Wednesday (Group 2) - SERDP-ESTCP - Strategic Environmental ...
Wednesday (Group 2) - SERDP-ESTCP - Strategic Environmental ...
Wednesday (Group 2) - SERDP-ESTCP - Strategic Environmental ...
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Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
WEDNESDAY (GROUP 2) POSTERS<br />
This year, more than 400 posters are on display in the Exhibit Hall, <strong>Group</strong> 1 on Tuesday and<br />
<strong>Group</strong> 2 on <strong>Wednesday</strong>. These posters, many representing current and recently completed<br />
<strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> projects, highlight research within the <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> focus areas<br />
(<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration, Munitions Management, Sustainable Infrastructure, and Weapons<br />
Systems and Platforms). To help attendees find their areas of interest, posters are grouped to<br />
keep similar technologies together. In addition to the <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> Partners in<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Technology exhibit booth, there are other exhibitors at this event with booths<br />
representing funding and partnering opportunities or information resources.<br />
While many <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> projects are showcased in the Exhibit Hall, more information<br />
about past and present <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> research projects is available by visiting our web<br />
sites (www.serdp.org and www.estcp.org). In addition, both sites enable you to access the<br />
<strong>SERDP</strong>/<strong>ESTCP</strong> Online Library (docs.serdp-estcp.org) where you can search for technical reports<br />
using criteria such as focus area, sub-focus, contaminant, or other specific environmental<br />
concerns.<br />
The Exhibit Hall will be open throughout the Symposium. You are encouraged to tour the<br />
posters and exhibit booths during the hours noted below when presenters will be available for<br />
discussion. Technical session breaks on Tuesday and <strong>Wednesday</strong> will take place in the Exhibit<br />
Hall. Presenters may be available during these breaks.<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> Exhibit Hall Hours<br />
7:30 a.m. – 8:30 a.m.<br />
12:30 p.m. – 1:45 p.m.<br />
5:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m.<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
MM: Ground-Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
Bruce Barrow<br />
Evaluation of Electromagnetic Induction Sensor Noise<br />
21 G-1<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
Sources<br />
Dr. Leonard Pasion<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
Dr. Leonard Pasion<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
Fridon Shubitidze<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
Lawrence Carin<br />
Signal Innovations <strong>Group</strong>, Inc.<br />
Selecting Optimal Models for Inverting EMI Data 22 G-2<br />
Simultaneous Inversion of UXO Parameters and<br />
Background Response<br />
Advanced EMI Models Applied to Next-Generation EMI<br />
Sensors: Data Processing and UXO Discrimination<br />
Studies<br />
Demonstration of Digital Geophysics on Actual UXO<br />
Sites<br />
23 G-3<br />
24 G-4<br />
25 G-5<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-i
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Dr. Ben Barrowes<br />
ERDC-CRREL<br />
Dr. Ben Barrowes<br />
ERDC-CRREL<br />
Larry Deschaine<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
Dr. Leslie M. Collins<br />
Duke University<br />
Thomas Bell<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
Dr. Dean Keiswetter<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
Dr. Stephen Billings<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
Dr. Stephen Billings<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Man-Portable Vector Time Domain EMI Sensor and<br />
Discrimination Processing<br />
High Fidelity Electromagnetic Induction Instruments and<br />
Physically Complete Models<br />
Increasing the Understanding and Usefulness of Machine<br />
Learned MEC Discrimination Results Using<br />
Evolutionary Strategy Tools for Knowledge Discovery<br />
Statistical Signal Processing for UXO Discrimination for<br />
Next-Generation Sensor Data<br />
Position-Independent Processing of Electromagnetic<br />
Induction Data for Target Classification<br />
Discrimination Performances of Commercial Sensors at<br />
APG and YPG<br />
Shock Demagnetization of Projectiles on Impact with the<br />
Ground<br />
38 G-6<br />
39 G-7<br />
40 G-8<br />
41 G-9<br />
42 G-10<br />
43 G-11<br />
44 G-12<br />
Robust Statistics for UXO Discrimination 45 G-13<br />
Dr. Stephen Billings<br />
Discrimination at a Challenging Site 46 G-14<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
MM: Ground-Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
Ted Asch<br />
Refinements in the ALLTEM UXO Detection and<br />
47 G-15<br />
U.S. Geological Survey<br />
Discrimination System<br />
Yongming Zhang<br />
Quasar Federal Systems, Inc.<br />
Yongming Zhang<br />
Quasar Federal Systems, Inc.<br />
Dr. Erika Gasperikova<br />
Lawrence Berkeley National<br />
Laboratory<br />
Dr. Mark Prouty<br />
Geometrics<br />
Helicopter Magnetometer Platform Based on Compact<br />
Induction Sensors<br />
Tri-Axis Fluxgate-Induction Sensor for Advanced Time-<br />
Domain UXO Detection and Discrimination<br />
48 G-16<br />
49 G-17<br />
Advances in UXO Discrimination 50 G-18<br />
MetalMapper: A Multi-Sensor TEM and Magnetic<br />
Gradiometer System for UXO Detection and<br />
Classification<br />
51 G-19<br />
Dr. Mark Prouty<br />
Geometrics<br />
Miniature Total Field Magnetometers 52 G-20<br />
Dr. Roy Wiegert<br />
Naval Surface Warfare Center<br />
Panama City Division<br />
Daniel Steinhurst<br />
Nova Research, Inc.<br />
Sy-Hwang Liou<br />
University of Nebraska<br />
Dr. Michael Asten<br />
Flagstaff Geoconsultants Technology<br />
Pty Ltd<br />
Improved Magnetic Star Methods for Real-Time, Pointby-Point<br />
Localization of Unexploded Ordnance and<br />
Buried Mines<br />
MTADS Time-Domain EMI Sensor Systems for UXO<br />
Classification<br />
Magnetic Sensors with Picotesla Magnetic Field<br />
Sensitivity at Room Temperature<br />
Characterization of Munitions Using EMI with an Array<br />
of 3-Component B-Field Sensors (BEAMOD)<br />
66 G-21<br />
67 G-22<br />
68 G-23<br />
69 G-24<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-ii
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Dr. Wes Cobb<br />
University of Denver Research<br />
Institute<br />
Dennis A. Teefy<br />
U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center<br />
Ms. Amy Walker<br />
USAESCH<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
MM: High Explosive Identification<br />
Operational Evaluation of a New Acoustic Technique for<br />
UXO Filler Identification<br />
MM: Planning and Support<br />
APG Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site<br />
Reconfiguration<br />
UX-Process Update – Free Software for Digital<br />
Geophysical Mapping<br />
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
SI: Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Dr. Nancy E. Ruiz<br />
Application of a Bimetallic Solvent Paste Technology for<br />
NAVFAC Engineering Service Center PCB Removal from Older Structures on DoD Facilities<br />
Mr. Stephen Cosper<br />
U.S. Army-CERL<br />
Jo Ann Ratto<br />
U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research,<br />
Development And Engineering Center<br />
Jo Ann Ratto<br />
U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research,<br />
Development and Engineering Center<br />
Rance T. Kudo<br />
NAVFAC ESC<br />
Dr. Chris Schwier<br />
Metabolix<br />
Determining <strong>Environmental</strong> Solubility of Pb from<br />
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (Poster will not present)<br />
63 G-25<br />
64 G-26<br />
65 G-27<br />
70 G-28<br />
71 G-29<br />
Lightweight, Compostable and Biodegradable Fiberboard 72 G-30<br />
Nanotechnology Packaging for the Military 73 G-31<br />
NoFoam System Technology for Aircraft Hangar Fire<br />
Suppression Foam System<br />
74 G-32<br />
PHA Bioplastic Packaging Materials 75 G-33<br />
Jessica Hsu<br />
Food and Human Waste Remediation for Navy Ships and<br />
Clairvoyant Technologies, Inc. Army Base Camps (Poster will not present)<br />
93 G-34<br />
SI: Facilities Management — Noise<br />
Jeffrey S. Vipperman<br />
Characterization of a Bayesian Classifier to Identify<br />
University of Pittsburgh<br />
Military Impulse Noise<br />
76 G-35<br />
SI: Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Dr. Luke K. Butler<br />
Physiological and Demographic Effects of Road Density<br />
Tufts University<br />
on Endangered Songbird Breeding at Fort Hood<br />
87 G-36<br />
Dr. Henriette Jager<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
Dr. Joseph M. Szewczak<br />
Humboldt State University<br />
Dawn M. Lawson<br />
NAVFAC Southwest<br />
Bernd Blossey<br />
Cornell University<br />
Dr. Maile C. Neel<br />
University of Maryland<br />
Population Viability Analysis of Shortnose Sturgeon<br />
(Acipenser brevinostrus) in the Ogeechee River, Georgia<br />
Automated Acoustic Monitoring of Bat and Bird<br />
Populations<br />
Evaluating the Effect of Climate Change on Population<br />
Demographics of Ceanothus Verrucosus<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center Multiple<br />
Stressors: The Role of Worms, Slugs and Deer in<br />
Shaping Our Forest Plant Communities<br />
An Ecoinformatic Approach to Developing Recovery<br />
Goals and Objectives<br />
88 G-37<br />
89 G-38<br />
90 G-39<br />
91 G-40<br />
92 G-41<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-iii
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Dr. Anna Pidgeon<br />
University of Wisconsin, Madison<br />
Dr. Leslie Ries<br />
University of Maryland<br />
R. Todd Jobe<br />
The University of North Carolina at<br />
Chapel Hill<br />
Anne Trainor<br />
University of North Carolina<br />
Dr. Nicole Y. Thurgate<br />
North Carolina State University<br />
Mary E. Cablk, Ph.D.<br />
Desert Research Institute<br />
Dr. Betsy A. Bancroft<br />
University of Washington<br />
Dr. Isabelle-Anne Bisson<br />
Princeton University<br />
Marissa Brand<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific<br />
Dr. Rebecca R. Sharitz<br />
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory<br />
Jeffrey R. Walters<br />
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and<br />
State University<br />
Chad B. Wilsey, M.S.<br />
University of Washington<br />
Dr. Carl Qualls<br />
University of Southern Mississippi<br />
Dr. Katherine Strickler<br />
University of Idaho<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Characterizing Loggerhead Shrike Habitat with Local<br />
and Remotely-Sensed Data<br />
Understanding the Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation in<br />
Complex Landscapes<br />
A Life-History Based Multi-Species Framework for<br />
Landscape Connectivity Conservation<br />
Connectivity of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides<br />
Borealis) Habitat in the Sandhills Region of North<br />
Carolina<br />
The Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Connectivity<br />
on the Movement Behaviors of a Rare Amphibian<br />
Final Assessment of DTK9 Teams – 2008 Field Testing<br />
Results<br />
Forecasting the Effects of Land-Use Change on Red-<br />
Cockaded Woodpeckers at Fort Benning, Georgia Using<br />
a Spatially Explicit Individual-Based Model (HexSim)<br />
Energetic Cost of Simulated Military Training Activities<br />
in Songbirds<br />
94 G-42<br />
95 G-43<br />
96 G-44<br />
97 G-45<br />
98 G-46<br />
99 G-47<br />
100 G-48<br />
111 G-49<br />
Integration and Validation of Avain Radars (IVAR) 112 G-50<br />
Conservation of Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive<br />
Plant Species on Federal Lands in the Southeastern Fall<br />
Line Sandhills<br />
A Decision Support System for Identifying and Ranking<br />
Critical Habitat Parcels on and in the Vicinity of<br />
Department of Defense Installations<br />
An Ensemble Approach to Modeling Black-Capped<br />
Vireo Habitat for Use in a Spatially Explicit Individual-<br />
Based Model<br />
Causes of Low Hatching Success of Gopher Tortoise<br />
(Gopherus polyphemus) Eggs at Camp Shelby,<br />
Mississippi<br />
Modeling Population Viability of Species of Concern<br />
Using Count Data<br />
Douglas Bruggeman<br />
When Do We Know Enough to Re-Allocate Listed<br />
Michigan State University<br />
Species Habitat<br />
SI: Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Peter L. Tyack<br />
A Study on Behavioral Responses of Beaked and Other<br />
Woods Hole Oceanographic<br />
Whales to Sonar and Other Sounds<br />
Institution<br />
Dr. Adam Fincham<br />
University of Southern California<br />
Ocean Sonic Boom Models for <strong>Environmental</strong> Impact of<br />
Space Launch Vehicle, Space Reentry and Supersonic<br />
Overflight<br />
113 G-51<br />
114 G-52<br />
115 G-53<br />
116 G-54<br />
117 G-55<br />
118 G-56<br />
119 G-57<br />
120 G-58<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-iv
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Dr. Maxim Gorbunov<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Dr. R. Pamela Reid<br />
University of Miami<br />
Dr. Patrick Halpin<br />
Duke University<br />
Dr. Jay Barlow<br />
NOAA - Southwest Fisheries Science<br />
Center<br />
Dr. Meng-Dawn Cheng<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
Dr. K. James Hay<br />
U.S. Army ERDC-CERL<br />
Dr. K. James Hay<br />
U.S. Army ERDC-CERL<br />
Mr. Tom Torres<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service<br />
Center<br />
Mr. Jim Tankersley<br />
Battelle<br />
Randel Bowman<br />
Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center<br />
Glen Baker<br />
309 AMXG/EN<br />
Ms. Donna Provance<br />
NDCEE/CTC<br />
Mr. Jack Benfer<br />
NAVAIR<br />
Peng Wang<br />
University of Cincinnati<br />
Dale Schaefer<br />
University of Cincinnati<br />
Diana Facchini<br />
Integran Technologies, Inc.<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Application of Variable Fluorescence Technique for<br />
Assessing Natural and Anthropogenic Stressors at DoD<br />
Coral Reefs<br />
High Resolution Landscape Mosaics for Coral Reef<br />
Monitoring<br />
Predictive Modeling of Marine Mammals and<br />
Spatial Decision Support for Naval<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Compliance<br />
Predictive Modeling of Marine Mammal<br />
Density from Existing Survey Data and Model<br />
Validation Using Upcoming Surveys<br />
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
WP: Engine Noise and Emissions<br />
A Comprehensive Program for<br />
Characterization of Emissions from Military<br />
Aircraft<br />
WP: General Interest<br />
Toxic Industrial Chemical Database for the Intelligence<br />
Preparation in the Battlefield Process<br />
WP: Waste Reduction and Treatment<br />
121 G-59<br />
122 G-60<br />
123 G-61<br />
124 G-62<br />
145 G-63<br />
150 G-64<br />
Vapor Recovery by Electrothermal Swing Adsorption 151 G-65<br />
Biological Treatment of Solvent Based Paint 152 G-66<br />
Progress Report: Qualification, Demonstration, &<br />
Validation of Compliant Removers for Aircraft Sealants<br />
and Specialty Coatings<br />
WP: Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
153 G-67<br />
Robotic Laser Coating Removal System 146 G-68<br />
Ultraviolet (UV)–Curable Coatings for Aerospace<br />
Applications<br />
Corn-Hybrid Polymer (CHP) Blasting Benefits Aviation<br />
Weapon Systems<br />
Infrared Reflectance Imaging for<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong>ly Friendly Corrosion Inspection<br />
Through Organic Coatings<br />
How Does Silane Enhance the Protective Properties of<br />
Epoxy Films<br />
147 G-69<br />
148 G-70<br />
149 G-71<br />
154 G-72<br />
Can Vanadates Replace Chromates 155 G-73<br />
Nanocrystalline Cobalt-Alloy Coatings for Chrome<br />
Replacement Applications<br />
156 G-74<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-v
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Professor Gerald S. Frankel<br />
The Ohio State University<br />
Professor Gerald S. Frankel<br />
The Ohio State University<br />
Mark Miller<br />
Benet Labs<br />
Mr. Wayne Patterson<br />
809 MXSS/CLA Science and<br />
Engineering Laboratory<br />
Mr. Corey Q. Bliss<br />
Air Force Research<br />
Laboratory/RXSSO<br />
Mr. Wayne Ziegler<br />
U.S. Army Research Lab<br />
Professor Michael R. Kessler<br />
Iowa State University and Ames<br />
Laboratory<br />
William Fahrenholtz<br />
Missouri University of Science and<br />
Technology<br />
Adam Goff<br />
Luna Innovations Incorporated<br />
Chuck Tomljanovic<br />
National Defense Center for Energy<br />
and Environment<br />
Mr. Robert Fisher<br />
NDCEE/CTC<br />
Victor K. Champagne<br />
U.S. Army Research Laboratory<br />
Mr. Christopher Joseph<br />
Air Force Research Lab–Coatings<br />
Technology Integration Office (CTIO)<br />
Dr. Elizabeth Berman<br />
Air Force Research Lab/MLSC<br />
Mr. Steven Brown<br />
NAWC Aircraft Division<br />
Dr. Andrew Guenthner<br />
NAVAIR<br />
John Player<br />
Infoscitex Corporation<br />
Dr. Peter Zarras<br />
NAWCWD<br />
Professor Christopher K. Ober<br />
Cornell University<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Development of Ni-Cu-Ru Consumables for Welding of<br />
Austenitic Stainless Steels<br />
Scientific Understanding of Non-Chromated Corrosion<br />
Inhibitors Function<br />
Chromium Replacement and Erosion Mitigation<br />
Technology for Medium Caliber Gun Barrels<br />
157 G-75<br />
158 G-76<br />
159 G-77<br />
Low Temperature Powder Coatings 160 G-78<br />
Ultraviolet Curable Powder Coatings 171 G-79<br />
Demonstration/Validation of Tertiary Butyl Acetate for<br />
DoD Solvent Applications<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong>ly Benign Repair of Composites Using<br />
High Temperature Cyanate Ester Nanocomposites:<br />
Nanofluid Processing and Characterization<br />
Characterization of Species and Coating Morphology<br />
Involved in the Corrosion Protection of Rare Earth Based<br />
Coatings<br />
Ternary Cadmium Replacement Coatings for High<br />
Strength Fasteners<br />
Demonstration of a Lead-Free Surveillance and Detection<br />
Program to Address RoHS Regulation Lead-Free Risks<br />
in Weapon Systems and Platforms<br />
Optimizing CARC Improvements for Army Weapon<br />
Systems<br />
Supersonic Particle Deposition Technology for Repair of<br />
Magnesium Aircraft Components<br />
Performance Evaluation and Qualification of Magnesium<br />
Rich Primer for Chrome Free Aerospace Coating<br />
Systems<br />
Investigation of Chemical Vapor Deposition of<br />
Aluminum as a Replacement Coating for Cadmium<br />
Cadmium Alternatives for DoD and NASA Applications<br />
– Phase II Testing Results<br />
New Reactive Diluents for an <strong>Environmental</strong>ly Efficient<br />
Approach to Composite Repair<br />
Shelf-Stable Adhesive for Reduction of Composite<br />
Repair Hazardous Waste<br />
Validation of Novel Electroactive Polymers as<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong>ly Compliant Coatings for Replacement of<br />
Hexavalent Chromium Pretreatments<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong>ly Benign Multilayer Polymer Coatings<br />
with Controlled Surface Properties for Marine<br />
Antifouling Applications<br />
172 G-80<br />
173 G-81<br />
174 G-82<br />
175 G-83<br />
176 G-84<br />
187 G-85<br />
188 G-86<br />
189 G-87<br />
190 G-88<br />
191 G-89<br />
192 G-90<br />
193 G-91<br />
194 G-92<br />
195 G-93<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-vi
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Professor Matt O’Keefe<br />
Missouri University of Science and<br />
Technology<br />
Dr. Nese Orbey<br />
Foster-Miller<br />
El Sayed Arafat<br />
NAVAIR<br />
Dr. John La Scala<br />
Army Research Laboratory<br />
Dr. John La Scala<br />
Army Research Laboratory<br />
Mr. Scott Grendahl<br />
U.S. Army Research Laboratory<br />
Mr. Shridhar Yarlagadda<br />
University of Delaware<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Evaluation of Multifunctional UV (MUV) Curable<br />
Corrosion Coatings on High Strength Aluminum Alloy<br />
Substrates<br />
UV Curable Non-Chrome Primer and Advanced Topcoat<br />
System<br />
Demonstration/Validation of High Performance<br />
Corrosion Preventive Compound (CPC) for Interior<br />
Aircraft Applications<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong>ly Friendly Coatings Systems for DoD<br />
Applications<br />
Demonstration of Composites with Low Hazardous Air<br />
Pollutant Contents for Military Applications<br />
Hydrogen Re-Embrittlement Test Method for Cadmium<br />
Plating Alternatives and Maintenance Chemicals (Poster<br />
will not present)<br />
Near-Infrared Radiation Based Composite Repair Using<br />
Thermoplastics as Adhesives<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
ER: Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Dr. Richard Watts<br />
Mechanism of Base-Activation of Persulfate for In Situ<br />
Washington State University Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)<br />
Dr. Robert Siegrist<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
Carmen A. Lebrón<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Services<br />
Center<br />
Carmen A. Lebrón<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Services<br />
Center<br />
Carmen A. Lebrón<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Services<br />
Center<br />
Mr. Charles Schaefer<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
Megan M. Smith<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
Jeff Allen Kai Silva<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
Pamela J. Dugan, Ph.D.<br />
Carus Corporation<br />
Quantifying Organic Chemicals in Soil Samples: Effects<br />
of Sampling Method Attributes Under Varied<br />
Contaminant Characteristics and <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Conditions<br />
Development of a Protocol and Screening Tool for<br />
Selection of DNAPL Source Area Remediation<br />
Improving Effectiveness of Bioremediation at DNAPL<br />
Source Zone Sites by Applying Partitioning Electron<br />
Donors (PEDS)<br />
DNAPL Removal from Fractured Rock Using Thermal<br />
Conductive Heating (TCH)—Treatability Study and TCH<br />
Demonstration Pilot Progress<br />
DNAPL Dissolution and Dechlorination in Discrete<br />
Fractures<br />
Coupling Polymer Floods with Biodegradation and<br />
Chemical Oxidation Treatment – Techniques to Achieve<br />
More Effective Groundwater Remediation in<br />
Heterogeneous Aquifers<br />
The Addition of Water-Soluble Polymers to Enhance the<br />
Delivery of In Situ Remediation Agents in<br />
Heterogeneous Strata<br />
Coupling Surfactants with Permanganate for PCE<br />
DNAPL Mass Removal: Coinjection or Sequential<br />
Application as Delivery Methods<br />
206 G-94<br />
207 G-95<br />
208 G-96<br />
209 G-97<br />
210 G-98<br />
211 G-99<br />
212 G-100<br />
26 G-101<br />
30 G-102<br />
31 G-103<br />
32 G-104<br />
33 G-105<br />
34 G-106<br />
35 G-107<br />
36 G-108<br />
37 G-109<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-vii
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Robert C. Borden<br />
North Carolina State University<br />
Dr. Raymond Ball<br />
EnChem Engineering, Inc.<br />
Dr. Rick Johnson<br />
Oregon Health & Science University<br />
Ronald Falta<br />
Clemson University<br />
Ronald Falta<br />
Clemson University<br />
Jennifer L. Triplett Kingston<br />
Haley & Aldrich<br />
Tamzen Macbeth Ph.D., P.E.<br />
North Wind, Inc.<br />
Dr. Rick Johnson<br />
Oregon Health & Science University<br />
Dr. Kurt Pennell<br />
Georgia Institute of Technology<br />
Mr. David Fleming<br />
Thermal Remediation Services, Inc.<br />
Dr. Ralph S. Baker<br />
TerraTherm, Inc.<br />
Greg Lowry<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
Dr. Tom Sale<br />
Colorado State University<br />
Dr. Tom Sale<br />
Colorado State University<br />
Dr. Michael D. Annable<br />
University of Florida<br />
Dr. Edward Sudicky<br />
University of Waterloo<br />
Linda M. Abriola, Ph.D.<br />
Tufts University<br />
Naji Akladiss<br />
Maine Department of <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Protection<br />
Lowell Kessel<br />
G.E.O., Inc.<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Designing Efficient Permanganate Injection Systems in<br />
Heterogeneous Aquifers<br />
In Situ “Advanced Mixed Oxidation and Inclusion”<br />
Technology: Inclusion Behavior of TCE DNAPL and<br />
Ozone into Clathrates<br />
Persulfate Persistence Under Thermal Activation<br />
Conditions<br />
Contaminant Mass Transfer During Boiling in Fractured<br />
Geologic Media<br />
Decision & Management Tools for DNAPL Sites:<br />
Optimization of Chlorinated Solvent Source and Plume<br />
Remediation Considering Uncertainty<br />
A Preliminary Assessment Tool for Use of In-Situ<br />
Thermal Technologies at DNAPL-Impacted Sites<br />
Combining Low-Energy Electrical Resistance Heating<br />
with Biotic and Abiotic Reactions for Treatment of<br />
Chlorinated Solvent DNAPL Source Areas<br />
Hydraulics of In-Situ Electrical Resistance Heating at<br />
Sub-Boiling Temperatures<br />
Reactivity of Chlorinated Ethenes During Thermal<br />
