyer-Grass, M. and M. Schneebeli. 1992. Die Abhängigkeit der Waldlawinen vom Standorts-, Bestandes- und Schneeverhältnissen. Schutz des Lebensraumes vor Hochwasser, Muren und Lawinen, Interpraevent 92. 2: 443-455. Patten, R. S. and D. H. Knight. 1994. Snow avalanches and vegetation pattern in Cascade- Canyon, Grand-Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 26: 35-41. Rixen, C., S. Haag, D. Kulakowski, and P. Bebi. 2007. Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant diversity and species composition in subalpine forest belt. Journal of Vegetation Science 18: 735-742. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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Page 140 and 141: R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
Page 142 and 143: R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
Page 144 and 145: P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
Page 150 and 151: L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
Page 156 and 157: T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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Page 174 and 175: E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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Page 194 and 195: Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Page 198 and 199: C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
Page 204 and 205: I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
Page 210 and 211: R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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Page 226 and 227: V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Chan
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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T. Batista et al. 2010. The third d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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A.M. Carvalho et al. 2010. Connecti
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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A.M. Geraldes & M.J. Boavida 2010.
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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F. Fonseca & T. de Figueiredo 2010.
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M.B. Horta & E. Keizer 2010. Assess
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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A.C.R. de Oliveira & S.M. Carvalho
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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J.L. Hernández-Stefanoni et al. 20
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E. Uuemaa et al. 2010. Spatial grad
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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S.R. Freitas et al. 2010. The effec
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elem
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C. Estreguil & G. Caudullo 2010. Ha
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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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