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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect estimation of landscape uses by Lama guanicoe and domestic herbivorous 155 were obtained. Quantification of the species components of the diets was achieved through the frequencies of each species following Holechek and Gross (1982). Plant epidermal fragments were identified examined using 100x magnification based on their morphological characteristics. Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica were identified through the stoma distribution patterns in the epidermis and swellening of cuticle and trichomes (Ragonese 1981). Data were analyzed trough a comparison with a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) for the environment type or herbivorous species using plant species values obtained in the different sampling or census 3. Results Plan diversity (Table 1) greatly changed among the studied vegetation types, and large diversity was shared among the environments (Fig. 2A). Beside this, open environments (mainly grasslands) presented more exclusive species than the other environments. Harvested forests increased their diversity with time, including many exotic species (Fig. 2B) compared to the primary unmanaged forests. Table 1: Plant richness and their codes used for the vegetation type analysis. Name Code Name Code Name Code Acaena magellanica ACMA Colobanthus quitensis COQU Pernettya pumila PEPU Acaena ovalifolia ACOV Coronopus dydimus CODY Phaiophleps biflora PHBI Acaena pinnatifida ACPI Cotula scariosa COSC Phleum alpinum PHAL Achillea millefolium ACMI Cystopteris fragilis CYFR Phleum pratense PHPR Adenocaulon chilense ADCH Dactylis glomerata DAGL Plantago barbata PLBA Agoseris coronopifolium AGCO Deschampsia antarctica DEAN Poa annua POAN Agropyron pubiflorum AGPU Deschampsia flexuosa DEFL Poa nemoraris PONE Agrostis magellanica AGMA Draba magellanica DRMA Poa pratensis POPR Agrostis perennans AGPE Dysopsis glechomoides DYGL Polygonum aviculare POAV Agrostis uliginosa AGUL Elymus agropyroides ELAG Pratia longiflora PRLO Alopecurus magellanicus ALMA Empetrum rubrum EMRU Pratia repens PRRE Alopecurus pratensis ALPR Epilobium australe EPAU Primula magellanica PRMA Arenaria serpens ARSE Erigeron myosotis ERMY Ranunculus biternatus RABI Azorella lycopodioides AZLY Euphrasia antarctica EUAN Ranunculus fuegianum RAFU Azorella trifurcata AZTR Festuca gracillima FEGR Ranunculus maclovianus RAMA Berberis buxifolia BEBU Festuca magellanica FEMA Ranunculus uniflorus RAUN Berberis empetrifolia BEEM Galium antarcticum GAAN Ribes magellanicum RIMA Blechnum penna-marina BLPE Galium aparine GAAP Rubus geoides RUGE Bolax gummifera BOGU Galium fuegianum GAFU Rumex acetosella RUAC Bromus unioloides BRUN Gamochaeta spiciformis GASP Sagina procumbens SAPR Calamagrostis stricta CAST Gentiana postrata GEPO Schizeilema ranunculus SCRA Calceolaria biflora CABI Gentianella magellanica GEMG Senecio magellanicus SEMA Caltha sagitata CASA Geum magellanicum GEMA Senecio vulgaris SEVU Capsella bursa-pastoris CABU Gunnera magellanica GUMA Stellaria debilis STDE Cardamine glacialis CAGL Hieracium antarcticum HIAN Stellaria media STME Carex capitata CACA Holcus lanatus HOLA Taraxacum gillesii TAGI Carex curta CACU Hordeum comosum HOCO Taraxacum officinale TAOF Carex decidua CADE Hordeum secalinum HOSE Tetroncium magellanicum TEMA Carex fuscula CAFU Juncus scheuzerioides JUSC Thlaspi magellanicum THMA Carex gayana CAGA Leucanthemum vulgare LEVU Trifolium repens TRRE Carex macloviana CAMA Luzula alopecurus LUAL Triglochin concinna TRCO Carex magellanica CAMG Lycopodium magellanicum LYMA Triglochin palustris TRPA Carex sorianoi CASO Nanodea muscosa NAMU Trisetum spicatum TRSP Carex subantarctica CASU Nothofagus antarctica NOAN Uncinia lechleriana UNLE Cerastium arvense CEAR Nothofagus pumilio NOPU Veronica serpyllifolia VESE Cerastium fontanum CEFO Osmorhiza chilensis OSCH Vicia magellanica VIMA Chiliotrichum diffusum CHDI Osmorhiza depauperata OSDE Viola magellanica VOMA Cirsium vulgare CIVU Oxalis magellanica OXMA All the herbivorous mainly grazed in open environments all around the year, and were possible to find the same plant species in their feces analysis (e.g., Carex sp.) in all seasons (Table 2, Fig. 3). Beside this, in spring, Lama guanicoe consumed also N. pumilio saplings and Misodendrum, which were found in forested environments and specially in N. pumilio forests, while domestic herbivorous eaten species of open environments and N. antarctica forests too. In example, N. antarctica saplings, Cotula scariosa or Luzula alopecurus (Fig. 3A). Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect estimation of landscape uses by Lama guanicoe and domestic herbivorous 156 A B Figure 2: DCA for the analysis of plant species distribution: (A) among Nothofagus pumilio forests (Lenga), N. antarctica forests (Ñire) and grasslands and peat-lands (Open); (B) among primary unmanaged N. pumilio forests (PF), recently harvested forests (1-5 years) (RH) and old harvesting (>5 years) (OH). Codes for plant species appeared in Table 1. In spring, while L. guanicoe consumed mainly species of N. pumilio forest, domestic herbivores incorporated more components of open areas and N. antarctica (Fig. 2A). However, in summer more species were shared among all herbivorous in their diets (Fig. 2B) mainly from the open environments. In autumn, Lama guanicoe consumed species from N. pumilio forests and open environments, while domestic herbivorous eaten species of open environments and N. antarctica forests (Fig. 3C). A B C D Figure 3: DCA for the analysis of diet feces composition of guanacos (G), cows (C) and sheeps (S) according the seasonal sampling (A = spring, B = summer, C = autumn, D = winter). Codes appeared in Table 2. Finally, during winter (Fig. 3D), domestic herbivorous consumed plants from N. pumilio forest and open environment species (e.g., N. pumilio saplings, Plantago barbata and Trisetum spicatum), while L. guanicoe preferred species from open environments (e.g., Senecio magellanicus or N. antarctica saplings). Thus, native and domestic herbivorous alternated the Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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Section 9 Symposia
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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