Treatment<br />
Remediation of DNAPL and LNAPL Using Electrical<br />
Resistance Heating at U.S. Military Bases<br />
Dominating Processes During DNAPL Removal from the<br />
Saturated Zone Using Thermal Wells<br />
Effect of Aggregation, Hydrogeochemistry, and Clay on<br />
NZVI Emplacement in the Subsurface<br />
Field Applications of ZVI-Clay Technology for<br />
Chlorinated Solvent Source Zones<br />
Decision Guide for Managing Chlorinated Solvents<br />
Releases<br />
Predicting DNAPL Source Zone and Plume Response<br />
Using Site-Measured Characteristics<br />
Computational and Experimental Investigation of<br />
Contaminant Plume Response to DNAPL Source Zone<br />
Architecture and Depletion in Porous and Fractured<br />
Media<br />
Assessment of Reactive Iron Particle Delivery<br />
Approaches for Treatment of DNAPL Source Zones<br />
ITRC’s Technical and Regulatory Guidance for<br />
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene DNAPLs<br />
Case Study: Use of Refrigerated Condensation for SVE<br />
Off-Gas Treatment Remediation for Contaminated<br />
Sediments<br />
53 G-110<br />
54 G-111<br />
55 G-112<br />
56 G-113<br />
57 G-114<br />
58 G-115<br />
59 G-116<br />
60 G-117<br />
61 G-118<br />
62 G-119<br />
78 G-120<br />
79 G-121<br />
80 G-122<br />
81 G-123<br />
82 G-124<br />
83 G-125<br />
84 G-126<br />
85 G-127<br />
86 G-128<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-viii
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Jack Parker<br />
University of Tennessee<br />
Dr. Mark l. Brusseau<br />
University of Arizona<br />
Ryan Ekre<br />
Arizona State University<br />
Dr. Richard Watts<br />
Washington State University<br />
Susanne Borchert, P.G.<br />
CH2M HILL, Inc.<br />
Dr. Robert Siegrist<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
Dr. Myron Kuhlman<br />
MK Tech Solutions, Inc.<br />
Professor Donna Fennell<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Kimberly A. Wilson<br />
South Carolina Department of Health<br />
and <strong>Environmental</strong> Control<br />
Mark Widdowson<br />
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and<br />
State University<br />
Marc Deshusses<br />
University of California, Riverside<br />
and Duke University<br />
Thomas A. Krug<br />
Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.<br />
Ms. Sheri L. Knox, P.E.<br />
Solutions-IES, Inc.<br />
Eberhard Morgenroth<br />
University of Illinois at Urbana-<br />
Champaign<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Practical Cost-Optimization of Characterization and<br />
Remediation Decisions<br />
Impact of Source-Zone Architecture and Flow-Field<br />
Heterogeneity on Reductions in Mass-Flux<br />
Assessment of the Natural Attenuation of DNAPL<br />
Source Zones and Post-Treatment DNAPL Source Zone<br />
Residuals<br />
ER: Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Treatability Study Results for the Peroxygen ISCO<br />
Demonstration/Validation at MCRS Cherry Point, SC<br />
Challenges with an ISCO Application in the Unsaturated<br />
Zone<br />
In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater<br />
Remediation: Responses to Project Managers—<br />
Frequently Asked Questions<br />
Simulation of Laboratory In Situ Thermal Desorption of<br />
DNAPLs<br />
Biological and Physical-Chemical Approaches for<br />
Degradation of 4-Chloroaniline and Aniline<br />
Decision Flowchart for the Use of Monitored Natural<br />
Attenuation and Enhanced Attenuation—Chlorinated<br />
Organics<br />
Verification of Methods for Assessing the Sustainability<br />
of Monitored Natural Attenuation<br />
ER: Perchlorate<br />
Laboratory Studies on Applications of Different<br />
Amendments for Perchlorate Degradation<br />
Semi-Passive Electron Donor Addition for Enhanced In<br />
Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate-Impacted<br />
Groundwater<br />
A Tiered Approach for Evaluating Perchlorate Natural<br />
Attenuation<br />
Continuous and Sequencing Batch Operations of a<br />
Hydrogen Based Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor to<br />
Achieve Very Low Effluent Perchlorate Concentrations<br />
104 G-129<br />
105 G-130<br />
106 G-131<br />
27 G-132<br />
28 G-133<br />
29 G-134<br />
77 G-135<br />
101 G-136<br />
102 G-137<br />
103 G-138<br />
107 G-139<br />
108 G-140<br />
109 G-141<br />
110 G-142<br />
Paul Hatzinger, Ph.D.<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
Determining the Origin of Perchlorate Using<br />
Stable Isotope Analysis 125 G-143<br />
Dr. Martina M. Ederer<br />
University of Idaho<br />
David Lippincott, P.G.<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
Comparison of Genes Involved in Perchlorate<br />
Biodegradation<br />
Field-Scale Bioremediation of Perchlorate in<br />
Groundwater Utilizing an Active-Passive Treatment<br />
Approach<br />
126 G-144<br />
127 G-145<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-ix
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
John Coates<br />
University of California, Berkeley<br />
Yuehe Lin<br />
Pacific Northwest National<br />
Laboratory<br />
Young-Soo Han<br />
The University of Michigan<br />
Andrew Henderson<br />
University of Michigan<br />
Dr. Mary F. DeFlaun<br />
Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.<br />
Amy L. Hawkins<br />
NAVFAC ESC<br />
Afrachanna Butler<br />
U.S. Army Engineer Research and<br />
Development Center<br />
Dibakar Goswami<br />
Interstate Technology and Regulatory<br />
Council<br />
Yuehe Lin<br />
Pacific Northwest National<br />
Laboratory<br />
Karla Harre<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service<br />
Center<br />
Charles J. Newell, Ph.D., P.E.,<br />
D.E.E.<br />
GSI <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
Robert Kelley<br />
Regenesis<br />
Dr. Smita Siddhanti<br />
EnDyna, Inc.<br />
Professor Mark N. Goltz<br />
Air Force Institute of Technology<br />
Dr. Bart Chadwick<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific<br />
Dr. Stuart Strand<br />
University of Washington<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Using Perchlorate Reductase from Dechloromonas<br />
Agitata Str CKB to Detect Perchlorate in the PPB Range<br />
Novel Electrochemical Process for Treatment of<br />
Perchlorate in Waste Water<br />
ER: Heavy Metals<br />
Impact of Dissolved Si on Uptake of As(III) by FeS-<br />
Coated Sand Under Anoxic Conditions<br />
Interaction of FeS and ZVI PRBs with Calcium,<br />
Carbonate, and Nitrate<br />
128 G-146<br />
129 G-147<br />
132 G-148<br />
133 G-149<br />
Field Demonstration of Arsenic Sequestration 134 G-150<br />
Soil Metal Bioavailability Adjustment 135 G-151<br />
Effectiveness of Grasses to Stabilize Metal Transport<br />
from Small Arm Target Berms<br />
Attenuation Processes for Metals and Radionuclides: A<br />
Survey of State and Federal Regulators and Stakeholders<br />
ER: Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Nanoparticles-Based Immunosensors for Sensitive<br />
Detection of Explosives, PCB, and PAHs<br />
Adaptive Long-Term Monitoring at <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Restoration Sites<br />
136 G-152<br />
137 G-153<br />
130 G-154<br />
131 G-155<br />
Sustainability Tool for <strong>Environmental</strong> Remediation 138 G-156<br />
Geophysical Imaging for Investigating the Delivery and<br />
Distribution of Amendments in the Heterogeneous<br />
Subsurface of the F.E. Warren AFB<br />
Adaptive Risk Assessment Modeling System:<br />
Evaluation and Tech Transfer<br />
An Evaluation and Implementation Guide for<br />
Groundwater Contaminant Mass Flux Measurement<br />
Methods<br />
Integrated Compliance Model for Predicting Water<br />
Quality Standards for Copper Compliance in DoD<br />
Harbors – Complementing a Fate and Effects Model with<br />
a Biotic Ligand Model for Seawater<br />
ER: Energetics<br />
The Genes for Bacterial Degradation of RDX Are on a<br />
Plasmid<br />
139 G-157<br />
140 G-158<br />
141 G-159<br />
166 G-160<br />
142 G-161<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-x
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Laura B. Brentner<br />
The University of Iowa<br />
Neil C. Bruce<br />
University of York<br />
Andy Martin<br />
USACE-ERDC<br />
Dr. Mark E. Fuller<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
Dr. Roger Babcock, Jr.<br />
University of Hawaii<br />
Ghalib K. Bardai, MSC.<br />
McGill University<br />
Sylvie Rocheleau<br />
Biotechnology Research Institute<br />
Geoffrey I. Sunahara, Ph.D.<br />
Biotechnology Research Institute<br />
Dr. Roman Kuperman<br />
U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical<br />
Biological Center<br />
Alan D. Hewitt<br />
U.S. Army ERDC-CRREL<br />
Elly P.H. Best<br />
U.S. Army Engineer Research and<br />
Development Center, <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Laboratory<br />
Dr. Baohua Gu<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
Dr. Brandy J. White<br />
Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Sonia Thiboutot<br />
Defence Research and Development -<br />
Valcartier<br />
Dr. Sylvie Brochu<br />
Defence Research and Development<br />
Canada - Valcartier<br />
Dr. Mark S. Johnson<br />
U.S. Army Center for Health<br />
Promotion and Preventive Medicine<br />
Dr. Bart Chadwick<br />
U.S. Navy-SPAWAR-SSC<br />
Dr. Bart Chadwick<br />
U.S. Navy-SPAWAR-SSC<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Feasibility of Using Forage Grasses for the Containment<br />
of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-<br />
Triazacyclohexane at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida<br />
Engineering Transgenic Grasses for In Situ Treatment of<br />
RDX and TNT<br />
Open Burn/Open Detonation (OB/OD) Management<br />
Using Lime for Explosives Transformation<br />
Reducing Transport of Energetic Compounds at Live Fire<br />
Ranges<br />
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of RDX and HMX<br />
in Tropical Soils<br />
Use of the Japanese Quail Embryo to Study the<br />
Developmental Toxicity of Nitroglycerin (NG)<br />
Toxicity of Nitroglycerin and Selected<br />
Aminodinitrotoluenes to Terrestrial Plants<br />
Assessing the Bioaccumulation Potential of RDX and<br />
HMX in Soil Invertebrates and Plants<br />
Toxicity of Nitroglycerin and Aminodinitrotoluenes to<br />
Potworm Enchytraeus Crypticus in a Sandy Loam Soil<br />
Implementation Status of Multi-Increment Sampling and<br />
Method 8330B<br />
Capacities of Candidate Herbaceous Plants for<br />
Phytoremediation of Soil-Based TNT and RDX on<br />
Ranges<br />
Development of a Portable Fiberoptic Surface Enhanced<br />
Raman Sensor<br />
Imprinted Nanoporous Organosilicas for Selective<br />
Adsorption of Nitroenergetic Targets<br />
Deposition of Nitroglycerine from the Live Firing of<br />
M72 A5 66-mm Rockets<br />
Assessment of Gaseous and Particulate Propellant<br />
Residues Resulting from Small Arms Live Firing<br />
Development of Toxicity Data for Munition<br />
Compounds to Support Toxicity Reference<br />
Value Derivations for Wildlife<br />
ER: Sediments<br />
Review of Enhanced Monitored Natural Recovery at<br />
Contaminated Sediment Sites<br />
Monitoring Plan Design for Validation of Enhanced<br />
Monitored Natural Recovery of Contaminated Sediment<br />
143 G-162<br />
144 G-163<br />
161 G-164<br />
162 G-165<br />
163 G-166<br />
164 G-167<br />
165 G-168<br />
168 G-169<br />
169 G-170<br />
170 G-171<br />
177 G-172<br />
178 G-173<br />
179 G-174<br />
184 G-175<br />
185 G-176<br />
186 G-177<br />
167 G-178<br />
180 G-179<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-xi
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Dr. Victor Magar<br />
ENVIRON International Corporation<br />
Philip Gschwend<br />
Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />
Jim Leather<br />
Navy Spawar Systems Center<br />
Dr. Y. Meriah Arias-Thode<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center, Pacific<br />
Nicholas Fisher<br />
Marine Sciences Research Center<br />
Dr. Danny Reible<br />
University of Texas<br />
Dr. G. Allen Burton<br />
University of Michigan<br />
Dr. David Nakles<br />
ENSR<br />
Upal Ghosh<br />
University of Maryland Baltimore<br />
County<br />
Professor Max Haggblom<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Dr. Valdis Krumins<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Joong-Wook Park<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Dr. Celia Chen<br />
Dartmouth College<br />
Dr. Richard G. Luthy<br />
Stanford University<br />
Joel Baker<br />
University of Washington, Tacoma<br />
Dr. Anna S. Knox<br />
Savannah River National Laboratory<br />
Dr. Anna S. Knox<br />
Savannah River National Laboratory<br />
Hui Liu<br />
Rutgers University<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Guidance for Monitored Natural Recovery at<br />
Contaminated Sediment Sites<br />
Using Performance Reference Compounds to Calibrate<br />
Polyethylene Passive Samplers for Measuring Mixtures<br />
of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds (HOCs) in<br />
Sediment Porewaters<br />
Integrated Forensics Approach to Fingerprint PCB<br />
Sources Using Rapid Screening Characterization and<br />
Advanced Chemical Fingerprinting<br />
181 G-180<br />
182 G-181<br />
183 G-182<br />
Benthic Community Response to Sediment Amendments 196 G-183<br />
Geochemical and Physiological Influences on Metal<br />
Accumulation in Deposit-Feeding Polychaetes<br />
Assessing Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation with<br />
Field Deployable SPME<br />
In Situ-Based Monitoring Approach for Improved Risk<br />
Assessment of Contaminated Sediments<br />
The Determination of Sediment Polycyclic Aromatic<br />
Hydrocarbon (PAH) Bioavailability Using Direct Pore<br />
Water Analysis by Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)<br />
Evaluation of Multifunctional Amendments for<br />
Simultaneous Bioavailability Reduction of PCBs and<br />
Heavy Metals in Sediment<br />
Quantifying Enhanced Microbial Dehalogenation<br />
Impacting the Fate and Transport of Organohalide<br />
Mixtures in Contaminated Sediments<br />
Sustained Enhancement of Dechlorinator Populations and<br />
Reductive Dechlorination Activity in PCB- and<br />
Chlorinated Pesticide-Contaminated Sediment<br />
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaerobic<br />
Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Compounds<br />
Mercury Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer in<br />
Resident Estuarine Food Webs<br />
Measurement and Modeling of Ecosystem Risk and<br />
Recovery for In Situ Treatment of Contaminated<br />
Sediments<br />
Application of Tools to Measure PCB Microbial<br />
Dechlorination and Flux into Water During In-Situ<br />
Treatment of Sediments<br />
Methods for Evaluating the Life Span of Biopolymers<br />
Used for Contaminant Sequestration and Erosion Control<br />
Active Caps for Remediation of Sediment Contaminants<br />
and Resistance to Erosion<br />
Developing Methods to Stimulate Dechlorination of<br />
Historical Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and<br />
Dibenzofurans in Contaminated Sediment<br />
197 G-184<br />
198 G-185<br />
199 G-186<br />
200 G-187<br />
201 G-188<br />
202 G-189<br />
203 G-190<br />
204 G-191<br />
205 G-192<br />
213 G-193<br />
214 G-194<br />
215 G-195<br />
216 G-196<br />
217 G-197<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-xii
Partners in <strong>Environmental</strong> Technology<br />
<strong>Wednesday</strong> (<strong>Group</strong> 2) Posters<br />
PRESENTER<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Amanda Hughes<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
Yan Xu<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
Dr. Jeanne M. Vanbriesen<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
Kevin Gardner<br />
University of New Hampshire<br />
Gregory A. Tracey, Ph.D.<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
Amy L. Hawkins<br />
NAVFAC ESC<br />
Dr. Patrick Mclaren<br />
Geosea Consulting<br />
Dr. Joseph Gailani<br />
USACE ERDC-CHL<br />
POSTER TITLE POSTER PAGE<br />
Dechlorination Pattern Augmentation and Bayesian<br />
Modeling of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)<br />
Dechlorination in Sediment<br />
Bacterial Communities Analysis with Q-PCR in PCB-<br />
Contaminated Sediment Core<br />
Congener Tracker-Pair Analysis for Evaluation of<br />
Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls<br />
(PCBs) in River Sediments<br />
Evaluation of Sorbents and Geotextile Materials for<br />
Reactive Capping of Contaminated Sediments<br />
Reactive Capping Mat Development and Evaluation for<br />
Sequestering Contaminants in Sediment<br />
218 G-198<br />
219 G-199<br />
220 G-200<br />
221 G-201<br />
222 G-202<br />
In Situ Wetland Remediation Demonstration 223 G-203<br />
Sediment and Contaminant Transport Associated with<br />
the Lac Saint Pierre Experimental Firing Range<br />
Develop Accurate Methods for Characterizing and<br />
Quantifying Cohesive Sediment Erosion Under<br />
Combined Current-Wave Conditions<br />
224 G-204<br />
225 G-205<br />
Dr. Richard G. Luthy<br />
Field Testing of Activated Carbon Mixing and In Situ<br />
226 G-206<br />
Stanford University<br />
Stabilization of PCBs in Sediment<br />
ER: Chlorinated Solvents — Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Processing<br />
Matt Shurtliff, CHMM<br />
Non-Invasive Plume Delineation Using Tree Coring Recently<br />
G-207<br />
The Forrester <strong>Group</strong> Inc.<br />
Analysis<br />
Added<br />
Refer to the Exhibit Hall Floor Plan in the General Info/Maps section for poster locations.<br />
G-xiii
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 21 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
A<br />
EVALUATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION<br />
SENSOR NOISE SOURCES<br />
BRUCE BARROW<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
1225 South Clark Street, Suite 800<br />
Arlington, VA 22202<br />
(703) 413-0500<br />
bruce.j.barrow@saic.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jonathan Miller (SAIC, Inc.); Dan Steinhurst (Nova Research)<br />
number of controlled measurements were taken with standard electromagnetic induction<br />
sensors (EM61 MkII and GEM-3) to evaluate the sources of noise that limit the detection<br />
and inversion of UXO signals. The noise sources considered were: external, inherent, motion<br />
related, and location errors. The largest source of noise was determined to be motion related.<br />
This noise source had two separate causes: noise generated as the receive coil changes its<br />
orientation in the earth’s field and noise generated as the coil changes height and orientation<br />
relative to the ground. Both sources have been physically modeled and given the sensor’s motion<br />
can be predicted. The second limiting factor was location error. Even with high quality GPS<br />
positioning, other factors such as timing and the lever arm from the GPS antenna to the sensor<br />
were found to be major sources of error. The results from all of these sources were used to<br />
develop a Monte Carlo simulation of an EM61 mounted on a typical cart. Model based signals<br />
were embedded in realistic levels of noise and inverted. The resulting spread in fitted parameters<br />
was consistent with what is observed from field data. Given the general characteristics of<br />
platform motion and soil properties at a particular site, the simulation can be used to predict both<br />
detection and discrimination performance.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>ESTCP</strong> MM-0508.<br />
G-1
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 22 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
U<br />
SELECTING OPTIMAL MODELS FOR INVERTING EMI DATA<br />
DR. LEONARD PASION<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
2386 East Mall, Suite 112A<br />
Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3 CANADA<br />
(541) 552-5186<br />
len.pasion@skyresearch.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Douglas Oldenburg (UBC-GIF)<br />
XO discrimination is achieved by extracting parameters from geophysical data that reflect<br />
characteristics of the target that generated the measured signal. Model-based parameters are<br />
estimated through data inversion, where the optimal parameters are those that produce acceptable<br />
agreement between observed and predicted data and satisfy any prior information we have about<br />
the target. These parameters are then used as inputs to statistical classification methods to<br />
determine the likelihood that the target is, or is not, a UXO.<br />
In recent years, various parametric modeling methods have been advocated for simulating Time<br />
Domain Electromagnetic (TEM) data from UXO and clutter. These physics-based<br />
representations include surfaces of magnetic charges and decaying electromagnetic dipoles.<br />
When using a dipole model, targets with cylindrical symmetry can be effectively modeled using<br />
2 polarizations and geometrically more complex items require 3 polarizations. In addition, a<br />
decision must be made on how to parameterize the time decay (or frequency responses) of the<br />
polarizations. If two or more targets are close together then they may need to be modeled as<br />
multiple objects using a 2- or 3-polarization representation. Therefore, the model-based methods<br />
for TEM data processing require not only the estimation of a vector of real-valued parameters<br />
but also the selection or evaluation of one forward model over another.<br />
The goal of this research is to delineate the circumstances for which a particular type of<br />
modeling should be chosen, and to generate methodologies and software that would allow the<br />
user to more efficiently extract meaningful parameters from the data and thus improve<br />
discrimination. In this presentation we will summarize preliminary results when comparing the<br />
effectiveness of different forward models of the TEM response. We will present preliminary<br />
results from comparing a single dipole representation to multiple dipoles or charges. We will<br />
present techniques for processing overlapping targets. If an EMI anomaly is deemed to represent<br />
a pair of targets, we will determine the best model, either: (a) Simultaneous inversion of a pair<br />
of dipole models using all the available data, or (b) segmenting the data into two regions with a<br />
dipole model fit to each segmented region. We will also compare parameter estimation and<br />
library-based methods of discrimination.<br />
This project has been funded under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1637.<br />
G-2
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 23 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
T<br />
SIMULTANEOUS INVERSION OF UXO PARAMETERS<br />
AND BACKGROUND RESPONSE<br />
DR. LEONARD PASION<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
2386 East Mall, Suite 112A<br />
Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3 CANADA<br />
(541) 552-5186<br />
len.pasion@skyresearch.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Douglas Oldenburg (UBC-GIF)<br />
he task of discriminating UXO from non-UXO items is more difficult when sensor data are<br />
collected at sites where an electromagnetically active host contributes a large signal. In<br />
general, approaches to UXO discrimination assume that the object of interest is in free-space.<br />
Any influence of the background medium is assumed to have been removed by filtering the data.<br />
Spatial variations of the background signal can be the same size as UXO anomalies. These signal<br />
variations can result from small scale topography (due to bumps or dips in the surface), changes<br />
in the orientation and height of the sensor relative to the ground, and spatial variations in the<br />
electromagnetic properties of the soil (i.e., conductivity and magnetic susceptibility). A high pass<br />
filter to remove the geologic signal is often unable to remove smaller scale spatial variations. In<br />
addition, this filtering step can introduce artifacts that can bias estimates of the target parameters.<br />
In <strong>SERDP</strong> project MM-1573, we are developing an approach to processing data collected at sites<br />
with magnetic geology. Instead of relying on filtering to remove the background response, we<br />
use instrument position and orientation information to model the sensor response due to soils.<br />
Computational routines and techniques to simultaneously invert for the parameters of the buried<br />
object and the response of the background have been developed. For magnetic data, we will<br />
study the effectiveness of an equivalent layer for modeling the geologic response. An equivalent<br />
layer is a fictitious distribution of dipolar sources that lie at or below the observation surface and<br />
which can potentially reproduce any magnetic field. We simultaneously invert for the equivalent<br />
layer and the dipolar parameters of any embedded metallic objects. For electromagnetic data, we<br />
simultaneously invert for geologic properties of the background response in addition to the<br />
target’s dipole parameters. The response of the magnetic geology is calculated by using an<br />
approximate multi-dipole representation of the transmitter. We present results of processing both<br />
simulated and field data for the Geonics EM63 time domain electromagnetic sensor and the<br />
