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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of endozoochorous seed dispersal on the soil seed bank and vegetation in the woodland area 163 ungrazed area. This might indicate contribution of large herbivore on the establishment of lawn species. 4.3 The contribution of endozoochous seed dispersal to the soil seed bank The seed density in ungrazed woodland are is higher than in grazed woodland. The expectation was in contrast because cattle contribute the number of seeds into the grazed area. One reason for the higher number of seed in ungrazed soil could be the thickness of litter layer. The litter layer in the ungrazed (36 cm) area is thicker than in the grazed area (30.5 cm). Litter increased seed longevity (Rotundo and Aguiar 2005) and when the litter layer is thick, this can lead to the conservation of seed in the soil (Jensen 1998). Furthermore, trampling by cattle can bury seeds deeply so they were not present in the top soil samples (30 cm deep). McDonald et al. 1996 stated that grazing allows the incorporation of seeds deeply in the soil. Twelve species of summer dung sample absent from soil seed bank ungrazed and grazed woodland area. The summer dung species needed more light (L Ellenberg’s value >6) and have the same requirement levels of moisture and nitrogen. Winter dung might contribute more to the species richness of the soil seed bank than the summer dung did. This could be the case as during the winter, limited foods were available for the cattle which led them to consume more different plants species. On the contrary in the summer, the cattle preferred the most palatable species, mostly grasses which were abundant during this season. Grass species have a low seed longevity index and low densities in the soil. Total seed density of lawn species was higher in soil seed bank ungrazed area than grazed area, however total frequency of lawn species in soil seed bank grazed area is higher than ungrazed. This might indicate role of cattle on distribution of lawn species which showed by more lawn species was found in soil seed bank grazed area than ungrazed area. Jasione montana, Lamium purpureum & Sonchus oleraceus dispersed by cattle during the winter and only found in soil seed bank grazed area. References Bakker, C., H. F. d. Graaf, W. H. O. Ernst, and P. M. v. Bodegom. 2005. Does the seed bank contribute to the restoration of species-rich vegetation in wet dune slacks Applied Vegetation Science. 2005; 8:39-48. Bakker, E. E. S., and H. H. Olff. 2003. Impact of different-sized herbivores on recruitment opportunities for subordinate herbs in grasslands. Journal Of Vegetation Science 14:465. Bokdam, J., and J. M. Gleichman. 2000. Effects of grazing by free-ranging cattle on vegetation dynamics in a continental north-west European heathland. Journal Of Applied Ecology 37:415-431. Bokdam, J. S. 2003. Nature conservation and grazing management: free-ranging cattle as a driving force for cyclic vegetation succession, Wageningen. The Netherlands. Cosyns, E., A. Delporte, L. Lens, and M. Hoffmann. 2005a. Germination success of temperate grassland species after passage through ungulate and rabbit guts. Journal Of Ecology 93:353-361. Cosyns, E. E., S. S. Claerbout, I. I. Lamoot, and M. M. Hoffmann. 2005b. Endozoochorous seed dispersal by cattle and horse in a spatially heterogeneous landscape. Plant ecology 178:149. Couvreur, M., E. Cosyns, M. Hermy, and M. Hoffmann. 2005. Complementarity of epi- and endozoochory of plant seeds by free ranging donkeys. Ecography 28:37-48. Dai, X. 2000. Impact of cattle dung deposition on the distribution pattern of plant species in an alvar limestone grassland. Journal Of Vegetation Science 11:715. Falinska, K. 1998. Long-term changes in size and composition of seed bank during succession: From meadow to forest. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67:301. Haskell, J. P., M. E. Ritchie, and H. Olff. 2002. Fractal geometry predicts varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home ranges. Nature 418:527-530. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of endozoochorous seed dispersal on the soil seed bank and vegetation in the woodland area 164 Jensen, K. 1998. Species composition of soil seed bank and seed rain of abandoned wet meadows and their relation to aboveground vegetation. Flora 193:345-359. Malo, J. E. 2000. Hardseededness and the accurancy of seed bank estimates obtained through germination. web. ecology 1:70-75. Malo, J. E., and F. Suarez. 1995a. Establishment Of Pasture Species On Cattle Dung - The Role Of Endozoochorous Seeds. Journal Of Vegetation Science 6:169-174. Malo, J. E., and F. Suarez. 1995b. Herbivorous Mammals As Seed Dispersers In A Mediterranean Dehesa. Oecologia 104:246-255. McDonald, A. W., J. P. Bakker, and K. Vegelin. 1996. Seed bank classification and its importance for the restoration of species-rich flood-meadows. Journal Of Vegetation Science 7:157-164. Mouissie, A. M., P. Vos, H. M. C. Verhagen, and J. P. Bakker. 2005. Endozoochory by freeranging, large herbivores: ecological correlates and perspectives for restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology. 2005; 6:547-558. Muller, F. M. 1978. Seedlings of the North-Western European lowland: a flora of seedlings, Wageningen. Olff, H., D. M. Pegtel, J. M. Vangroenendael, and J. P. Bakker. 1994. Germination Strategies During Grassland Succession. Journal Of Ecology 82:69-77. Pakeman, R. J., G. Digneffe, and J. L. Small. 2002. Ecological correlates of endozoochory by herbivores. Functional Ecology 16:296-304. Pywell, R. R. F., J. J. M. Bullock, A. A. Hopkins, K. K. J. Walker, T. T. H. Sparks, M. M. J. W. Burke, and S. S. Peel. 2002. Restoration of species-rich grassland on arable land: assessing the limiting processes using a multi-site experiment. The Journal of applied ecology 39:294. Rotundo, J. L., and M. R. Aguiar. 2005. Litter effects on plant regeneration in arid lands: a complex balance between seed retention, seed longevity and soil-seed contact. Journal Of Ecology 93:829-838. SPSS, I. 2003. SPSS 12.01 for windows. Traba, J., C. Levassor, and B. Peco. 2003. Restoration of Species Richness in Abandoned Mediterranean Grasslands: Seeds in Cattle Dung. Restoration Ecology 11:378-384. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Page 128 and 129: Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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Page 156 and 157: T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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Page 174 and 175: E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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Page 192 and 193: Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
Page 194 and 195: Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
Page 196 and 197: Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
Page 198 and 199: C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
Page 204 and 205: I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
Page 210 and 211: R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
Page 216 and 217: R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
Page 222 and 223: P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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Page 226 and 227: V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Chan
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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T. Batista et al. 2010. The third d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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A.M. Carvalho et al. 2010. Connecti
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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A.M. Geraldes & M.J. Boavida 2010.
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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F. Fonseca & T. de Figueiredo 2010.
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A. Gil-Tena et al. 2010. Disentangl
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M.B. Horta & E. Keizer 2010. Assess
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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A.C.R. de Oliveira & S.M. Carvalho
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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J.L. Hernández-Stefanoni et al. 20
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E. Uuemaa et al. 2010. Spatial grad
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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S.R. Freitas et al. 2010. The effec
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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S. M. Carvalho-Ribeiro & T. Pinto-C
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J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elem
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C. Estreguil & G. Caudullo 2010. Ha
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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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