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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are changes in fire regime threatening cork oak-shrubland mosaics 121 - the fire severity for cork oak was modeled by two levels of fire response: low (i.e. low mortality and high resprouting rate for cork oak) versus high (high mortality and low resprouting rate for cork oak) The persistence of all plants was assessed at the end of the simulations using the total abundance of all cohorts, and the abundance of four cohorts representing the life stages (i.e. seeds, immature individuals, mature trees, and mature high trees). In order to analyze the spatial changes of the mosaics we also compared the spatial patterning of cork oak and of the whole mosaic before and after the simulations. For this purpose we assessed the ‘total edge length’ (McGarigal et al., 2002), this statistics being expected to be a good indicator of species’ spatial interactions (Pausas, 2006). We also tested the spatial autocorrelation for species richness at the end of simulations by computing the Moran’s I index (Cliff and Ord 1981). The comparison of the effect of different fires regimes on the mosaics was done using multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) with the variables describing species abundance, richness and patterning as dependent variables and the variables of fire regime as independent variables. 3. Result The multiple analyses of variance (Table 1) indicated that the overall abundance of cork (i.e. the number of cells in which cork oak was present whatever the cohort) was quite stable among all the simulations runs. It varied from 46.5 to 62% of the landscape (mean value 50.7% with a coefficient of variation of 6.6%) while the area at the beginning of all simulations was 50% of the landscape. The total abundance of cork oak after simulation did not relate to the type of mosaic: large and small patches of cork oak woodlands resulted in similar cork oak abundance under a similar fire regime. Likewise, the different cohorts of cork oak (i.e. from seeds to mature high trees) were not significantly affected by the size of the woodland patches at the beginning of simulation. Conversely, all the variables of the fire regime clearly impacted the abundance of cork oak in the landscape (Table 1): its overall abundance decreased with low fire recurrence and small fires. While the presence of cork oak in the landscape was quite stable among simulations, the different cohorts behaved differently. Seeds were more abundant with a mean fire interval of 30 to 40 years. Immature individuals were more abundant at a 20-years fire interval and with large fires. Mature cork oak trees tended to increase with longer fire intervals but not statistically significantly. High mature trees that form the overstory increased at low fire recurrence, and with low severity and small fires. In all the simulations, lower disturbance by fire (i.e. long fire-free intervals, small fires and low-severity fires) favored the development of mature cork oak woodlands dominated by mature trees, with fewer immature individuals. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are changes in fire regime threatening cork oak-shrubland mosaics 122 Table 1. Multiple analysis of variance of cork oak abundance and landscape metrics as a function of the size of the patches of cork oak woodlands and the fire regime. The total abundance of cork oak and the abundance of the different cohorts were computed as the mean value at the end of the simulations (years 100 to 110). NS = non statistically significant (Tukey’s HSD test 95%) Size of the Fire Recurrence Fire Size Fire Severity woodland patches Cork oak Total abundance NS 6.59 13.97 NS P
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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Section 9 Symposia
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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