newly developed Man Portable Vector time domain electromagnetic sensor. Finally, to quantify<br />
the effect of topography on the EMI signal we use numerical modeling of Maxwell’s equations.<br />
We will present initial results comparing measured and modeled data for different sized bumps<br />
and trenches.<br />
G-3
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 24 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
ADVANCED EMI MODELS APPLIED TO NEXT-GENERATION EMI SENSORS:<br />
DATA PROCESSING AND UXO DISCRIMINATION STUDIES<br />
FRIDON SHUBITIDZE<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
445 Dead Indian Memorial Road<br />
Ashland, OR 97520<br />
(541) 552-5160<br />
fridon.shubitidze@skyresearch.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Benjamin Barrowes (USACE ERDC Cold Regions Research and<br />
Engineering Laboratory); Irma Shamatava (Sky Research, Inc.); Kevin O’Neill (Thayer School<br />
of Engineering, Dartmouth College)<br />
R<br />
ecently, next generation, relatively sophisticated, ultra wideband EMI sensors with novel<br />
waveforms, multi-axis or vector receivers, have been developed operating either in the time<br />
domain or in the frequency domain. Among these emerging technologies are: (a) NRL timedomain<br />
EMI sensor array. The system consists of 25 transmit/receive pairs arranged in a 5 x5<br />
grid, each with a 35-cm diameter transmitter loop and a 25-cm receiver loop. The sensor<br />
activates the transmitter loops in sequence, one at a time, and for each transmitter all receivers<br />
receive, measuring the complete transient response over a wide dynamic range of time ranging<br />
approximately from 100 µs to 25 ms and distributed in 123 time gates. The sensor thus provides<br />
625 spatial data points at each location, with unprecedented positional accuracy and (b) the new<br />
man portable vector time-domain (MPV TD) sensor which has five tri-axial cubic receivers<br />
located around two 75-cm diameter transmitter coils. The positions of the transmitter coils are<br />
determined using a laser positioning system, and (c) Berkley UXO Discriminator (BUD) system<br />
that has multiple transmitters and/or multiple receiver coils. The combination of spatial diversity<br />
in the measurements, with full vector definition of signals from a variety of observation points<br />
over an extremely wide time range, offers unprecedented data quality for discriminationprocessing<br />
algorithms. To take advantage of the data diversity that this instrument provides,<br />
(1) an advanced, physically complete EMI forward model, such as the normalized surface<br />
magnetic source models (NSMS), (2) a data inversion scheme, that uses the newly developed<br />
HAP method to estimate the location and orientation of the target, and (3) a discrimination<br />
processing approach based on the statistical signal processing algorithm, have been adapted to<br />
the new generation EMI sensors data. In this work the applicability of the NSMS algorithm is<br />
demonstrated by comparing the modeled data against to the EMI data that these sensors provide.<br />
The different sets of EMI data are inverted and the total NSMS are calculated. Finally, based on<br />
the estimated the total NSMS for each target, a statistical classification tool is developed that<br />
provides accurate UXO discrimination.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1572.<br />
G-4
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 25 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
A<br />
DEMONSTRATION OF DIGITAL GEOPHYSICS ON ACTUAL UXO SITES<br />
LAWRENCE CARIN<br />
Signal Innovations <strong>Group</strong>, Inc.<br />
1009 Slater Road<br />
Suite 200<br />
Durham, NC 27703<br />
(919) 475-2151<br />
lcarin@siginnovations.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Levi Kennedy and Xiangyang Zhu (Signal Innovations <strong>Group</strong>, Inc.)<br />
dvanced digital geophysics technology are being demonstrated on actual UXO sites. In this<br />
poster we will report on the underlying technology, and show results for the Sibert study, as<br />
well as preparation for the San Luis Obispo study. The technology is based on advanced<br />
techniques from machine learning and statistics. For example, information-theoretic measures<br />
are employed to define the expected information content one may accrue by excavating an item<br />
for the purpose of learning its label. This is termed active learning, and it is characterized by two<br />
excavation stages. In the first, it is assumed that no labeled (training) data exists, and excavation<br />
is performed with the purpose of learning labels on most-informative signatures. Here “most<br />
informative” means that these labels, if acquired, will most reduce uncertainty in a classifier<br />
design. This first phase of excavation continues until the algorithm indicates no more<br />
information will be accrued by further excavation. Then, using the labeled data acquired in the<br />
first phase, a classifier is designed, from which a prioritized dig list is specified for the second<br />
(more traditional) excavation phase, which has the purpose of excavating all UXO and leaving<br />
non-UXO items behind. We examine this process in both a supervised and semi-supervised<br />
setting.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>ESTCP</strong> MM-0501.<br />
G-5
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 38 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
M<br />
MAN-PORTABLE VECTOR TIME DOMAIN EMI SENSOR AND<br />
DISCRIMINATION PROCESSING<br />
DR. BEN BARROWES<br />
ERDC-CRREL<br />
72 Lyme Road<br />
Hanover, NH 03768<br />
(603) 646-4822<br />
benjamin.e.barrowes@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Kevin O’Neill (ERDC-CRREL); Dr. Fridon Shubitidze,<br />
Dr. Pablo Fernandez, and Ms. Irma Shamatava (Dartmouth College)<br />
etallic clutter contaminates most if not all UXO remediation sites and presents a difficult<br />
impediment to the accurate detection and discrimination of UXO. We investigated a<br />
physics based clutter suppression algorithm based on upward continuation to process<br />
magnetometer or electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor data so that UXO discrimination<br />
processing UXO can be enhanced. Our approach is directly tied to the fact that it relies on the<br />
governing physics and not on signal processing stratagems divorced from that physics or<br />
idealizing it unduly. We used a plane of equivalent sources to reproduce the entire EMI response<br />
from target combinations and then used these sources to calculate the magnetic field above the<br />
actual measurement region. We show that the response from smaller, often shallower clutter<br />
decreases more rapidly than the response from larger items, thus minimizing the contribution of<br />
clutter and from noise. In this way, we are able to partially isolate the contribution of the larger<br />
target on the EMI response. Coverage, equivalence, and noise tolerance issues are investigated.<br />
We acquired bistatic EMI data over emplaced target/clutter combinations from the GAP<br />
Geophysics survey system at Aberdeen Proving Grounds. A 155mm projectile was emplaced<br />
surrounded by various arrangements of substantial clutter items. Preliminary analysis of this data<br />
indicates that upward continuation is a viable technique for the suppression of clutter responses<br />
from the overall EMI signal. Even when a clutter signal more than twice the strength of the UXO<br />
signal was embedded directly in the target’s response, the method succeeded in calculating<br />
largely uncluttered data for higher sensor elevations. We plan to adapt this method to monostatic<br />
data as acquired by most current sensors.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1590.<br />
G-6
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 39 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
HIGH FIDELITY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION INSTRUMENTS AND<br />
PHYSICALLY COMPLETE MODELS<br />
DR. BEN BARROWES<br />
ERDC-CRREL<br />
72 Lyme Road<br />
Hanover, NH 03768<br />
(603) 646-4822<br />
benjamin.e.barrowes@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Kevin O’Neill (ERDC-CRREL); Dr. Fridon Shubitidze, Dr. Pablo<br />
Fernandez, and Ms. Irma Shamatava (Dartmouth College)<br />
W<br />
e have developed two advanced, man portable EMI instruments in both the frequency and<br />
time domains intended for queued interrogation of anomalies. The Man Portable Vector<br />
(MPV) time domain EMI instrument (MM-1443) has a single 75 cm diameter primary coil and<br />
five triaxial cubic receivers that measure the secondary vector magnetic field. Initial testing of<br />
the MPV instrument is complete, and we have an extensive data sets collected at the ERDC<br />
teststand, at CRREL, and at Ashland Oregon with Sky Research. Data were collected in both<br />
static mode (MPV stationary) and dynamic mode (MPV moving). We have adapted our<br />
physically complete high fidelity models, the SEA and the NSMC models, to the MPV. The<br />
ArcSecond system provides subcentimeter geolocationing for the MPV. With its high SNR, high<br />
fidelity, high diversity data acquisition capabilities, the MPV provides quality data for UXO<br />
discrimination models.<br />
The GEM 3 D + (MM-1537) is a frequency domain EMI instrument adapted from a GEM 3 from<br />
Geophex. Transverse receivers were added to the GEM 3 to provide the capability of measuring<br />
a vector magnetic field in the frequency domain. Acquiring the transverse components of the<br />
magnetic field offers several advantages including data diversity and partial immunity to<br />
geological noise. The GEM 3 D + also incorporates an advanced geolocationing system. This<br />
positioning system is based on using the instruments own primary field to locate and orient the<br />
primary coil of the instrument. This “beacon” positioning system has an accuracy on the order of<br />
a centimeter when the instrument is within the 3 m of the positioning receiver coils. We have<br />
adapted our physically complete SEA and NSMC models to the GEM 3 D + and will present<br />
inversion results from both statically and dynamically acquired data.<br />
G-7
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 40 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
T<br />
INCREASING THE UNDERSTANDING AND USEFULNESS OF MACHINE<br />
LEARNED MEC DISCRIMINATION RESULTS USING EVOLUTIONARY<br />
STRATEGY TOOLS FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY<br />
LARRY DESCHAINE<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
35 Varden Drive, Suite F<br />
Aiken, SC 29803<br />
(706) 951-2750<br />
Larry.m.deschaine@saic.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Frank D. Francone, Dean A. Keiswetter, Thomas R. Battenhouse, Jr.,<br />
Melissa C. McKay, Robert T. Weatherly, and Stanley K. Wong (SAIC, Inc.)<br />
he objective of our work is to continually improve the accuracy, reliability and<br />
understandability of MEC discrimination algorithms and approaches. Since 2001, SAIC,<br />
RMLT & Chalmers University of Technology have researched and developed a suite of tools<br />
now known MecFinder and LGP Discrimination. The tool kit is currently being validated in the<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> program under project MM-0811. The approach consists of a synergistic blend of MEC<br />
discrimination physics with techniques from statistics, information theory, signal processing,<br />
topology, medical imagery analysis and machine learning. During the development, the tool set<br />
has been successfully tested on data from JPG-IV, JPG-V and the FE Warren AFB. As part of<br />
MM-0811, the tool is being tested using data from Camp Sibert. Discoveries during the work<br />
have been demonstrating the advanced power of machine learning tools; specifically, the linear<br />
genetic programming (LGP) paradigm used as the core machine learning engine. The LGP is<br />
able to uncover and auto-derive recognizable and known physics equations from data. Other<br />
discoveries demonstrate the LGP is able to extend physics based equations to include<br />
information in data sets not yet leveraged by the general physics equations. This accuracy leads<br />
to improved discrimination and stop-digging decisions using principled and understandable<br />
approaches. These findings are illustrated using clear examples, as are the results to date on the<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> MM-0811. Next steps for knowledge discovery in understanding robust MEC<br />
discrimination is discussed.<br />
G-8
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 41 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
STATISTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR UXO DISCRIMINATION FOR<br />
NEXT-GENERATION SENSOR DATA<br />
DR. LESLIE M. COLLINS<br />
Duke University<br />
ECE Department<br />
Room 130 Hudson Hall, Box 90291<br />
Durham, NC 27708-0291<br />
(919) 660-5260<br />
lcollins@ee.duke.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Stacy Tantum, Dr. Chandra Throckmorton, Dr. Jeremiah Remus, and<br />
Dr. Lawrence Carin (Duke University); Dr. David Wright (USGS);<br />
Dr. Erika Gasperikova (LBL)<br />
U<br />
ntil recently, detection algorithms could not reliably distinguish between buried UXO and<br />
clutter, leading to many false alarms. Over the last several years modern geophysical<br />
techniques have been developed that merge more sophisticated sensors, underlying physical<br />
models, and statistical signal processing algorithms. These new approaches have dramatically<br />
reduced false alarm rates, although for the most part they have been applied to data collected at<br />
sites with relatively benign topology. To address these problems, <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> have been<br />
supporting efforts to develop a new generation of UXO sensors that will produce data streams of<br />
multi-axis vector or gradiometric measurements. The focus of the research that we will present<br />
here is on development of new physics-based signal processing approaches applicable to the<br />
problem in which vector data is available from such sensors.<br />
Specifically, we will present modeling and processing results obtained using state of the art<br />
multi-axis sensors developed by LBL and USGS. First, we demonstrate that utilization of the<br />
phenomenological models developed during this program for data inversion results in improved<br />
discrimination performance over inversion strategies that use simplified models. We also<br />
consider the impact of relaxing the assumption of a symmetric object in the inversion process,<br />
and demonstrate improved classification results. We carefully consider options for the inversion<br />
process, and demonstrate that careful data selection can impact performance quite significantly.<br />
In addition, we also report on new classifier work. Results are presented for test stand data from<br />
the ALLTEM system and Camp Sibert data for the BUD system. Both calibration and blind<br />
results are presented for the BUD system.<br />
This research was supported by the <strong>Strategic</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development<br />
Program (<strong>SERDP</strong>) under Project MM-1442.<br />
G-9
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 42 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground-Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
T<br />
POSITION-INDEPENDENT PROCESSING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC<br />
INDUCTION DATA FOR TARGET CLASSIFICATION<br />
THOMAS BELL<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
1225 S. Clark Street, Suite 800<br />
Arlington, VA 22202<br />
(703) 413-0500<br />
bellth@saic.com<br />
raditional approaches to target classification and discrimination using electromagnetic<br />
induction (EMI) data are based on principal axis polarizabilities calculated by inverting<br />
spatially mapped EMI data collected over the target. The inversion process is very sensitive to<br />
errors in the data and is especially sensitive to errors in the relative locations of the sensor<br />
readings. Using simple parametric representations for the EMI signals, we demonstrate that the<br />
EMI responses of typical UXO and clutter items follow distinctive trajectories in parameter<br />
space as the sensor is moved about over the item. These characteristic trajectories can be used for<br />
target classification and discrimination. We also find that by exploiting this characteristic<br />
behavior, the shapes of the principal axis polarizability curves can be calculated directly from the<br />
EMI data without using any sensor location information. We demonstrate that satisfactory<br />
representations of the principal axis responses can be obtained using only a half-dozen or so<br />
good measurements of the EMI signal over the target.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1595.<br />
G-10
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 43 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
T<br />
DISCRIMINATION PERFORMANCES OF COMMERCIAL SENSORS AT APG<br />
AND YPG<br />
DR. DEAN KEISWETTER<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
120 Quade Drive<br />
Cary, NC 27513<br />
(919) 454-3212<br />
keiswetterd@saic.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mr. Levi Kennedy (Signal Innovations <strong>Group</strong>, Inc.);<br />
Dr. Leslie Colins (Duke University)<br />
he objective of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project MM-1505 is to determine the level to which data acquired at<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground and Yuma Proving Ground using commercial electromagnetic<br />
induction and magnetic sensors support feature-based discrimination decisions. As part of this<br />
study, we are evaluating discrimination performances for various models, classifiers, and training<br />
data. Three fundamental issues are being investigated: namely, the model used during<br />
characterization and the impact that classifier selection and training has on performance. The<br />
UXO Standardized Test Sites in Aberdeen Maryland and Yuma Arizona represent real world<br />
scenarios. They are rich in data, ground truth, near-surface conditions, and target diversity.<br />
Because of this, they present an unprecedented opportunity to systematically examine the<br />
importance of models, classifiers, and training data. The near-surface conditions vary and the<br />
buried targets of interest range from 20mm projectiles to 500 lb bombs.<br />
We selected five data sets based on data quality, type, signal-to-noise, and availability at<br />
appropriate intermediate processing stages. The datasets include time-domain EM61 (man-towed<br />
single sensor and vehicle-towed array), time-domain EM63, frequency-domain GEM-3 (vehicle<br />
towed array), and magnetic data (array). The models being investigated include a standard dipole<br />
(expressed using polarizabilities, an ellipsoidal representation, and empirical fits), joint<br />
frequency-time domain, and singular expansion models. The classifiers being investigated<br />
include: the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test, Support Vector Machines, Relevance Vector<br />
Machine, and K-nearest neighbor. Various levels of training data are being extracted using<br />
ground truth labels from the calibration, blind grid, and portions of the open field areas.<br />
Results of our analysis indicate that the nominal dipole fit error is in excess of 20%. This<br />
combined with the facts that (i) the TOI range from 20mm projectiles to 500 lb bombs and<br />
(ii) the non-TOI target is typically medium to large in size and thick walled, significantly limited<br />
discrimination performances. If we assume that the objective is to discriminate all UXO from all<br />
non-UXO at these sites, very little if any discrimination capability is observed. If we restrict the<br />
TOI class to specific sizes of UXO, however, such as small, medium, or large UXO which is<br />
often the case for live sites, performance improves significantly.<br />
G-11
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 44 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
S<br />
SHOCK DEMAGNETIZATION OF PROJECTILES ON IMPACT<br />
WITH THE GROUND<br />
DR. STEPHEN BILLINGS<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
2386 East Mall, Suite 112A<br />
Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3 CANADA<br />
(541) 552-5185<br />
stephen.billings@skyresearch.com<br />
ERDP Project MM-1380 is focused on understanding the physical basis behind changes in a<br />
UXO or shrapnel’s remanent magnetization when it is subjected to shock. If rounds are<br />
shock-demagnetized on impact, one can develop a very promising discrimination method with<br />
magnetic data based on estimating an item’s remanent magnetization. The remanence magnetic<br />
discrimination method developed at the University of British Columbia/Sky Research has proven<br />
successful at sites in Montana, resulting in false-alarm rates between 1 and 5 non-UXO for each<br />
excavated UXO item. In the magnetic remanence method, the amount of remanent magnetization<br />
in recovered dipole moments of collected magnetic data is estimated and a prioritized dig-list is<br />
developed based on the assumption that items with lower remanence are more likely to be UXO.<br />
We describe a field deployment at Aberdeen Test Center where we measured the remanent<br />
magnetization before and after firing sixty-five 81 mm mortars. The tests were conducted over a<br />
9 day period in late May/ early June. During the first days on site we measured the initial<br />
remanent magnetization and found that only one of the sixty-five mortars had significant<br />
remanence (comparable to the induced magnetization). Fortunately, the Non-Destructive-<br />
Evaluation equipment at ATC was readily able to impose a remanent magnetization on the 81<br />
mm mortars. We left some mortars in a demagnetized state and imposed medium and large<br />
remanences on either the axial or transverse axes of the remaining items. The remanence was<br />
again measured just prior to firing. We fired one third with no charge increment (low velocity of<br />
impact, the mortars were sticking out of the ground), one third with one charge increment<br />
(mortars buried to 2 feet depth) and the one-third with two charge increments (mortars buried to<br />
5 to 8 feet depth). The rounds were carefully excavated (except the two-charge increment<br />
mortars where we had to use an excavator), and their depth and orientation was recorded before<br />
the remanence was again measured.<br />
The data were then processed and analyzed. Shock demagnetization definitely occurred, but for<br />
the charge 0 and 1 mortars, there was still a significant amount of residual magnetization. This<br />
means that we can't rely on shock demagnetization if impact velocities are low. What was<br />
particularly interesting was that rounds that had very low remanent magnetization before firing<br />
actually had a larger remanence after firing and impact. The shock of impact erases some of the<br />
existing magnetization but allows a new magnetic remanence to be established in the direction of<br />
the ambient magnetic field.<br />
In the abstract we also describe our efforts to develop a quantitative model of the effect of stress<br />
on the magnetization of an impacting ordnance item.<br />
G-12
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 45 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
ROBUST STATISTICS FOR UXO DISCRIMINATION<br />
DR. STEPHEN BILLINGS<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
2386 East Mall, Suite 112A<br />
Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3 CANADA<br />
(541) 552-5185<br />
stephen.billings@skyresearch.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Laurens Beran and Douglas Oldenburg (University of British Columbia)<br />
T<br />
he objective of <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1629 is to provide more statistically rigorous solutions to the<br />
inversion problems that occur as integral parts of any UXO discrimination scheme.<br />
Experience from demonstration projects has shown that inversion of TEM data with low SNR is<br />
susceptible to outlying data, so that the global minimum of the misfit does not provide a model<br />
which can be reliably used for discrimination. This problem can be addressed by using a misfit<br />
function which is less sensitive to outliers, or by iteratively updating data uncertainties so that<br />
data which cannot be fit are downweighted during inversion. In the former approach, L1 type<br />
norms replace the conventional L2 misfit. This introduces additional nonlinearity to the inverse<br />
problem, and the resulting algorithm in fact requires iterative reweighting of data uncertainties.<br />
Hence robust norms can be regarded as equivalent to iterative update of an L2 norm. We have<br />
investigated the latter approach by developing a formal Bayesian technique to updating data<br />
uncertainties. Application to real data reduced the effect of outliers on the inversion process, and<br />
resulted in improved parameter estimates.<br />
Discrimination requires estimation of features which provide information regarding target size,<br />
shape or composition. Inversion of TEM data extracts useful features which can then be used to<br />
make discrimination decisions. However, parameters estimated in the inversion process are not<br />
point estimates but have an associated uncertainty which is a function of the uncertainty in the<br />
data and the curvature of the misfit function at its minimum. For example, when the model<br />
parameters are well constrained (i.e., have a small uncertainty), the misfit function will have a<br />
high curvature at the final model. For a nonlinear inverse problem, the posterior distribution of<br />
the final model can then be approximated as a Gaussian distribution with covariance inversely<br />
proportional to the curvature of the misfit. To investigate the utility of including parameter<br />
uncertainty in discrimination, we have developed a “Gaussian product” classifier which uses<br />
feature vectors and their associated uncertainties to make discrimination decisions. The classifier<br />
discounts parameters that are highly uncertain from the discrimination process. For example,<br />
when applied to TEM data from Camp Sibert, we found that the decay of the primary<br />
polarization had a large uncertainty relative to the amplitude of the polarization. Consequently,<br />
the Gaussian product classifier made discrimination decisions based primarily upon the<br />
amplitude of the polarization.<br />
G-13
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 46 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Modeling & Processing<br />
T<br />
DISCRIMINATION AT A CHALLENGING SITE<br />
DR. STEPHEN BILLINGS<br />
Sky Research, Inc.<br />
2386 East Mall, Suite 112A<br />
Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3 CANADA<br />
(541) 552-5185<br />
stephen.billings@skyresearch.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Kevin Kingdon and Len Pasion (Sky Research, Inc.);<br />
Laurens Beran and Douglas Oldenburg (University of British Columbia)<br />
he <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project MM-0504 “Practical Discrimination Strategies for Application to Live<br />
Sites” addresses the need to reduce false-alarm rates at UXO sites by improving access to<br />
advanced modeling and discrimination capabilities. Electromagnetic sensors are a promising<br />
technology for detecting UXO, but they tend to detect many other non-hazardous metallic items.<br />
Statistical and rule-based classification techniques for UXO discrimination, when calibrated with<br />
good training data, have been shown at numerous test sites to be effective. This project is<br />
developing the software and protocols required to apply advanced discrimination techniques to<br />
live sites.<br />
In April 2008, we deployed a Geonics EM63 in a cued-interrogation mode to a difficult wooded<br />
portion of Fort McClellan, Alabama. In total we collected data over 401 anomalies on the site, 16<br />
items in the GPO and 21 items in a test-pit (3 orientations for 7 ordnance items). We then<br />
processed the data (stacking, background removal, drift correction) and then fit polarizationtensor<br />
models to all anomalies. We are currently waiting for anomaly validation and release of<br />
that ground-truth information and will report on the full results in December. In the meantime we<br />
have done some initial comparisons of feature vectors from the GPO and test-pits with the clutter<br />
from Camp Sibert. We will most likely use the same features as at Camp Sibert: one related to<br />
the size and the other to the time-decay of the primary polarization. The ordnance with caliber ><br />
60 mm cluster in one part of that feature space (large size, slow time-decay), with the 37’s and<br />
60’s cluster in another region of feature space (smaller size, faster decay). Overlaying the<br />
unknown feature vectors reveals that there may be a large number of the larger caliber ordnance<br />
items but not many 37's and 60's. The MKII grenades may be difficult to discriminate, although<br />
we have found that a feature space that combines mid and late-time decays does result in a<br />
distinct clustering of the grenades.<br />
G-14
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 47 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
REFINEMENTS IN THE ALLTEM UXO DETECTION<br />
AND DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM<br />
TED ASCH<br />
U.S. Geological Survey<br />
Denver Federal Center<br />
Building 20, MS-964<br />
Denver, CO 80225<br />
(303) 236-2489<br />
tasch@usgs.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: David Wright, Craig Moulton, and Trevor Irons (U.S. Geological Survey)<br />
A<br />
n advanced multi-axis electromagnetic induction system, ALLTEM, was specifically<br />
designed for detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance (UXO) with funding<br />
from <strong>SERDP</strong> Project MM-1328. Refinement of the acquisition electronics, survey platform and<br />
system orientation, and interpretation and analysis software is continuing with funding from<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> Project MM-0809. ALLTEM uses a continuous triangle-wave excitation that measures<br />
the target step response rather than the more common impulse response. An advantage of using a<br />
triangle-wave excitation is that the responses of ferrous and non-ferrous metal objects have<br />
opposite polarities. The system multiplexes through all three orthogonal (H x , H y , and H z axes)<br />
transmitting loops and records a total of 19 different transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) loop<br />
combinations. ALLTEM data acquisition is dynamic with a spatial data sampling interval of 15<br />
cm to 20 cm at a constant 100 kilosamples/s rate with 24-bit precision. Using an early-time pick<br />
of 275 μs, late enough that the step response of an analog low-pass filter has settled, amplitude<br />
difference data and maps are produced. These data are almost free of ground response and<br />
system drift effects while retaining good sensitivity to UXO. The improvement in the signal-tonoise<br />
ratio greatly enhances the ability to detect small or deep targets. The new ALLTEM<br />
platform is a cart made of composite fiberglass and plastic that will substantially reduce the<br />
weight of the cart. The electronics have been redesigned to be more compact and more energy<br />
and heat efficient. The Crown amplifier that has been the backbone of the system has been<br />
replaced with Class D amplifiers. This has resulted in an increased current output from +/- 8<br />
Amps to +/- 11 Amps with much less heat put off by the amplifier. The ALLTEM data analysis<br />
has now been incorporated into the Oasis Montage platform. This includes basic data processing,<br />
system noise analysis, automated target selection, orientation analysis, and calls to an inversion<br />
algorithm that has been developed and refined over the last year. The algorithm uses a physicsbased<br />
forward model and non-linear inversion. While GPS position errors and additional errors<br />
from cart roll, pitch, and yaw were often small enough that previous survey inversions still<br />
provided good estimates of target position, depth, and orientation, and reasonable and<br />
reproducible values for dipole moments of these targets, the addition of an AHRS unit should<br />
reduce some of these errors. A demonstration at the Yuma Proving Ground is scheduled for<br />
winter 2009.<br />
G-15
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 48 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
C<br />
HELICOPTER MAGNETOMETER PLATFORM BASED ON<br />
COMPACT INDUCTION SENSORS<br />
YONGMING ZHANG<br />
QUASAR Federal Systems, Inc.<br />
5754 Pacific Center Blvd., Suite 202<br />
San Diego, CA 92121<br />
(858) 200-2229<br />
yongming@quasarfs.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Matt Steiger (QUASAR Federal Systems);<br />
Dave Wright (Sky Research, Inc.)<br />
ollaborating with Sky Research, a 6" long, 3-axis induction sensor was deployed on the<br />
helicopter platform with limited flight tests. The 3-axis main sensor was mounted in the<br />
center of the boom and a singal-axis reference sensor was mounted in the far right side of the<br />
boom. The three-axis induction sensor was operated in a passive mode on the moving platform<br />
flying at 10 to 20 meters per second at 2 meters above ground. The moving platform converts the<br />
DC magnetic signature from a UXO target into an AC signature with frequency components<br />
determined by the target size and orientation, as well as the speed and height of the moving<br />
platform. The measured noise floor during these flight tests was 500x higher than the sensor<br />
noise floor, approximately 10 nT/rtHz at 1 Hz. The post processed data gave an in-flight noise<br />
floor of approximately 3 nT/rtHz at 1 Hz and was able to achieve a signal to noise ratio of about<br />
13 for the largest target (100 lb bomb). Some cancellation of motion-induced noise was possible<br />
with data from the off axis sensor data in the 3-axis assembly.<br />
Post-flight experiments were carried out to compare a lash-up induction sensor gradiometer to<br />
the original induction sensor magnetometer. The gradiometer, aligned to the Earth’s field,<br />
showed a factor of 10x lower noise than the induction sensor. We conclude that a noise floor of 1<br />
nT/rtHz at 1 Hz is possible to achieve during flight. A more carefully constructed gradiometer<br />
would have a higher degree of coherence than the lash-up prototyp. A 3-axis gradiometer and a<br />
rotation sensor, would allow more cancellation of motion-induced noise. It is possible to achieve<br />
an in-flight noise floor of approximately 100 pT/rtHz at 1 Hz; a factor of 10 lower than the noise<br />
floor achieved with Cs-vapor magnetometers.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1594.<br />
G-16
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 49 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
TRI-AXIS FLUXGATE-INDUCTION SENSOR FOR ADVANCED TIME-DOMAIN<br />
UXO DETECTION AND DISCRIMINATION<br />
YONGMING ZHANG<br />
QUASAR Federal Systems, Inc.<br />
5754 Pacific Center Boulevard, Suite 202<br />
San Diego, CA 92121<br />
(858) 200-2229<br />
yongming@quasarfs.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Matt Steiger and Dr. Andrew D. Hibbs (QUASAR Federal Systems);<br />
Dr. Robert Grimm (South West Research Institute)<br />
W<br />
e have developed a tri-axial dual-mode magnetic sensor that operates both as a fluxgate to<br />
sense DC magnetic fields and as an induction sensor to sense AC magnetic fields. The<br />
fluxgate shares the same magnetic core, sensing coil and preamplifier as the induction sensor.<br />
The result is a sensor system that is capable of collecting DC magnetic and AC electromagnetic<br />
data in a single sweep; reducing scanning time by 50% and eliminating the need for coregistration<br />
of multiple sensors.<br />
In this presentation, we will describe the development on the tri-axial dual mode fluxgateinduction<br />
sensor system. We will show the ability of using the dual-mode sensor to characterize<br />
target size, shape, and location for a standard 37 mm shell. The performance of the vertical axis<br />
of the sensor was compared to single axis commercial sensors (Geonics EM63 induction sensor,<br />
MEDA mMag001 fluxgate). The performance of the tri-axial QUASAR sensor was compared to<br />
that of the (single) vertical axis. The induction sensor data was analyzed with a three axis time<br />
domain dipole model. The fluxgate data is modeled as a single dipole. In the single axis<br />
comparison, the dual-mode sensor gave similar performance to the commercial sensors, in both<br />
induction sensor and fluxgate modes. Both the QUASAR induction sensor and EM63 were able<br />
to recover a quasi-cylindrical shape for a vertically aligned shell. The fluxgate data yielded the<br />
same target position, to within approximately 1 cm. The three axis induction sensor outperformed<br />
the single axis induction sensor in its ability to characterize target shape. The three<br />
axis sensor returns quasi-cylindrical shapes for both vertically and horizontally aligned shells.<br />
We will also discuss our recent results on the system trade study of the 3-axis dual mode sensor.<br />
The magnetic moment of the transmitter has been increased from 180 A-m 2 to 480 A-m 2 . Data<br />
for standard targets and “canonical objects” (i.e., disks, spheres, cylinders) will be presented.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1444.<br />
G-17
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 50 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
B<br />
ADVANCES IN UXO DISCRIMINATION<br />
DR. ERIKA GASPERIKOVA<br />
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory<br />
One Cyclotron Road<br />
MS:90R1116<br />
Berkeley, CA 94720<br />
(510) 486-4930<br />
egasperikova@lbl.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: J. T. Smith, K. Kappler, H. F. Morrison, and A. Becker (Lawrence<br />
Berkeley National Laboratory)<br />
erkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD) is an optimally designed active electromagnetic system<br />
that not only detects but also characterizes UXO. The system incorporates three orthogonal<br />
transmitters and eight pairs of differenced receivers. BUD is mounted on a small cart to assure<br />
system mobility. System positioning is provided by state-of-the-art RTK GPS receiver. The<br />
system operates either in a search mode, in which the system moves along a profile and<br />
exclusively detects targets in its vicinity providing target depth and horizontal location or in a<br />
discrimination mode, in which the system, stationary above a target, from a single position,<br />
determines three discriminating polarizability responses together with the object location and<br />
orientation. Field survey results from various test sites clearly show that BUD can resolve the<br />
intrinsic polarizabilities of a target, and that there are very clear distinctions between symmetric<br />
intact UXO and irregular scrap metal. While UXO objects have a single major polarizability<br />
coincident with the long axis of the object and two equal transverse polarizabilities, scrap metal<br />
has three different principal polarizabilities.<br />
Until recently accurate estimates of probability responses were achievable only if the object was<br />
a single UXO. That means that, in the case of non-UXO response, one was unable to<br />
discriminate a single piece of scrap from a combination of scrap and UXO. We have developed a<br />
new approach in which multiple objects are considered, and its performance is illustrated on data<br />
acquired at various test sites. Furthermore, to discriminate multiple objects or to get accurate<br />
estimates of location, depth and properties of large objects close to the system we developed a<br />
scheme where multiple measurements in the vicinity of the anomaly are used for the<br />
polarizability responses estimation. This approach has also produced encouraging results.<br />
This research was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense under <strong>SERDP</strong>/<strong>ESTCP</strong> projects<br />
MM-1225 and MM-0437.<br />
G-18
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 51 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
METALMAPPER: A MULTI-SENSOR TEM AND MAGNETIC GRADIOMETER<br />
T<br />
SYSTEM FOR UXO DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION<br />
DR. MARK PROUTY<br />
Geometrics<br />
2190 Fortune Drive<br />
San Jose, CA 95131<br />
(408) 428-4212<br />
markp@mail.geometrics.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. D.D. “Skip” Snyder (Snyder Geoscience);<br />
Dave George (G&G Sciences)<br />
he objective of this project is to commercialize advanced technology emerging from recent<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong>, <strong>SERDP</strong>, and NAVEODTECHDIV funded EM research. The project draws heavily<br />
from AOL (Advanced Ordnance Locator) technology developed by G&G Sciences with funding<br />
from NAVEODTECHDIV. We use target parameter extraction software developed by Lawrence<br />
Berkeley National Laboratory under the BUD (Berkeley UXO Discriminator – MM-0437)<br />
project. With this technology, we have assembled and demonstrated a field prototype of<br />
advanced electromagnetic induction (EMI) instrument for detection and characterization of UXO<br />
that performs substantially better than existing commercially available instruments. The<br />
instrument includes, as an option, the ability to simultaneously acquire both EMI and magnetic<br />
gradient data (Dual Mode Acquisition). The project was funded late in FY06. During the past<br />
year, we completed the development and assembly of a field prototype hardware system together<br />
with Windows-based data acquisition and interpretation software to support it. Our interpretation<br />
software (MM/RMP) is based on a robust algorithm for UXO model parameterization developed<br />
by T. Smith at LBL. The prototype MetalMapper system has completed a short “shake-down”<br />
demonstration at the Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site at Yuma Proving<br />
Grounds (YPG) in June 2008 and a more comprehensive demonstration at the test site in<br />
Aberdeen Proving Grounds (APG) that was completed in October 2008. This paper describes the<br />
prototype MetalMapper system and presents data acquired during the demonstrations at YPG and<br />
APG.<br />
This project has been funded under <strong>ESTCP</strong> MM-0603.<br />
G-19
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 52 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
MINIATURE TOTAL FIELD MAGNETOMETERS<br />
DR. MARK PROUTY<br />
Geometrics<br />
2190 Fortune Drive<br />
San Jose, CA 95131<br />
(408) 428-4212<br />
markp@mail.geometrics.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. John Kitching (NIST); Dr. Darwin Serkland (Sandia National Labs)<br />
M<br />
agnetometers are one of the basic instruments used for the detection and discrimination of<br />
unexploded ordnance (UXO). Cesium vapor atomic magnetometers are commonly used<br />
since their readings are independent of the orientation of the sensor, which eliminates the noise<br />
problems due to rotation or even vibration of other types of sensors. In order to better<br />
discriminate UXO from clutter or scrap, a high spatial density of readings is desirable. In order to<br />
efficiently make such measurements, and to position such measurements accurately, arrays of<br />
sensing elements would be highly desirable. However, existing cesium vapor sensors are<br />
extremely large and consume a lot of power. Under two <strong>SERDP</strong> funded projects Geometrics,<br />
along with partners at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and Sandia<br />
National Laboratories, have developed a miniature total field sensor, consuming a small fraction<br />
of the power of existing commercial sensors. Such sensors are well on their way towards<br />
commercialization. In continuing work, we are extending those techniques by pursuing methods<br />
of operating at wide bandwidths. Such sensors could replace inductive coils currently used in<br />
EM devices for UXO detection and discrimination. In addition to their small size, measuring the<br />
magnetic field instead of its rates of change, as an inductive coil does, has considerable<br />
advantages. In this poster, we will present extremely exciting results of our work prototyping and<br />
testing actual atomic magnetometers with components no larger than a grain of rice. Measured<br />
performance of better than 10 pT per root Hz under actual field conditions will be shown. Power<br />
consumption is a small fraction (less than 10%) of that used in existing systems. We will also<br />
show results of our work at different cell temperatures, measuring the feasibility of working at<br />
higher bandwidths. This work will extend the MEMS technologies, allowing for a single sensor<br />
capable of making both a DC magnetic field measurement as well as a high frequency<br />
measurement for use in a time domain EM system. Significantly progress is also being made<br />
towards commercializing these devices. Our design requires straightforward MEMs techniques,<br />
which are much less complicated, in fact, than some devices in commercial production today.<br />
Geometrics is working with commercial partners to begin producing such devices in the near<br />
future.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong> MM-1512.<br />
G-20
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 66 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
IMPROVED MAGNETIC STAR METHODS FOR REAL-TIME, POINT-BY-POINT<br />
T<br />
LOCALIZATION OF UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE AND BURIED MINES<br />
DR. ROY WIEGERT<br />
Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division<br />
110 Vernon Avenue<br />
Code HS12<br />
Panama City, FL 32407-7001<br />
(850) 234-4142<br />
Roy.Wiegert@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Kwang Lee and Dr. John Oeschger<br />
here is a pressing need for a practical and effective magnetic sensing technology that can be<br />
deployed onboard highly maneuverable sensing platforms and used for real-time, point-bypoint<br />
detection, localization and classification (DLC) of magnetic targets such as ferrous<br />
unexploded ordnance (UXO) (e.g., bombs, artillery shells and buried mines). Therefore, the<br />
<strong>Strategic</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development Program (<strong>SERDP</strong>) has supported research<br />
and development by Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division (NSWC PCD), of a<br />
novel man-portable Magnetic Scalar Triangulation and Ranging (i.e., “STAR” and/or<br />
“MagSTAR”) technology for DLC of UXO. The STAR concept uses motion-noise-resistant<br />
scalar magnitudes of magnetic gradient tensors to perform point-by-point triangulation of the<br />
location of magnetic targets. The magnitudes are analogous to central potential-type functions<br />
and they can provide true point-by-point DLC capabilities for sensing platforms in general,<br />
unconstrained motion.<br />
A prototype man-portable STAR Gradiometer was designed and constructed at NSWC PCD to<br />
provide a completely portable and user-friendly technology for real-time DLC of magnetic UXO.<br />
The prototype STAR Sensor comprises: (a) a cubic array of eight fluxgate magnetometers, and<br />
(b) a 24-channel data acquisition/signal processing system. In field tests the man-portable sensor<br />
has demonstrated very robust, motion-noise-resistant DLC performance against isolated dipole<br />
type targets.<br />
This paper describes work that is ongoing to enhance the performance of the MagSTAR<br />
Technology. In particular, two improved algorithms for solving the “STAR Equations” are<br />
described: (1) A directional derivative (DD) method based on the fact that the gradient of a<br />
central potential field is a vector that points toward the target/source of the locally strongest<br />
gradient. (2) A least-squares-fit (LSF) method that iteratively calculates a magnetic target’s<br />
location and magnetic signature. The DD method is being developed for better discrimination<br />
between multiple targets but for isolated targets it is more susceptible to sensor noise than the<br />
LSF method. The initial LSF method applies primarily to DLC of isolated dipole targets. Thus,<br />
the methods preferably should be used concurrently as complementary DLC modalities in<br />
environments that may be magnetically complex. These improved methods should help facilitate<br />
the transition of the STAR Technology from man-portable applications to applications using<br />
highly maneuverable autonomous sensing platforms for real-time “on the fly” DLC of magnetic<br />
targets such as UXO and buried mines. This project has been supported under <strong>SERDP</strong><br />
MM-1511.<br />
G-21
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 67 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
MTADS TIME-DOMAIN EMI SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR UXO CLASSIFICATION<br />
W<br />
DANIEL STEINHURST<br />
Nova Research, Inc.<br />
1900 Elkin Street, Suite 230<br />
Alexandria, VA 22308<br />
(202) 767-3556<br />
dan.steinhurst@nrl.navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Glenn Harbaugh (Nova Research); David George (G&G Sciences);<br />
James Kingdon and Thomas Bell (SAIC, Inc.)<br />
e have designed and constructed a new time-domain EMI sensor for the purpose of UXO<br />
classification with the support of <strong>ESTCP</strong> under projects MM-0601 and MM-0807. The<br />
sensor is composed of a 35-cm diameter transmit (Tx) loop and a 25-cm receive loop. The<br />
secondary (induced) field decay can be measured from 0.04-25 milliseconds using fully digital<br />
electronics. This sensor has formed the core of three separate UXO classification systems. A<br />
vehicle-towed, 2m x 2m array of 25 sensors has been recently demonstrated for cued<br />
classification of UXO from clutter. The array would be used as part of a two-step process for<br />
identifying and classifying buried metal targets where the anomalies for cued investigation were<br />
previously identified with a survey system. The position and orientation of the array are also<br />
determined to high precision by an array of GPS antennae. The resultant data (625 bi-static pairs)<br />
therefore have near-perfect spatial correlation and no motion-induced noise.<br />
For sites which are not amenable to the deployment of a towed-array system, we have designed<br />
and begun development of two adjunct systems with enhanced mobility. A handheld, singlesensor<br />
system has been designed and built for use with a template in a gridded data collection<br />
mode. A wheeled, 2H2 (four elements total) array has been designed for man-portable operations<br />
using the same backpack electronics package. The man-portable system is envisioned to operate<br />
in one of two modes: (1) Detection survey with a 1m square outer Tx loop, or (2) static target<br />
classification. A prototype of the system has been assembled and used to demonstrate the 2x2<br />
array in the static data collection mode.<br />
Target features (principal axis polarizabilities or βs) are estimated by inversion from the data<br />
using a standard point dipole EMI response model. The inversion process is robust to the<br />
number of array elements included in processing, retaining good results for shallow targets even<br />
with only 4 sensor elements (10 bistatic pairs). The process methodology allows for interactive<br />
data selection to mitigate the effects of overlapping target signatures.<br />
G-22
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 68 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
MAGNETIC SENSORS WITH PICOTESLA MAGNETIC FIELD SENSITIVITY<br />
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE<br />
SY-HWANG LIOU<br />
University of Nebraska<br />
Department of Physics and Astronomy and<br />
Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanosciences<br />
364 Behlen<br />
Lincoln, NE 68588-0111<br />
(402) 472-2405<br />
sliou@unl.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Stephen E. Russek, L. Yuan, Sean T. Halloran, F. C. S. Da Silva, John<br />
Moreland, and David P. Pappas (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO)<br />
W<br />
e present a design of a low power, compact, magnetoresistive sensor. The key features of<br />
the design are (1) decreasing the noise by the use of a 64 element bridge, (2) reducing the<br />
magnetic noise by annealing of MTJ in high magnetic field and a hydrogen environment, and<br />
(3) increasing signal by the use of external low-noise magnetic flux concentrators. The field<br />
noise of our prototype magnetic sensor are approximately 1 pT/Hz 1/2 at 1 kHz, 5 pT/Hz 1/2 at 10<br />
Hz, and 50 pT/Hz 1/2 at 1 Hz at room temperature. The magnetic sensor only dissipates 15 mW of<br />
power while operating.<br />
This project has been supported under MM-1569.<br />
G-23
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Poster Number 69 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Ground Based Detection and Discrimination — EMI & Magnetometers / Sensors<br />
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNITIONS USING EMI WITH AN ARRAY OF<br />
3-COMPONENT B-FIELD SENSORS (BEAMOD)<br />
W<br />
DR. MICHAEL ASTEN<br />
Flagstaff GeoConsultants Technology Pty Ltd<br />
337A Lennox Street, Suite 2<br />
P.O. Box 2236<br />
Richmond South, Victoria 3121 AUSTRALIA<br />
+61 3 8420 6240<br />
michaelasten@flagstaff-geoconsultants.com.au<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Duncan, Sam Fogarty, and Gary Hooper (Flagstaff GeoConsultants<br />
Technology Pty Ltd); Dr. Stephen Billings, Dr. Len Pasion, and<br />
Dr. Dave Sinex (Sky Research, Inc.)<br />
e have developed an operational prototype of an EMI system for UXO detection using a<br />
single transmitter coil of moment 180 A.m 2 , and three 3-component fluxgate sensors<br />
(B-field Electromagnetic Array for Munitions and Ordnance Detection – BEAMOD).<br />
We have trialed three software tools for extracting maximum target information from the<br />
instrument bandwidth and configuration.<br />
1. Transformation of gridded images of z-component response to the principal components<br />
of 25-channel data, yields images which show first-pass discrimination between UXO<br />
type, independent of depth of burial on a seeded test range. The discrimination is superior<br />
to that attainable from time-constant calculations on noisy moving-platform data.<br />
2. BEAMOD profiles across buried munitions with and without a pseudo-random surface<br />
distribution of scrap metal show that the second derivative of the horizontal transverse<br />
component of the EMI field is a powerful discriminator of scrap versus buried-target<br />
responses.<br />
3. After extension of the UXOLAB software package to utilize an array of vector sensors.<br />
The BEAMOD profiles across buried munitions invert to yield dipole parameters of three<br />
orthogonal dipoles. Parameter variance decreases as the multiple receivers and multiple<br />
components are added to the basic single-component profiles, verifying self-consistency<br />
between the multiple sensors and components, and demonstrating that higher resolution is<br />
attainable when using the array of sensors. The standard deviation on recovered<br />
polarizations when using the array of vector sensors is typically a factor of five reduced<br />
from that obtained when using profiles acquired with a single vertical-component sensor<br />
only.<br />
The project has been supported by <strong>SERDP</strong> as Project MM-1598.<br />
G-24
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
High Explosive Identification<br />
Poster Number 63 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
P<br />
OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF A NEW ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUE<br />
FOR UXO FILLER IDENTIFICATION<br />
DR. WES COBB<br />
University of Denver Research Institute<br />
2050 E. Iliff Avenue<br />
Denver, CO 80208<br />
(303) 871-3140<br />
wcobb@du.edu<br />
ersonnel who must remediate Department of Defense sites need better tools to discriminate<br />
between unexploded ordnance (UXO) and non-hazardous items. Although great effort has<br />
been made to detect and localize UXO in the ground and underwater, there are currently few<br />
devices that can inspect and identify the filler materials. The ability to make a quick and safe<br />
filler identification would significantly lower the risks to personnel and the cost of remediation.<br />
This project utilizes acoustic waves to identify the materials inside sealed UXO. Small sensors<br />
clamped to the outside of the ordnance send low-energy acoustic waves through the container<br />
walls and filler. The received signals are analyzed to determine the characteristic acoustic<br />
properties of the filler material. To identify the filler, these measured properties are compared to<br />
a database of properties for known explosive and inert filler materials.<br />
This talk describes an ongoing project to demonstrate and validate new technology for<br />
identifying the filler material in UXO. This technology, developed under the <strong>Strategic</strong><br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development Program (MM-1382), correctly identified important<br />
inert filler types in demonstrations on actual ordnance at several DoD laboratory and range<br />
facilities. In the current <strong>ESTCP</strong> project, key field tests have been conducted at a controlled DoD<br />
site (Aberdeen Test Center) to confirm accurate identification for fired ordnance. The talk will<br />
report on validation testing of the acoustic technique at a controlled site (Navy EOD Technology<br />
Division) and at an active UXO response site.<br />
This project has been supported under <strong>ESTCP</strong> MM-0740.<br />
G-25
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Planning and Support<br />
Poster Number 64 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
APG STANDARDIZED UXO TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION SITE<br />
RECONFIGURATION<br />
DENNIS A. TEEFY<br />
U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center<br />
400 Colleran Road<br />
TETD-AT-SLE<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005<br />
(410) 278-4062<br />
dennis.teefy@us.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Kimberly Watts (USAEC); William Burch and Rickey Fling (ATC);<br />
Patrick McDonnell (BAH)<br />
dvancements in Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) detection and discrimination technologies<br />
are necessary to support the sustained operation, restoration, and transfer of the DoD’s<br />
ranges. The Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) and Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) Standardized<br />
UXO Technology Demonstration Sites provide the UXO Community the ability to evaluate the<br />
detection and discrimination capabilities of UXO sensor systems. This ability has been<br />
augmented at the APG Standardized Site as a result of a third generation reconfiguration. During<br />
the two previous reconfigurations, ground truth items were removed, shuffled, and reburied.<br />
Traditionally the open field area of the site was configured to represent a common, mixed use<br />
impact area. A fundamental philosophical shift occurred during this reconfigurations and areas<br />
simulating both Direct and Indirect Fire training ranges would be developed in the open field.<br />
The sub areas have ordnance and clutter emplaced that mimic the expected size, type, and<br />
distribution of targets found in their respective fire impact areas.<br />
System performance is evaluated for response and discrimination stages by reporting probability<br />
of detection, probability of false positive, background alarm rate, and ROC curves. Several<br />
improved scoring metrics are now available to expand the understanding of system performance.<br />
Scoring has been modified to determine the impact of overlapping halos due to grouped<br />
ordnance and clutter. Detection within these overlapping halos is now reported in three ways:<br />
groups found (any item within a group is matched to an anomaly on a demonstrator’s list),<br />
groups identified (multiple items within a composite halo are matched to anomalies on a<br />
demonstrator’s list) and groups covered (measures the demonstrator’s accuracy in determining<br />
the number of anomalies within a group). In addition, demonstrators are now provided all<br />
scoring information based not on the depth of the item buried but rather the depth compared to<br />
the diameter of the target.<br />
These modifications to the APG Standardized Site will continue to support the advancement in<br />
UXO sensor technologies. A portion of the open field area remains in the previous generation’s<br />
configuration. This allows the program to compare results to previously completed<br />
demonstrations at both APG and YPG. No modifications have been made at the YPG<br />
Standardized Site at this time.<br />
The APG and YPG sites are currently open for testing of handheld, man-portable and towed<br />
array detection systems. This project has been supported under <strong>ESTCP</strong> MM-0103.<br />
G-26
Munitions Management (MM)<br />
Planning and Support<br />
Poster Number 65 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
F<br />
UX-PROCESS UPDATE – FREE SOFTWARE FOR DIGITAL GEOPHYSICAL<br />
MAPPING<br />
MS. AMY WALKER<br />
USAESCH<br />
ATTN: ED-CS-G<br />
4801 University Square<br />
Huntsville, AL 35816<br />
(256) 895-1604<br />
amy.n.walker@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Nick Valleau and Elizabeth Baranyi (Geosoft, Inc.)<br />
or the last several years, supported by <strong>ESTCP</strong> funding under Project MM-0131, the<br />
Huntsville Center has worked with Geosoft, Inc. to develop an extensive suite of freely<br />
available software tools for the industry to assist with specialised requirements for UXO<br />
detection and discrimination. The project provides a standardized tool set to assess data quality,<br />
helps improve data processing and analysis, and provides a standard software platform for<br />
sharing analysis algorithms.<br />
The software package, named UX-Process, operates within Geosoft’s commercial Oasis<br />
Montaj data processing environment and currently contains over 70 menu items. UX-Process<br />
has been supported and applied in the field for several years, with updated versions released<br />
annually. It is available at no cost for U.S. government UXO personnel and their contractors, and<br />
existing Oasis Montaj license holders. Requests for this free license can be submitted at:<br />
http://www.geosoft.com/pinfo/industry/uxo/uxprocess.asp<br />
The UX-Process tools, currently used on UXO projects by contractors and government<br />
personnel, improve the utilization of field data by identifying and correcting instrument and<br />
acquisition errors and providing documentation of the data quality. In addition, UX-Process<br />
provides a consistent and logical structure for adding new target analysis and discrimination<br />
capabilities, as they become available. The standard tests and tools developed under this project<br />
enable the contractors tasked with collecting, processing and analyzing the data to be more<br />
effective in meeting U.S. government data quality standards, and allow the U.S. government to<br />
be more efficient in assessing and documenting the quality of the product delivered.<br />
This poster will focus on the new developments and updates in the latest release.<br />
G-27
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 70 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
APPLICATION OF A BIMETALLIC SOLVENT PASTE TECHNOLOGY FOR PCB<br />
REMOVAL FROM OLDER STRUCTURES ON DOD FACILITIES<br />
DR. NANCY E. RUIZ<br />
NAVFAC Engineering Service Center<br />
1100 23rd Avenue EV411<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-1155<br />
nancy.ruiz@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Jacqueline Quinn (NASA); Dr. Christian Clausen, Dr. Cherie Geiger,<br />
and James Captain (University of Central Florida); Suzanne O’Hara and Thomas Krug<br />
(Geosyntec Consultants)<br />
R<br />
esearchers from the Naval Facility Engineering Command Engineering Service Center<br />
(NAVFAC ESC), the NASA-Kennedy Space Center (NASA), the University of Central<br />
Florida (UCF) and Geosyntec are working on an <strong>ESTCP</strong>-funded technology demonstration<br />
project (SI-0610) to demonstrate the efficacy of a Bimetallic Treatment System (BTS) to remove<br />
and rapidly degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) found in structural coatings.<br />
The BTS technology, which consists of elemental magnesium coated with a small amount of<br />
palladium in a solvent solution capable of hydrogen donation, has two functions: (1) to extract<br />
PCBs from weathered, decades-old coating material such as paint and (2) to rapidly degrade the<br />
extracted PCBs. Prior to 1979, PCBs were extensively used in industrial paints, caulking material<br />
and adhesives, as their properties enhanced structural integrity, reduced flammability and<br />
boosted antifungal properties. Researchers from NASA and UCF previously demonstrated rapid<br />
and complete dechlorination of PCBs in aqueous/solvent systems containing Aroclors 1254,<br />
1260, and 1268 (specific PCB mixtures). Significant, if not complete, PCB extraction and<br />
degradation from paint chips with total PCBs as high as 11,000 ppm has been achieved with as<br />
little as 48 hours of exposure. The solvent in BTS is used to open but not destroy the polymeric<br />
lattice structure of the paint, allowing pathways for PCB movement out of the paint and into the<br />
solvent. BTS formulation properties that must be addressed for each site-specific application<br />
include viscosity and stability.<br />
This project addresses pre-demonstration laboratory testing conducted at two of the<br />
demonstration sites and field testing conducted at these demonstration sites, the Vertical<br />
Integration Building (VIB), Cape Canaveral, Florida and Badger Army Ammunition Plant,<br />
Wisconsin. Pre-demonstration laboratory testing evaluated the concentrations of PCBs in the<br />
various materials tested at each facility, including paint metal, wood and concrete and to<br />
determine which BTS formulation would work best for each material. Variables evaluated in the<br />
demonstration include the substrates on which the PCB coatings have been applied; age of the<br />
coatings; adhesion, appearance, and repeat application of BTS; and substrate condition on<br />
removal of the BTS and PCB coating. In addition, tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of<br />
temperature on the BTS stability and performance. The demonstration goal is to reach PCB<br />
concentrations below the Toxic Substances Control Act limit of 50 parts per million (ppm) in the<br />
paint on all structures tested. Details of the results from the field demonstration at the VIB and<br />
Badger will be presented.<br />
G-28
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 71 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUBILITY OF PB FROM RECYCLED<br />
CONCRETE AGGREGATE<br />
MR. STEPHEN COSPER<br />
U.S. Army-CERL<br />
2902 N. Newmark<br />
Attn: CEERD-CN-E<br />
Champaign, IL 61822<br />
(217) 398-5569<br />
stephen.cosper@us.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Howard Weinick (Concurrent Technologies Corporation);<br />
Gary Bordson (Illinois Sustainable Technology Center)<br />
(Sorry—due to a last minute cancellation, this poster will not be presented.)<br />
he DoD has very active construction programs under several different initiatives, including<br />
military construction, realignment, closures, and facility reduction. Many of the structures<br />
demolished to make way for the new construction are Cold War-era concrete buildings with<br />
some level of lead-based paint (LBP) coatings. Under most scenarios, the debris resulting from<br />
these demolitions can be landfilled (i.e., in a construction and demolition, nonhazardous waste<br />
landfill) because the overall lead concentration is below Resource Conservation and Recovery<br />
Act (RCRA) thresholds. However, this is a wasteful practice as the concrete could be reused by<br />
the installation for many construction purposes, such as fill, road-base, or trails. Filling<br />
government-owned landfills with concrete is also unnecessary and wasteful, especially when<br />
considering the long-term maintenance and monitoring responsibilities associated with landfills.<br />
For the Army, Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM) policy requires<br />
fifty percent waste diversion for all construction projects.<br />
The SON, to which the project responds, implies that LBP coated demolitions debris is often<br />
disposed in a hazardous waste landfill. According to the Construction Materials Recycling<br />
Association (http://www.cdrecycling.org/) there is a growing industry in concrete recycling.<br />
Sometimes, construction project managers are hesitant to utilize recycled concrete aggregate<br />
with any LBP content because of uncertainty regarding environmental regulations or effects.<br />
This project will attempt to answer one of the main concerns voiced: leachability of Pb from the<br />
painted surfaces into the environment.<br />
The approach in this project is to follow a real world example—from demolition, to recycling, to<br />
material reuse at a military installation. Researchers will characterize the construction materials<br />
pre-demolition, sample the processed material, and then conduct an environmental leaching<br />
experiment to replicate field conditions.<br />
To date, researchers have: characterized the source building; sampled the crushed concrete<br />
product; analyzed for total Pb content; and developed and tested a column based extraction<br />
technique, designed to mimic rain events.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1549.<br />
G-29
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 72 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
LIGHTWEIGHT, COMPOSTABLE AND BIODEGRADABLE FIBERBOARD<br />
JO ANN RATTO<br />
U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center<br />
Kansas Street<br />
Natick, MA 01760<br />
(508) 233-5315<br />
joann.ratto.ross@us.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jason Niedzwiecki, Jeanne Lucciarini, and Christopher Thellen<br />
(NSRDEC); Xin Li, Susan Sun, and Donghai Wang (Kansas State University);<br />
Darin Richman and Richard Farrell (University of Saskatchewan)<br />
he <strong>SERDP</strong> project (SI-1479) “Lightweight and Compostable Packaging for the Military” is<br />
in its final year of developing environmentally-friendly, lightweight biodegradable<br />
fiberboard that can be converted to a valuable byproduct, compost. The project will help to<br />
reduce the amount of solid waste for the military. Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE) shipping<br />
containers fabricated from fiberboard are necessary to transport and store food and other military<br />
items in various climatic extremes while protecting the contents from insect and rodent<br />
infestation. Although the shipping containers are effective and meet the myriad of operational<br />
and functional requirements, there are numerous disadvantages in producing this type of<br />
fiberboard for the military: the process is costly; uses cellulose and hazardous chemicals;<br />
depletes natural resources in our environment; and creates harmful waste. The goal of this<br />
project is to develop lightweight biodegradable fiberboard that can be used for ration packaging<br />
while meeting all operational requirements.<br />
A novel fiberboard is being developed using a soy protein adhesive and natural fillers to reduce<br />
either density or thickness while maintaining needed mechanical properties and water resistance.<br />
Fiberboard manufacturing procedures were investigated with effects of resin coating and press<br />
conditions on fiberboard density and mechanical properties. Experiments were performed on<br />
introducing other fibers such as chicken feather fibers, cheese clothe, straw fibers, and<br />
commercially available pulp fibers to further reduce density and enhance strength.<br />
An alternative approach is to develop coated corrugated fiberboard that has comparable<br />
performance to the existing military shipping containers. Several designs and coating<br />
formulations have been developed and testing of burst strength, compression and stacking<br />
strength at wet and dry conditions have been performed. The results are promising with<br />
reductions in weight, fiber content and cost from the existing MRE containers.<br />
The compostability of fiberboard is being assessed with both laboratory (respirometer and weight<br />
loss tests) and field components. Most of the samples tested by respirometer methods had greater<br />
than 60% percent mineralization after 180 days with cellulose as the positive control. Weight<br />
loss results for the samples are in the range of 15-20% weight loss after 6 weeks of testing.<br />
G-30
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 73 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
NANOTECHNOLOGY PACKAGING FOR THE MILITARY<br />
JO ANN RATTO<br />
U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center<br />
Kansas Street<br />
Natick, MA 01760<br />
(508) 233-5315<br />
joann.ratto.ross@us.army.mil<br />
he environmental problem of solid waste generated by the Army is being addressed in this<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Security Technology Certification Program (<strong>ESTCP</strong>) demonstration/<br />
validation program. The amount of packaging waste generated per Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE)<br />
ration is 0.36 lb (22.9% of total weight of ration). The average procurement for MRE rations is<br />
over 43 million rations per year which contributes to over 14,000 tons of packaging waste. With<br />
the rising costs of transportation and disposal, there is the need to investigate alternative<br />
materials for combat ration packaging applications. The objective of this three year effort is to<br />
demonstrate and validate new nanocomposite packaging for the military which has been<br />
achieved through earlier <strong>Environmental</strong> Quality Basic Research (EQBR) and <strong>Strategic</strong><br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development Program (<strong>SERDP</strong>) projects. Industry-based<br />
developments in the area of nanocomposite packaging films that have matured into commercially<br />
available products were leveraged as well. Nanocomposite packaging for the Meal Bag, nonretort<br />
and retort pouches will be demonstrated and evaluated to reduce DoD specific waste<br />
problems through the development of recyclable military ration packaging which also meet<br />
combat ration operational requirements.<br />
The first year of this <strong>ESTCP</strong> project has focused on producing the nanocomposite Meal Bags and<br />
food pouches. Several nanocomposite technologies are being implemented in this program. A<br />
variety of polymer combinations and nanoparticles are targeted for the different MRE packaging<br />
components. After production of the film and pouches, quality control and characterization work<br />
will be performed. The pouches will then be filled with MRE food products and packed into<br />
solid fiberboard cases and pallet loads. The nanocomposite packaged items will undergo storage<br />
studies, sensory testing, airdrop, transportation and field testing.<br />
Overall, the goal is to transition this mature nanotechnology to material converters and<br />
demonstrate manufacturability, producibility and, ultimately, durability of these nanocomposite<br />
packaging structures within the military logistics system.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-0816.<br />
G-31
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 74 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
S<br />
NOFOAM SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT HANGAR FIRE<br />
SUPPRESSION FOAM SYSTEM<br />
RANCE T. KUDO<br />
NAVFAC ESC<br />
1100 23rd Avenue, EV-421<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370<br />
(805) 982-4976<br />
rance.kudo@navy.mil<br />
erious environmental concerns have arisen from aircraft hangar fire suppression foam system<br />
discharge tests. These concerns stem from hundreds of thousands of gallons of aqueous film<br />
forming foam (AFFF) wastewater that is generated during testing. As a result of these<br />
environmental concerns, foam discharge checks are not being performed and this has a negative<br />
impact on the facility mission readiness. As a result, the Navy has developed a real time<br />
evaluation NoFoam System that tests the aircraft hangar fire suppression system without<br />
releasing AFFF to the environment. This technology allows the activity to test the fire<br />
suppression foam system.<br />
The Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Engineering Service Center (ESC) are<br />
demonstrating and validating the NoFoam System for aircraft hangar fire suppression foam<br />
system. This is being done with the sponsorship of the <strong>Environmental</strong> Security Technology<br />
Certification Program (<strong>ESTCP</strong>) and NAVFAC, under Project SI-0525. The NoFoam System<br />
hardware is installed inline with the hangar fire suppression foam system, and uses water (or an<br />
environmental benign dye-water) to provide a valid foam nozzle discharge array test that<br />
eliminates AFFF release. The technology provides real-time online measurements discharge<br />
rates and requires no specially trained personnel to interpret the resulting data. Validations will<br />
be conducted at Arizona Air National Guard, Arizona (Tucson); Marine Corps Base Hawaii,<br />
Kaneohe; and Naval Air Station Lemoore, California.<br />
DoD cost savings will be accrued from eliminating AFFF wastewater collection and disposal and<br />
replenishment of spent AFFF concentrates during annual and maintenance discharge checks.<br />
DoD activities and mission readiness will not be jeopardized.<br />
G-32
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 75 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PHA BIOPLASTIC PACKAGING MATERIALS<br />
DR. CHRIS SCHWIER<br />
Metabolix<br />
650 Suffolk Street, Suite 100<br />
Lowell, MA 01854<br />
(978) 513-1830<br />
schwier@metabolix.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Jo Ann Ratto (U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and<br />
Engineering Center)<br />
P<br />
lastic packaging materials represent a significant portion of the world plastics consumption,<br />
estimated in excess of 340 billion lbs in 2007. In North America alone, consumption of<br />
plastic shrink/stretch film was over 1.5 billion lbs/year in 2006, and foamed product<br />
consumption is estimated at 8.5 billion lbs/year in 2006. While these packaging materials are<br />
low-cost and effective, the logistics of managing packaging waste is becoming increasingly<br />
problematic and costly. Military operations in remote areas and/or foreign countries face serious<br />
logistic hurdles dealing with large volumes of packaging waste.<br />
PHA Natural Plastics are produced by Metabolix from renewable agricultural resources.<br />
Because they are biodegradable in marine and soil environments, products made with PHAs can<br />
be disposed of easily and without any adverse environmental impacts. PHA Natural Plastics are<br />
considered well-suited for use in packaging application due to the range of physical properties<br />
attainable, water resistance, heat resistance, strength, and barrier properties. Other biodegradable<br />
materials, particularly starch based materials, do not have the required water resistance,<br />
temperature resistance, or range of properties required for many film and foam packaging<br />
applications.<br />
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the applicability of biodegradable PHA Natural<br />
Plastics for foamed packaging and stretch/shrink film applications. PHA foams have been<br />
produced and tested for functional performance and biodegradability. Key sciences and<br />
technologies have been developed for material designs and foam processing, including branching<br />
and selection of environmentally-friendly blowing agents. A potential commercial foam<br />
development partner has been established.<br />
For pallet wrap products, which are typically stretch or shrink film, PHA formulations have been<br />
developed for film processing. Evaluations of processibility and properties are in progress.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1478.<br />
G-33
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Facility Waste<br />
Poster Number 93 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
FOOD AND HUMAN WASTE REMEDIATION FOR NAVY SHIPS AND ARMY<br />
N<br />
BASE CAMPS<br />
JESSICA HSU<br />
Clairvoyant Technologies, Inc.<br />
1107 D Street, SE<br />
Washington, DC 20003<br />
(202) 629-1831<br />
jessica@clairvoyanttechnologies.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Adam J. Baron and Mauricio Boada (Biogreen Energies);<br />
Jennifer Hsu (Clairvoyant Technologies, Inc.)<br />
(Sorry—due to a last minute cancellation, this poster will not be presented.)<br />
avy ships can remain at sea for months and generate large amounts of waste that requires a<br />
method of environmentally-safe disposal. According to estimates from the Navy, each<br />
person aboard a ship generates between three to four pounds of solid waste per day. Therefore,<br />
an aircraft carrier with 6,000 personnel can remain at sea for 90 days and generates 826 tons of<br />
solid waste. This yield cannot be stored on board until the ship docks, so often it is disposed<br />
overboard. Additionally, studies have shown that a typical maneuver Army battalion is<br />
comprised of 550 soldiers will produce about 2,000 lbs of solid waste per day.<br />
Biodigestion technology has been around for thousands of years and can be used to rapidly<br />
convert food and human waste into useful energy and non-hazardous residuals that can be safely<br />
disposed on-site. The biodigester system does not emit objectionable odors, and does not require<br />
electrical power to run. The use of solar panels will maintain the digester temperature at<br />
acceptable operation levels. This facilitates implementation in remote military base locations and<br />
aboard navy ships at sea. The system is relatively inexpensive to own and operate, compared to<br />
the alternative of waste-to-energy gasification.<br />
Biodigesters can be installed with customizable interfaces to existing kitchen and toilet systems<br />
to provide a composting system, a garbage disposal, and a converter of waste to clean energy.<br />
The energy is produced from anaerobic digestion in the form of an odorless biogas, which can be<br />
used for cooking, lighting, combustion engine driving, and even fueling pumps and electric<br />
generators. This methane-based gas is converted to mostly CO 2 and water when burned, making<br />
it a comparatively nonpolluting gas. The system essentially prevents the natural decomposition<br />
of the wastes where methane escapes to the atmosphere or pollutes the water, which causes more<br />
harm than carbon emissions. Therefore, the process is carbon negative, and each digester can<br />
generate approximately on the order of 100 carbon credits per year, which is equivalent to a<br />
reduction in 100 tons of carbon dioxide emissions.<br />
G-34
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Facilities Management — Noise<br />
Poster Number 76 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CHARACTERIZATION OF A BAYESIAN CLASSIFIER TO IDENTIFY MILITARY<br />
T<br />
IMPULSE NOISE<br />
JEFFREY S. VIPPERMAN<br />
University of Pittsburgh<br />
531 Benedum Hall<br />
3700 O’Hara Street<br />
Pittsburgh, PA 15261<br />
(412) 624-1643<br />
jsv@pitt.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Brian Bucci and Matthew Rhudy (University of Pittsburgh)<br />
o facilitate a better relationship between military installation and their surrounding civilian<br />
population, the function of military installations impulse noise monitoring stations needs to<br />
be improved. The monitoring stations currently in service suffer numerous false positive<br />
detections, (which are believed to originate from wind noise), and also do not detect many<br />
significant impulse events. Most of the previous work within this effort has focused on defining<br />
metrics to identify military impulse noise and processing these metrics with artificial neural<br />
networks and Bayesian classifiers. More recent work has also been directed towards identifying<br />
military impulse noise from direct temporal processing of the recorded waveforms. This previous<br />
work, while successful, had focused largely on achieving maximal overall accuracy, without<br />
much regard for the nature of the inevitable misclassifications (false positive detections and false<br />
negative rejections). In an actual implementation of these algorithms, the nature of the<br />
misclassifications would be of great concern to the user. To this end, this new effort focused on<br />
characterizing the Bayesian classifier. The purpose of this project is to find the optimal number<br />
of multi-Gaussian fits for each class of noise that would produce the classifiers with the<br />
following characteristics: (1) maximal overall accuracy, (2) maximal accuracy with no false<br />
positive detections, and (3) maximal accuracy with no false negative rejections. Additionally, it<br />
is desired to determine the prior probabilities of each noise source that correspond to these<br />
characteristics and the range of prior probabilities that produce classifiers which operate within<br />
the optimal range (maximal accuracy with no false positive detections to maximal accuracy with<br />
no false negative rejections). When the classifiers are evaluated on testing data, the maximal<br />
accuracy is 99.8%, the maximal accuracy with no false negative rejections is also 99.8%, and the<br />
maximal accuracy with no false positive detections is 98.4%.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1585.<br />
G-35
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 87 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF ROAD DENSITY ON<br />
ENDANGERED SONGBIRD BREEDING AT FORT HOOD<br />
DR. LUKE K. BUTLER<br />
Tufts University<br />
Department of Biology<br />
Medford, MA 02155<br />
(617) 627-4036<br />
luke.butler@tufts.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Leslie Ries (University of Maryland); Dr. Isabelle-Anne Bisson and<br />
Dr. Martin Wikelski (Princeton University); Dr. Timothy J. Hayden (ERDC-CERL);<br />
Dr. L. Michael Romero (Tufts University)<br />
T<br />
he Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) is an endangered migratory songbird<br />
with a large breeding population at Fort Hood, Texas, where military training involving<br />
vehicles along roads is common and widespread. Therefore, it is important to understand any<br />
effects of roads on the sustainability of Golden-cheeked Warbler populations at Fort Hood.<br />
Previous work (Peak 2007: Condor 109: 628-637) showed that Golden-cheek nests were more<br />
likely to be taken by predators in territories with high road density, suggesting that roads may<br />
negatively affect Golden-cheek breeding success. We used physiological and demographic<br />
measures to test the hypothesis that road density may also affect survival of adults. We compared<br />
the ages of territorial males across a range of road density categories to test the prediction that<br />
younger males would be more common in areas with more roads, suggesting those areas were<br />
less preferred by older, more dominant males. We also compared road density to body mass and<br />
the stress-related hormone corticosterone in breeding adults, to test the prediction that adults<br />
breeding in areas with high road density would be in worse physiological condition than adults<br />
breeding in areas with low road density.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1396.<br />
G-36
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 88 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS OF SHORTNOSE STURGEON (ACIPENSER<br />
BREVINOSTRUS) IN THE OGEECHEE RIVER, GEORGIA<br />
DR. HENRIETTE JAGER<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
P.O. Box 2008, Mail Stop 6036<br />
Oak Ridge, TN 37922<br />
(865) 574-8143<br />
jagerhi@ornl.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Mark Bevelhimer (Oak Ridge National Laboratory); Dr. Doug Peterson<br />
and Daniel Farrae (University of Georgia); Roy King (Fort Stewart)<br />
R<br />
ivers and estuaries along the Atlantic coast support both military installations and<br />
populations of the federally endangered shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). This<br />
project focuses on the population in the Ogeechee River system, near Fort Stewart. Three goals<br />
of this research are: (1) to quantitify and partition the influences on shortnose sturgeon recovery<br />
under the control of the military from those that are not; (2) to prioritize recovery efforts; and<br />
(3) to quantify population thresholds. This project integrates field and modeling efforts. In the<br />
field, river depth and width was characterized for the area of interest. Water quality monitoring<br />
began in winter and continued through early fall. Temperature and dissolved oxygen showed<br />
seasonal, but not longitudinal variation. Salinity increased downstream, but showed little<br />
seasonal variation. These data will be used to calibrate the water quality model, which we will<br />
use to simulate episodes of poor water quality in summer. We conducted a survey of shad fishing<br />
effort during late winter-early spring, which will help us to quantify the risk of capture as bycatch.<br />
A sister telemetry study tagged over 100 individuals, three of which were tagged in the<br />
Altamaha River. On the modeling front, an individual-based and spatially explicit population<br />
viability model was developed for the shortnose sturgeon. This model will be used to evaluate<br />
the number of individuals needed to sustain a viable population.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1543.<br />
G-37
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 89 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
AUTOMATED ACOUSTIC MONITORING OF BAT AND BIRD POPULATIONS<br />
F<br />
DR. JOSEPH M. SZEWCZAK<br />
Humboldt State University<br />
Department of Biological Sciences<br />
1 Harpst Street<br />
Arcata, CA 95521<br />
(707) 826-4132<br />
joe@humboldt.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Stuart Parsons (University of Auckland, New Zealand)<br />
ederal regulations require the monitoring and management of sensitive species on public<br />
land jurisdictions and for many species this work necessitates specialized and expensive<br />
personnel. In addition, the rarity of most sensitive species typically obligates greater survey<br />
effort (and higher cost) to acquire reliable data compared to more common species, particularly<br />
over the extensive landscapes of U.S. military installations. Fortunately, species that emit<br />
acoustic signals facilitate automated monitoring that can provide a cost-effective solution to<br />
confidently assess activity and confirm presence or absence. Automated acoustic monitoring can<br />
also provide consistency by eliminating variability in the skill level of monitoring personnel,<br />
operate continuously to better detect rare species that intermittent survey efforts may miss, and<br />
transmit data remotely from personnel-restricted areas.<br />
Automated acoustic monitoring entails (1) autonomous field recording hardware, (2) software to<br />
automate detection and classification of signals based on, (3) a comprehensive library of<br />
reference recordings from target and sympatric species to cover their range of signals under field<br />
conditions. Our <strong>SERDP</strong> supported team (under Project SI-1394) has completed these tasks to<br />
deploy a functioning automated monitoring and classification system.<br />
Calibrating species classification depended upon acquiring a reliable library of known species<br />
recordings from free-flying bats. This presented a considerable challenge because: (1) many<br />
sympatric species emit echolocation calls overlapping in many acoustic characteristics; (2) bats<br />
exhibit considerable plasticity in their calls; and (3) unlike birds that can be identified at a<br />
distance while recording, most bats require capture to determine species. We captured bats and<br />
tracked them with light-tags to acquire free-flight recordings. Our field crews acquired in excess<br />
of 10,000 recordings from 34 species in 23 states. We then developed robust novel algorithms<br />
including an adaptive fast Fourier transform (FFT) method that automatically optimizes FFT<br />
parameters to signal characteristics, an innovative method to attenuate echo distortion, and<br />
intelligent signal tracing routines. This enabled the extraction of several million data points from<br />
the reference library to calibrate and generate regional classification modules to automatically<br />
classify unknown bats from field recordings. By using a variety of machine learning methods<br />
and ensembles of machine learning methods, we have met or exceeded a target correct<br />
classification rate of 90% for most species, including the federally listed Indiana bat (Myotis<br />
sodalis) and gray bat (M. grisescens).<br />
G-38
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 90 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON POPULATION<br />
DEMOGRAPHICS OF CEANOTHUS VERRUCOSUS<br />
DAWN M. LAWSON<br />
NAVFAC Southwest<br />
1220 Pacific Highway<br />
San Diego, CA 92024<br />
(619) 726-5684<br />
dawn.lawson@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Helen M. Regan (University of California, Riverside);<br />
Dr. Paul H. Zedler (University of Wisconsin, Madison); Dr. Janet Franklin (California State<br />
University, San Diego)<br />
C.<br />
verrucosus, a shrub species restricted to the coastal chaparral and sage scrub of southern<br />
California, is considered vulnerable to both very long and short fire intervals. Fire kills<br />
adult plants and the population re-establishes from soil seed banks which are not restocked to<br />
replacement levels for several decades after a fire. In addition to shifts to the species’<br />
distribution, climate change poses risks to this species due to both potential effects on vital rates<br />
and increases in fire frequency. We consider two scenarios evaluated under the U.S. Climate<br />
Sciences Program. One predicts a warmer and wetter climate while the other a warmer and drier<br />
climate for southern California. Under both scenarios the probability of extreme wet and dry<br />
events increase in the future and the probability of fire could increase as well. We use a spatially<br />
explicit stochastic matrix model to evaluate the direct effects of changes in temperature and<br />
precipitation on population dynamics by considering likely changes in the means and variances<br />
of vital rates and fire frequencies. Our model is age structured with a two-year time step and<br />
includes seeds for a total of 48 stages. As was expected, increasing the variance increases the risk<br />
of extinction. Based on data from other obligate post-fire seeding Ceanothus species, C.<br />
verrucosus is expected to experience relatively high mortality from predation and drought stress<br />
in its first few years and then density dependent thinning through 15 to 20 years. After this time,<br />
based on ring counts from dead standing C. verrucosus, mortality drops to very low levels.<br />
Changes in vital rates resulting from predicted changes in mean temperature and precipitation<br />
and their variances are expected to disproportionately affect survival of the younger plants<br />
competing for moisture where the model is most sensitive. Our model shows that for both<br />
climate projections the risk of extinction increases. This work is a part of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project<br />
SI-1473, which will integrate population viability analyses, habitat suitability models, and a<br />
landscape level model to identify parcels and management actions necessary to maintain stable<br />
metapopulations of targeted species in a fragmented landscape.<br />
G-39
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 91 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
D<br />
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING SERVICE CENTER<br />
MULTIPLE STRESSORS: THE ROLE OF WORMS, SLUGS AND DEER IN<br />
SHAPING OUR FOREST PLANT COMMUNITIES<br />
BERND BLOSSEY<br />
Cornell University<br />
Department of Natural Resources<br />
Fernow Hall<br />
Ithaca, NY 14853<br />
(607) 255-5314<br />
bb22@cornell.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Evan Cooch (Cornell University);<br />
Victoria Nuzzo (Natural Area Consultants)<br />
ramatic changes in eastern forests have caused many plant species to exist in small or<br />
isolated populations that are considered to be threatened, endangered, or of special concern<br />
(TES). Threats to their long-term survival include habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive plants,<br />
animal diseases, nutrient deposition, and climate change. Management of these plant populations<br />
should be guided by an analysis of the severity of threats caused by various stressors and their<br />
response to management efforts.<br />
This <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded project, SI-1475, is researching the role of slugs and earthworms in the<br />
germination and recruitment of native species and evaluating how native white-tailed deer affect<br />
the demography of rare and endangered plant species. Large deer enclosures have been<br />
established at West Point Military Academy to follow long-term trends in herbaceous vegetation<br />
(both native and introduced) in the absence of deer herbivory.<br />
Certain plants may evolve invasiveness after their introduction into a new range (evolution of<br />
increased competitive ability hypothesis), and there is evidence that the introduction and spread<br />
of introduced earthworms may be the leading cause for plant invasions, at least in forest<br />
ecosystems in the Northeast. Browsing by an overabundant deer population on adult plants may<br />
lead to a collapse of the herbaceous layer, and introduced slugs and weevils may prevent any<br />
recruitment from the seed bank. There is abundant evidence for the “ecosystem engineering”<br />
ability of deer and slug herbivory, plant or earthworm invasions, as well as nutrient deposition,<br />
and this work combines an assessment of these different stressors into a single study and model.<br />
Our working hypothesis postulates that a reduction of the deer herd will prevent the decline of<br />
many native plant species (or allow their recovery), leading to a reduced need for invasive plant<br />
management.<br />
G-40
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 92 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
AN ECOINFORMATIC APPROACH TO DEVELOPING RECOVERY<br />
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES<br />
DR. MAILE C. NEEL<br />
University of Maryland<br />
Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture & Department of Entomology<br />
2116 Plant Sciences Building<br />
College Park, MD 20742<br />
(301) 405-9780<br />
mneel@umd.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Bill Fagan, Sara Zeigler, and David Luther (University of Maryland)<br />
A<br />
lack of data hinders managers’ abilities to set scientifically defensible recovery goals and<br />
criteria for all but a few species. Our objective is to develop methods that will help quantify<br />
scientifically defensible recovery goals for federally listed species on DoD-managed lands via<br />
sophisticated comparison of endangered species with a diverse set of well-studied species. We<br />
will build explicit links between established recovery goals of listed species and their biological<br />
traits and extrinsic threats. To date, we have focused on developing databases for life history and<br />
recovery information for federally listed species as well as life history information and<br />
conservation recommendations for well-studied species.<br />
We have compared the number of populations required for recovery of plant species on the U.S.<br />
Endangered Species list with the current number of populations and historic number of<br />
populations. The plant dataset comprises the 642 taxa covered in one of the 262 recovery plans<br />
approved as of December 2007. Recovery plans provided numbers of historical populations for<br />
407 taxa, ranging from 1 to 284 populations (mean=15.8; median=8). Numbers of extant<br />
populations were available for 596 taxa and ranged from 0 to 175 populations (mean=10.9;<br />
median=4). The percentage of populations remaining (n=404) ranged from 0%-100% and<br />
averaged 66.5%. Qualitatively we know that 446 taxa have lost whole populations, 378 have<br />
reduced population size, and 285 species for which data were available had both types of losses.<br />
Based on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) statements in recovery plans, we evaluated<br />
the potential for delisting plant taxa as ‘not possible’ for 136 species, ‘may not be possible’ for<br />
an additional 265 species, and ‘possible’ for 240 species. When recovery plans are categorized<br />
by year of approval (prior to 1992, between 1992 and 1998, and after 1998), the percentage of<br />
species for which delisting is considered ‘not possible’ has declined over time, as has the number<br />
of species for which delisting is considered ‘possible’. Thus, uncertainty has increased. The<br />
overwhelming reason given for inability to delist is lack of information. The number of<br />
populations deemed necessary for delisting ranged from 1 to 115 and averaged 10.7 populations.<br />
Percentages of populations required for recovery represented 11.2%-800% of historical numbers<br />
(n=284 species) and 12.0%-1,500% of current numbers (n=383 species). At least all current<br />
populations were required for 72.1% of taxa and numbers equivalent to all current and historical<br />
populations were required for 53.5% of taxa. On average, recovery objectives required 247.5%<br />
of current populations per taxon and 154.5% of all current and historical occurrences combined,<br />
indicating need for restoration actions.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1475.<br />
G-41
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 94 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
C<br />
CHARACTERIZING LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE HABITAT WITH LOCAL AND<br />
REMOTELY-SENSED DATA<br />
DR. ANNA PIDGEON<br />
University of Wisconsin, Madison<br />
Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology<br />
1630 Linden Avenue<br />
Madison, WI 53706<br />
(608) 262-5628<br />
apidgeon@wisc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Veronique St-Louis (University of Wisconsin, Madison)<br />
onservation planning for animal species of concern frequently involves use of habitat<br />
models. Throughout a region, both abundance of a species and measures of its fitness (e.g.,<br />
survival, reproductive success) may be unevenly distributed, often due to gradients in habitat<br />
quality. Thus selecting both the environmental factors that characterize abundance and fitness,<br />
and the ecologically relevant scales at which to measure them, are goals of habitat modeling. In<br />
this project we developed habitat models for the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in the<br />
northern Chihuahuan Desert (Fort Bliss, New Mexico). We examined abundance during the<br />
breeding season using point counts. Measures of individual bird fitness (e.g., clutch size, nest<br />
success, and proportion of nestlings that fledged) obtained from the survey of 73 nests were used<br />
as surrogates for habitat quality. Habitat was measured at three spatial scales: (1) Local,<br />
characterized by foliage height diversity and shrub density in the vicinity of the nest or point<br />
count location; (2) Intermediate, characterized by image texture of the Normalized Difference<br />
Vegetation Index in an 11H11 window around each nest or point; and (3) Broad scale,<br />
characterized by proportion of grasslands, grassland/shrubland edge density, and patch richness<br />
within a 1 km buffer around each nest or point count location. We found that intermediate-scale<br />
variables were best for explaining patterns of habitat use (abundance, number of nests), perhaps<br />
because they quantify habitat heterogeneity within Shrike territories. We also found that the<br />
measures of habitat use we examined failed to distinguish habitat quality (i.e., fitness measures)<br />
for this species. These results broaden our understanding of the spatial scale at which habitat<br />
selection occurs in the Loggerhead Shrike in semi-arid ecosystems.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1438.<br />
G-42
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 95 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
H<br />
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION IN<br />
COMPLEX LANDSCAPES<br />
DR. LESLIE RIES<br />
University of Maryland<br />
Department of Biology<br />
College Park, MD 20742<br />
(301) 405-0865<br />
lries@umd.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Thomas D. Sisk (Northern Arizona University);<br />
Emma Goldberg (University of Maryland)<br />
abitat fragmentation and local land-use decisions are two of the major factors driving<br />
habitat quality for threatened and endangered species. Over the past several decades, a<br />
significant body of theory has been developed to help managers and researchers understand<br />
conceptually how different landscape structures may impact habitat quality. However, the<br />
practical application of these principles is complicated by a theoretical and empirical body of<br />
work that is focused on highly simplified landscape structures. Simplified landscapes have<br />
practical value in trying to tease out ecological dynamics within complex systems, but then fail<br />
when trying to apply the principles in most real landscapes. This problem is well-illustrated by<br />
decades of research with hundreds of scientific reports on how organisms respond to the<br />
presence of habitat edges. The vast majority of these studies are designed to understand edge<br />
responses along “ideal” edges, which are straight, extend in both directions beyond the range of<br />
edge influence, and have two distinct habitat types on either side of the edge. In real landscapes,<br />
patches have convoluted, complex shapes where many different habitat types converge, and the<br />
distance to the nearest edge may not be a good measure of edge influence. There have been only<br />
a handful of studies addressing the effects of complex patch geometry, partly due to a lack of<br />
available tools to help researchers and managers understand or apply local edge influences over<br />
complex landscapes. A model based on line integrals published in 1994 suggests an approach to<br />
understanding how local edge influences extrapolate over entire landscapes, but it is intractable<br />
in its current form because it requires a new solution for every unique shape in a landscape. We<br />
developed solutions to the model for several simple shapes and show how the model improves<br />
predictions over simple distance-to-nearest-edge measures for two endangered species in Fort<br />
Hood, Texas. We then show how we are developing an approximation of the model that will be<br />
implemented within the Effective Area Model, a GIS-based tool for predicting how edges<br />
influence habitat quality in real landscapes.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1597.<br />
G-43
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 96 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
L<br />
A LIFE-HISTORY BASED MULTI-SPECIES FRAMEWORK FOR LANDSCAPE<br />
CONNECTIVITY CONSERVATION<br />
R. TODD JOBE<br />
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill<br />
Saunders Hall<br />
CB#3220<br />
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3220<br />
(919) 933-8906<br />
toddjobe@unc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Aaron Moody and Anne Trainor (UNC)<br />
and managers must consider the dispersal needs of many species when prioritizing<br />
ecosystem patches for conservation. Part of this consideration is evaluating the<br />
connectedness of habitats for many species at once. Assessment of habitat connectivity often<br />
entails the collection of very detailed dispersal behaviors. Such data collection may not be<br />
possible for many species, however, and other methods of assessing connectivity must be used.<br />
Here, we present a unified framework assessing habitat connectivity of a species based on<br />
general life history characteristics. Such characteristics are available for many species, even in<br />
the absence of detailed dispersal data. Around this general framework we synthesize data from<br />
species with known dispersal behavior but with varying life histories, including data from a<br />
group of study species for which we are collecting detailed movement and dispersal data at Fort<br />
Bragg, NC. Given a suite of species, we can prioritize particular communities and ecosystems<br />
based on their cumulative value for wildlife movement and persistence in a multi-species, or<br />
community context. This ecosystem approach has the advantage that ecosystem patches are<br />
readily delineated from remotely sensed data. We apply this framework to four species on Fort<br />
Bragg and compare the results of assessing connectivity based on movement data to the lifehistory<br />
based connectivity assessment. This comparison suggests that the life-history based<br />
approach may provide a filter from which species may be selected for more detailed connectivity<br />
assessment. Such species may be considered indicators for connectivity. Using the two<br />
approaches in concert increases both the accuracy and efficiency of prioritizing habitat patches<br />
for conservation.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1471.<br />
G-44
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 97 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CONNECTIVITY OF RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER (PICOIDES BOREALIS)<br />
HABITAT IN THE SANDHILLS REGION OF NORTH CAROLINA<br />
ANNE TRAINOR<br />
University of North Carolina<br />
Department of Geography<br />
Campus Box 3220<br />
Chapel Hill, NC 27705<br />
(919) 619-4678<br />
atrainor@email.unc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Aaron Moody (University of North Carolina); Dr. Jeffrey R. Walters<br />
(Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)<br />
H<br />
abitat loss and fragmentation due to human land uses have drastically altered the size and<br />
configuration of ecosystems and severely reduced many wildlife populations. The<br />
persistence of these reduced populations depends upon the degree to which landscape features<br />
facilitate or impede movement between the remaining habitat patches. This ‘habitat connectivity’<br />
is usually quantified as the Euclidian distance between habitat fragments. Unfortunately, simple<br />
distance measurements fail to account for biological factors that determine animal movements<br />
between these patches. One prominent example in which habitat connectivity plays an important<br />
role in the persistence of wildlife populations is the federally endangered red-cockaded<br />
woodpecker (RCW; Picoides borealis), which is endemic to mature longleaf pine woodland.<br />
These woodlands once covered over 360,000 km 2 in the southeastern United States but now exist<br />
only as small scattered patches covering only 3% of its former area. Currently, Fort Bragg<br />
contains some of the largest intact remnants of longleaf pine ecosystems and the largest RCW<br />
population in North Carolina. To quantify RCW habitat connectivity within longleaf pine forest,<br />
we have constructed a ‘landscape resistance layer’ by predicting how landscape features affect<br />
RCW dispersal behavior based on data from 36 radio tagged individuals in 2006 and 2007 on<br />
Fort Bragg. We then evaluated whether RCWs exhibit a directional bias during forays by<br />
comparing the observed foray orientations with all possible foray orientations within each<br />
individual’s maximum observed foray distance. Further, we examined whether the predicted<br />
resistance layer can be used to explain the directionality in the foray movements. Based on<br />
conditional logistic regression, RCW movements were positively associated with longleaf<br />
(B = 0.517, SE = 0.1083, p-value < 0.001) and non-longleaf pine forest (B = 0.489, SE = 0.1466,<br />
p-value < 0.001) and negatively associated with a high density of large hardwoods (B = -0.056,<br />
SE = 0.0161, p-value < 0.001). Therefore, pine forests yield the lowest resistance value for RCW<br />
extraterritorial movements, while dense large hardwoods yield the greatest resistance value<br />
among forest types. RCW also exhibited significant directional bias during foray movements and<br />
oriented themselves towards a subset of available territories (X 2 = 64.023, p-value = 0.002,<br />
df = 35). Increased knowledge of RCW dispersal behavior will help identify areas necessary to<br />
maintain habitat connectivity and should be useful in establishing and implementing effective<br />
RCW management strategies. This research is supported by the <strong>Strategic</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Research and Development Program (<strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1471).<br />
G-45
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 98 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
THE EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION AND CONNECTIVITY ON THE<br />
M<br />
MOVEMENT BEHAVIORS OF A RARE AMPHIBIAN<br />
DR. NICOLE Y. THURGATE<br />
North Carolina State University<br />
Department of Zoology<br />
Campus Box 7617<br />
Raleigh, NC 27695-5327<br />
(919) 515-1980<br />
nythurgate@yahoo.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Will Fields and Dr. Nick Haddad (North Carolina State University)<br />
aintaining landscape connectivity for diverse groups of rare species is a significant<br />
challenge to effective conservation. For rare pond breeding amphibians, adults typically<br />
remain at the same breeding ponds, whereas it is primarily juveniles that disperse from natal<br />
ponds. In fragmented landscapes, juveniles must disperse across different habitat types and spend<br />
time in potentially unsuitable habitat in order to reach other breeding sites. We used two<br />
complementary approaches to assess connectivity for rare amphibians at Fort Bragg. First, we<br />
conducted experimental releases of two amphibian species, the rare Carolina gopher frogs (Rana<br />
capito) and a more widespread species, southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala). Juvenile<br />
frogs were released into enclosures straddling a boundary between pine forest and an open field.<br />
We compared movements of these frogs within corridors to examine how movement behavior<br />
may be linked to the conservation status of a species. We found that the two species had distinct<br />
habitat preferences with Carolina gopher frogs showing an apparent preference for clear-cut open<br />
fields and southern leopard frogs dispersing into forest habitat. This result highlights the<br />
complexity of managing habitats for multiple rare species. Other rare species on Fort Bragg such<br />
as the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker and St. Francis satyr butterfly avoid crossing open<br />
habitat while gopher frogs prefer them to forest. We also developed a predictive model for<br />
potential wetland breeding habitat across Fort Bragg using a geographic information system.<br />
This model was validated with field surveys and produced a map of potential wetland breeding<br />
sites. Our results from mapping wetland habitat provide a template for future studies to model<br />
connectivity for amphibians and other rare species. Habitat maps can be combined with<br />
information on movement behavior to provide a framework for optimizing landscape<br />
connectivity at Fort Bragg and in the surrounding area.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1471.<br />
G-46
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 99 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
FINAL ASSESSMENT OF DTK9 TEAMS – 2008 FIELD TESTING RESULTS<br />
MARY E. CABLK, PH.D.<br />
Desert Research Institute<br />
2215 Raggio Parkway<br />
Reno, NV 89512<br />
(775) 673-7371<br />
mary.cablk@dri.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Cindee Valentin (Applegate School for Dogs); Dr. Kenneth E. Nussear and<br />
Dr. Todd C. Esque (U.S. Geological Survey); Dr. Susan Clark (Dynamic Competence);<br />
Dr. Russell S. Harmon (U.S. Army Research Office)<br />
T<br />
he objectives of the 2008 field season were to validate the ability of Desert Tortoise-canine<br />
(DTK9) teams to locate tortoises in the field setting at natural population densities and size<br />
classes as the final demonstration. The scope of the work included an initial phase of training and<br />
evaluation of DTK9 teams to find both adult and small desert tortoises less than 180 mm at the<br />
Desert Tortoise Conservation Center (DTCC), followed by a capability assessment under natural<br />
field conditions in desert tortoise critical habitat near Las Vegas, NV. The DTK9 team<br />
capabilities were quantified by the combination of safety, efficacy and reliability as well as time<br />
and cost. Both new and veteran dog teams were successfully trained, tested and fielded in April<br />
2008. A series of three tests were designed to demonstrate capability, defining the minimum<br />
level of proficiency expected of dog teams who would conduct tortoise surveys professionally<br />
based on quantitative metrics. The first assessment was a basic safety challenge to the dogs. The<br />
second assessment was a high tortoise density scenario. Safety, reliability, efficacy, the handler’s<br />
ability to implement a variable-intensity reward system and in-field calibration were evaluated.<br />
The final assessment was a low tortoise density scenario where teams were evaluated on their<br />
capability to work after ~ 3 hours without finding a tortoise. Teams were not informed whether<br />
or not they received a ‘pass’ score for certification based on these three tests. A score of ‘pass’<br />
required that all criteria were met for all three assessments. All teams, regardless of whether or<br />
not they passed the certification criteria were fielded during tortoise survey trials in Piute Valley,<br />
NV. The purpose of fielding teams that passed and that did not pass was to compare performance<br />
during the certification assessments with actual field performance. In this manner, we were<br />
testing the test. Teams found desert tortoises of all size classes including wild hatchling tortoises<br />
approximately 55 mm in length. Results from the field performance indicated that the assessment<br />
results carried through to the field. The advantages of using DTK9s for locating desert tortoises<br />
will include: (i) providing improved desert tortoise population estimates; (ii) the ability to collect<br />
the data necessary to complete life-tables and improve demographic knowledge; and (iii) having<br />
an alternative and cost-effective solution for conducting desert tortoise surveys that allocate the<br />
full range of desert tortoise size classes.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project SI-0609.<br />
G-47
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 100 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
FORECASTING THE EFFECTS OF LAND-USE CHANGE ON RED-COCKADED<br />
WOODPECKERS AT FORT BENNING, GEORGIA USING A SPATIALLY<br />
EXPLICIT INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL (HEXSIM)<br />
DR. BETSY A. BANCROFT<br />
University of Washington<br />
College of Forest Resources<br />
Box 352100<br />
Seattle, WA 98195-2100<br />
(206) 543-5772<br />
betsyba@u.washington.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Joshua J. Lawler (University of Washington); Dr. Nathan Schumaker<br />
(U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection Agency)<br />
M<br />
anagers on military installations are often faced with balancing the training needs of the<br />
military with the protection of threatened and endangered species (TES) on post. In<br />
particular, the changes associated with the U.S. Army’s Transformation may have large impacts<br />
on TES at installations around the country. Fort Benning is undergoing development to<br />
accommodate this Transformation, including the creation of the Maneuver Center of Excellence.<br />
Fort Benning has approximately 275 active red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis; RCW)<br />
clusters, with a goal of 450 active clusters. As part of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1541, we are improving<br />
an existing spatially explicit individual-based model called HexSim (formerly PATCH). We used<br />
HexSim to explore the potential effects of land-use changes and development associated with<br />
Transformation on RCW at Fort Benning. We parameterized the model using data from Fort<br />
Benning and data collected at other locations and successfully reproduced the current<br />
approximate distribution and abundance of RCW at Fort Benning. We then altered the landscape<br />
to reflect future development projects relating to Transformation. This new landscape was used<br />
to forecast the effects of Transformation on RCW at Fort Benning. In anticipation of continuing<br />
growth of the Army, we created 10 alternate land-use scenarios for Fort Benning extending<br />
beyond the current Transformation, assuming a 50% increase in training/troop levels over 100<br />
years. We used the range developments from the various current Transformation projects as a<br />
framework to guide our scenarios. Our results suggest that future land-use change will likely<br />
have a negative impact on the RCW population at Fort Benning and that the level of impact will<br />
depend on the spatial arrangement of future development.<br />
G-48
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 111 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ENERGETIC COST OF SIMULATED MILITARY TRAINING ACTIVITIES IN<br />
SONGBIRDS<br />
DR. ISABELLE-ANNE BISSON<br />
Princeton University<br />
Department Ecology and Evolutionary Biology<br />
Princeton, NJ 08544<br />
(609) 258-7925<br />
ibisson@princeton.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Tim Hayden (Army Corps of Engineers); Dr. Luke Butler and<br />
Dr. L. Michael Romero (Tufts University); Dr. Martin Wikelski (Max Planck Institute/Princeton<br />
University)<br />
U<br />
nderstanding how species respond and adapt to military-related activities is a crucial step<br />
towards developing workable and sustainable military practices for species of concern. For<br />
three consecutive seasons (2006, 2007, and 2008), we used heart rate telemetry to determine both<br />
acute and chronic effects of simulated military-related stressors on White-eyed Vireos and<br />
endangered Black-capped Vireos at the Fort Hood military installation in Texas. Heart rate<br />
telemetry allows direct and continuous monitoring of acute responses to human disturbance and<br />
chronic energy demands in relation to these stressors. Heart rate was obtained by fitting each<br />
captured bird (14 White-eyed Vireos and 10 Black-capped Vireos) with 0.5g heart rate<br />
transmitters (Sparrow Systems, Inc.) and continuously recorded for 60 hours using MP3<br />
recorders. We calibrated heart rate to energy expenditure for five additional males using an open<br />
flow, push-through respirometry system showing that heart rate predicted 73.5% of energy<br />
expenditure. We conducted standardized disturbance trials in the field to experimentally simulate<br />
a natural stressor, predator presence, and two anthropogenic stressors. Although birds initially<br />
showed behavioral and heart rate reactions to some disturbances, we could not detect an overall<br />
increase in energy expenditure during one- or four-hour disturbances. Similarly, overall activity<br />
rates were unaltered between control and experimental periods and birds continued to perform<br />
parental duties despite the experimental disturbances. We suggest that vireos quickly determined<br />
that disturbances were non-threatening and thus show no (costly) physiological response. We<br />
hypothesize that the lack of a significant increase in energy expenditure in response to<br />
disturbance in vireos is exemplary for animals with fast life histories. Fast-living animals will<br />
need to quickly adapt to environmental disturbances so as to maximize energy allocation to<br />
reproduction. We expect slow-living animals to be much more prone to disturbances. Data<br />
specific to Black-capped Vireos will be presented at the meeting.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1396.<br />
G-49
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 112 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
INTEGRATION AND VALIDATION OF AVAIN RADARS (IVAR)<br />
MARISSA BRAND<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific<br />
53475 Strothe Road<br />
San Diego, CA 92152<br />
(619) 553-5334<br />
marissa@spawar.navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Gerry Key (Computer Sciences Corporation); Dr. Tim Nohara (Accipiter<br />
Radar Technologies, Inc.); Dr. Sid Gauthreaux (Clemson University)<br />
S<br />
cientists and engineers from the federal government, industry, and academia are evaluating<br />
data from digital radar systems to identify and track biological targets, and then validating<br />
these systems under realistic operational conditions. The eBirdRad radar unit utilizes off-theshelf<br />
X-band marine radar coupled with advanced digital signal processing and tracking<br />
algorithms to process target information. Overall project objectives include: (1) the use of<br />
independent visual, thermal and other observations to validate automatic detection, tracking, and<br />
display of targets in real-time; (2) demonstrate the statistical validity of sampling protocols for<br />
bird activity; (3) validate protocols and algorithms for streaming real-time bird track data from<br />
multiple sites for immediate display and subsequent analyses; (4) demonstrate algorithms for<br />
fusing data from multiple radars; (5) capture baseline data on bird activity at the demonstration<br />
sites; (6) develop objective criteria for functional, performance, and interoperability requirements<br />
of these radars, and (7) to guide research to extend avian radar technology. The dissemination of<br />
information through the peer review process is essential before the natural resources<br />
management community can effectively use radar to assist in the decision making process. This<br />
project will demonstrate that avian radar systems can provide natural resource managers and air<br />
safety personnel with improved tools for automatically monitoring the abundance and behavior<br />
of resident and migratory birds.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project SI-0723.<br />
G-50
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 113 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CONSERVATION OF THREATENED, ENDANGERED AND SENSITIVE PLANT<br />
SPECIES ON FEDERAL LANDS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN FALL LINE SANDHILLS<br />
DR. REBECCA R. SHARITZ<br />
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory<br />
P.O. Drawer E<br />
Aiken, SC 29802<br />
(803) 725-5679<br />
sharitz@plantbio.uga.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Donald W. Imm and Dr. Tracey D. Tuberville (Savannah River<br />
Ecology Laboratory); Dr. Harold E. Balbach (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development<br />
Center)<br />
I<br />
n the southeastern United States, the Department of Defense (DoD) has extensive land<br />
holdings along the Fall Line, which occurs between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont<br />
provinces. Sandhills throughout this region support a unique flora and fauna, including a suite of<br />
threatened, endangered and sensitive (TES) plant and animal species. As a result of land uses<br />
such as agriculture, forestry and urban development, these sandhills woodlands have become<br />
fragmented and reduced in extent. Thus, military installations along the Fall Line have become<br />
increasingly important preserves for remaining sandhills species. The DoD must address<br />
simultaneously the habitat sensitivities of TES species along with demands associated with<br />
military training and other land-use activities. The objectives of this <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded research<br />
(SI-1302) include evaluating habitat characteristics and developing habitat models for selected<br />
TES sandhills plants, and proposing conservation strategies that are compatible with other land<br />
use requirements. Populations of nine TES plant species occurring on three Federal installations<br />
(Fort Benning and Fort Gordon, GA and the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site, SC)<br />
were surveyed and their habitat conditions determined, including soil characteristics, canopy<br />
openness and vegetation composition. GIS analysis using Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper<br />
Plus imagery (leaf-on, leaf-off), and soils information from TES plant populations, were used to<br />
identify potential additional TES plant habitats, with extensive overlap among species. In<br />
addition, experimental transplant gardens were established to test specific responses of several of<br />
the TES plant species to habitat disturbances associated with military training and forest<br />
management, as well as to examine their potential for population restoration through<br />
transplantation. Finally, comparison of potential habitat locations of TES plants with known<br />
burrow locations of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus, a TES animal species) at one<br />
installation revealed that 58% of the burrows were within areas identified as probable habitat for<br />
one to five of the TES plants. Thus, conservation strategies for at-risk sandhills animal species<br />
may provide some protection for rare sandhills plants. A holistic conservation approach that<br />
integrates the habitat sensitivities of multiple TES species, both plant and animal, is<br />
recommended for military installations along the southeastern Fall Line sandhills.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1302.<br />
G-51
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 114 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING AND RANKING CRITICAL<br />
HABITAT PARCELS ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF DEPARTMENT OF<br />
N<br />
DEFENSE INSTALLATIONS<br />
JEFFREY R. WALTERS<br />
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University<br />
Department of Biology<br />
Blacksburg, VA 24061<br />
(540) 231-3847<br />
jrwalt@vt.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Paige Baldassaro and Ken M. Convery (Conservation Management<br />
Institute)<br />
atural resource managers at Department of Defense (DoD) installations are faced with the<br />
enormous challenge of balancing natural resource demands and federal regulations, while<br />
simultaneously providing superb training lands. This challenge is exacerbated at installations<br />
where federal endangered species regulations prohibit or constrain management options and<br />
training opportunities.<br />
Because of its endangered status and large area requirements, the red-cockaded woodpecker<br />
(RCW; Picoides borealis) has become the focal point for threatened and endangered species<br />
(TES) conservation on military installations in the Southeast and affects natural resource<br />
management and training activities more than any other species in this region.<br />
We have developed a user-friendly geographic information system (GIS)-based, spatiallyexplicit<br />
decision support system (DSS) to help land managers at southeastern DoD installations<br />
explore the potential effects of various management scenarios on red-cockaded woodpecker<br />
populations. This tool will be useful to managers and researchers alike, and will provide a basis<br />
for management decisions that support both endangered species and military training goals.<br />
In this poster, we illustrate the benefits and features of the DSS using the actual landscape and<br />
RCW populations at Fort Bragg, Fort Benning and Camp Lejuene. To accomplish this, we<br />
worked with installation managers to identify several realistic management scenarios and used<br />
the tool to project the future impact of these scenarios on biologically significant parameters such<br />
as the size and growth rate of RCW populations. For example, we used the tool to evaluate how<br />
land acquisition (habitat restoration) and range expansion (habitat destruction) options may<br />
affect future RCW population size, and assessed the likelihood of occupancy of potential<br />
recruitment clusters among alternative locations.<br />
The DSS includes an easy to use wizard style interface and integrates with ESRI ArcMAP. It<br />
requires only limited GIS skills and uses readily available spatial data. It is currently available<br />
for beta testing and will be officially released in June 2009.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1472.<br />
G-52
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 115 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
AN ENSEMBLE APPROACH TO MODELING BLACK-CAPPED VIREO HABITAT<br />
FOR USE IN A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL<br />
C<br />
CHAD B. WILSEY, M.S.<br />
University of Washington<br />
College of Forest Resources<br />
Box 352100<br />
Seattle, WA 98195-2100<br />
(206) 543-5772<br />
cbwilsey@u.washington.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Betsy A. Bancroft and Dr. Joshua J. Lawler (University of<br />
Washington); Dr. Nathan Schumaker (<strong>Environmental</strong> Protection Agency)<br />
hanges in natural disturbance regimes associated with fire suppression and a shifting climate<br />
may negatively affect threatened and endangered species (TES) occupying shrub habitats<br />
useful for military activities. Therefore, complying with endangered species protection<br />
regulations while simultaneously implementing the U.S. Army’s Transformation will require<br />
tools that assess the extent of shrubland habitat critical for TES populations. We used Random<br />
Forest, an ensemble-modeling approach that averages the predictions of multiple randomly<br />
generated classification trees, to construct a habitat model for the black-capped vireo (Vireo<br />
atricapilla, BCVI) population at Fort Hood, TX. In direct comparisons, the Random Forest<br />
ensemble-modeling approach outperformed any single classification tree model. Using the<br />
model, a surface of habitat quality was created for the entire installation and used as the<br />
landscape for a spatially explicit individual-based model (HexSim) of the Fort Hood BCVI<br />
population. We parameterized the population model using data from Fort Hood and successfully<br />
approximated current BCVI distribution and abundance on post. As part of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project<br />
SI-1541, the HexSim BCVI model will be used to analyze the potential effects of climate change<br />
and management on BCVI populations into the future.<br />
G-53
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 116 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CAUSES OF LOW HATCHING SUCCESS OF GOPHER TORTOISE (GOPHERUS<br />
POLYPHEMUS) EGGS AT CAMP SHELBY, MISSISSIPPI<br />
T<br />
DR. CARL QUALLS<br />
University of Southern Mississippi<br />
Biological Sciences<br />
118 College Drive #5018<br />
Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0001<br />
(601) 266-6906<br />
Carl.Qualls@usm.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Thomas Smith (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC-CERL);<br />
Joshua Ennen (University of Southern Mississippi)<br />
he gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, inhabits numerous DoD installations in the<br />
Southeast, including Camp Shelby in Mississippi. The species has ESA Threatened status in<br />
the western portion of its range (western AL, MS, and LA) and is of conservation concern<br />
throughout its range. Thus, protection and recovery of this threatened species is an integral part<br />
of the military’s environmental stewardship obligation, at Camp Shelby and elsewhere. Despite<br />
ongoing conservation efforts, western populations of gopher tortoises (including those inhabiting<br />
Camp Shelby) are declining and their age-class distributions are heavily skewed toward adults–<br />
suggesting unsustainably low recruitment. This lack of recruitment is largely due to<br />
unexpectedly low hatching success of the tortoises’ eggs, resulting from a combination of<br />
intrinsic (egg quality) and extrinsic (nest environment) problems. We present a combination of<br />
field and laboratory-based studies to determine the causes of observed low hatching success of<br />
gopher tortoise eggs at Camp Shelby. Our research includes population genetic studies to assess<br />
genetic variation within and among populations, as well as artificial nest experiments to identify<br />
specific environmental factors that lead to egg mortality. Results to date indicate that the western<br />
populations studied exhibit substantially lower genetic variation than do similar-sized eastern<br />
populations, which experience higher egg hatching success. Thus, low genetic variability may<br />
contribute to low egg fertility and/or high embryo mortality, explaining a portion of the eggs’<br />
failure to hatch. Prior research also indicates that many eggs that are intrinsically capable of<br />
hatching fail to do so, because some aspect of their nest environment is insufficient to support<br />
their full development. We have identified the particulate composition of nest soils, specifically<br />
their clay content, as a strong correlate of hatching success in nests, and are experimentally<br />
evaluating its effects on hatching success. We hypothesize that high-clay soils may detrimentally<br />
limit gas exchange within nests, by reducing the diffusive exchange of respiratory gases into and<br />
out of nests through the soil. Eggs were placed into experimental pairs of nests in both high-clay<br />
and low-clay content soils which were otherwise constructed identically. These nests are being<br />
monitored to determine the hatching success of the eggs within them, as well as their<br />
temperatures and other environmental characteristics. We are also monitoring the respiratory<br />
microenvironment within each nest weekly, by extracting small samples of interstitial air from<br />
each nest and measuring their oxygen and carbon dioxide content.<br />
G-54
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 117 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
MODELING POPULATION VIABILITY OF SPECIES OF CONCERN USING<br />
COUNT DATA<br />
DR. KATHERINE STRICKLER<br />
University of Idaho<br />
College of Natural Resources<br />
Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources<br />
Moscow, ID 83844-1136<br />
(208) 885-4343<br />
kstrickler@uidaho.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Oz Garton, Dr. Jon Horne, and Dr. Brian Dennis (University of Idaho);<br />
Dr. L. Scott Mills and Dr. Cynthia Hartway (University of Montana);<br />
Dr. J. Michael Scott and Dr. Matthew Kauffman (U.S. Geological Survey)<br />
N<br />
atural resource managers are often asked to predict the effects of different management or<br />
training activities on populations of threatened or endangered species. Estimation of a<br />
population's viability is thus an important component of endangered species management.<br />
Although population viability can be estimated from age or stage-specific vital rates,<br />
demographic data are difficult to measure and often incomplete. The most commonly available<br />
data for most species are counts or abundance estimates over time, and there is a need to evaluate<br />
and improve methods for estimating population viability using these data. Several methods have<br />
been used to model population dynamics and subsequent viability. These methods are based on<br />
time-series abundance data with differing assumptions of sampling error, environmental<br />
stochasticity and effects of density dependence. However, assumptions of these models can be<br />
abstruse, and the models are often numerically intensive to implement without specific, prewritten<br />
software packages. As a result, managers and applied ecologists have not been able to<br />
take advantage of these new techniques effectively. We have developed a paired set of software<br />
packages called TimeSeriesPVA and MetaPVA, which model population and metapopulation<br />
viability by estimating relevant parameters of stochastic population growth models based on a<br />
time-series of abundance data. The software includes most of the models that have been<br />
developed for this type of data including those based on exponential growth, density dependent<br />
growth, and population growth influenced by environmental covariates. After estimating model<br />
parameters, these estimates are then used to infer population viability under different<br />
management scenarios. We report here on an evaluation of the different modeling approaches<br />
and their application to sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations on and around<br />
Department of Defense installations in the western United States.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1477.<br />
G-55
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Poster Number 118 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
WHEN DO WE KNOW ENOUGH TO RE-ALLOCATE LISTED SPECIES<br />
HABITAT<br />
DOUGLAS BRUGGEMAN<br />
Michigan State University<br />
13 Natural Resources<br />
East Lansing, MI 48824<br />
(513) 304-2300<br />
bruggem3@msu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Thorsten Wiegand (UFZ Helmholtz Centre for <strong>Environmental</strong> Research);<br />
Michael Jones (Michigan State University)<br />
R<br />
e-allocating habitat for listed species provides a critical management tool for achieving<br />
military readiness and forging conservation partnerships outside of installation boundaries.<br />
However, re-allocating habitat for small and/or declining populations may affect the long term<br />
persistence of species. Landscape ecology is just beginning to understand the impacts of<br />
landscape dynamics on non-equilibrium populations. Individually-based, spatially-explicit<br />
population models are capable of reproducing population patterns in dynamic landscapes.<br />
However, these models were initially criticized due uncertainty associated with model<br />
predictions. Decision Analysis provides a structured approach for evaluating choices in the face<br />
of uncertainty regarding system dynamics. We devised a spatially-explicit decision analysis to<br />
evaluate habitat trades by integrating Pattern-Oriented Modeling (POM) with Landscape<br />
Equivalency Analysis (LEA). Pattern-Oriented Modeling (POM) provides a method for<br />
minimizing model prediction error by testing the ability of a large number of alternative SEPMs<br />
to reproduce patterns observed in nature. The result is a suite of models equally capable of<br />
reproducing patterns in nature. The suite of models remaining after POM were applied to<br />
multiple habitat trading scenarios on Camp Lejeune. For each of the remaining models LEA was<br />
used to determine if habitat patches traded make equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment<br />
within a patch and rates of migration among patches. LEA accomplishes this by evaluating both<br />
demographic and genetic responses under a variety of landscape structures. We found that<br />
despite uncertainty regarding dispersal behaviors, all models remaining after POM were in<br />
agreement regarding which trade is best. However, we found that the demographic and genetic<br />
criteria used by LEA to evaluate trades did not agree, suggesting that on-base habitats contribute<br />
more to landscape function. The results are preliminary because the spatial scale of the study was<br />
limited, but will be expanded in the near future.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1469.<br />
G-56
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Poster Number 119 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A STUDY ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF BEAKED AND OTHER WHALES<br />
TO SONAR AND OTHER SOUNDS<br />
T<br />
PETER L. TYACK<br />
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution<br />
MS #50<br />
Woods Hole, MA 02339<br />
(508) 289-2818<br />
ptyack@whoi.edu<br />
he responses of Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) and pilot whales<br />
(Globicephala macrorhynchus) to carefully controlled exposures of mid-frequency sonar,<br />
killer whale and synthetic sounds have been studied using tags that record sound and behavior.<br />
The research was conducted on the AUTEC underwater range, which can detect and locate the<br />
sounds of these whales in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. This research is designed to<br />
provide new science-based approaches for mitigating the risk of sonar to beaked and other<br />
whales. During the first playback to a beaked whale, a simulated mid-frequency sonar sound was<br />
played back to a Blainville’s beaked whale as soon as it started producing echolocation clicks on<br />
a deep foraging dive. The source level (SL) was increased from a low level to 212 dB re 1 µPa at<br />
1 m over 9 min and then maintained at that maximum level for 6 min. The playback continued<br />
for several minutes once cessation of clicking was confirmed. The maximum received level (RL)<br />
recorded at the whale was ~140-150 dB re 1 µPa. When the whale surfaced, her behavior<br />
appeared normal to visual observers. After about 2 hours she started another deep foraging dive.<br />
Once she started clicking at depth, a playback of killer whale sounds was started. The SL was<br />
then increased slowly, reaching a maximum SL of 190-203 dB after 10 minutes. The whale<br />
stopped clicking about 5 minutes into the killer whale playback, a shorter clicking period than<br />
usual. The RL of the killer whale sounds recorded on the tagged whale just before she ceased<br />
vocalizing was ~107-117 dB. The sound exposure at the whale continued for several minutes<br />
once the cessation of clicking was confirmed. The maximum RL recorded at the whale was<br />
~123-134 dB. The beaked whale showed a clear reaction to these playbacks. Statistical models<br />
showed that, after accounting for the effects of differences between individuals and sex of the 6<br />
whales sampled, foraging and ascent behaviors were significantly affected by the playback. Both<br />
playbacks resulted in a significant reduction in attempts to capture prey (judged by the number of<br />
buzzes), significantly shorter foraging durations (judged by the production of clicks),<br />
significantly reduced ascent rate, and significantly increased ascent duration compared to the<br />
control foraging dives recorded from this species off Andros Island without playback. After the<br />
killer whale playback, the beaked whale moved away for at least 10 hours.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1539.<br />
G-57
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Poster Number 120 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
OCEAN SONIC BOOM MODELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SPACE<br />
C<br />
LAUNCH VEHICLE, SPACE REENTRY AND SUPERSONIC OVERFLIGHT<br />
DR. ADAM FINCHAM<br />
University of Southern California<br />
Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering<br />
854 W. 36th Place<br />
Los Angeles, CA 90089<br />
(213) 740-5356<br />
afincham@usc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mr. John Edwards and Mr. Adel Hashad (Space and Missile Systems<br />
Center); Dr. Charles Griffice and Dr. Johnson Wang (The Aerospace Corporation)<br />
onservation and protection of the marine environment in accordance with U.S. laws has<br />
been the goal of an on-going ocean sonic boom (OSB) study by the Space and Missile<br />
Systems Center’s (SMC) Acquisition <strong>Environmental</strong> Office and its technical support contractor,<br />
The Aerospace Corporation, a federally funded research and development center. Aircraft, rocket<br />
launch and space reentry vehicle sonic boom models have been studied theoretically and have<br />
been shown experimentally correct in many cases. However, in collaboration with the University<br />
of Southern California, SMC has been seeking to better understand and develop ocean wavy<br />
surface models that predict the biological effects of the sonic boom disturbances that occur over<br />
a wavy ocean surface. Failure to address OSB impacts on marine mammals is one of the primary<br />
risks to armed forces launch operations, just as space debris is to supersonic and hypersonic<br />
reentry operations. The current OSB models have theoretical and experimental implications that<br />
are unknown and controversial. Like the Navy’s use of sonar, military weapon systems<br />
operations may be at risk unless technical uncertainties and controversies are minimized by<br />
ensuring OSB model accuracy.<br />
G-58
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Poster Number 121 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
APPLICATION OF VARIABLE FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING<br />
T<br />
NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS AT DOD CORAL REEFS<br />
DR. MAXIM GORBUNOV<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences<br />
71 Dudley Road<br />
New Brunswick, NJ 08816<br />
(732) 763-8327<br />
gorbunov@marine.rutgers.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dan Tchernov, Liti Haramaty, Sophia Johnson, and Paul Falkowski<br />
(Rutgers University)<br />
he development of advanced technologies for environmental monitoring of coral reef<br />
ecosystems requires an understanding of how different environmental factors affect the key<br />
elements of the ecosystems and the selection of specific monitoring protocols that are most<br />
appropriate for the identification and quantification of particular stressors. Bio-optical methods<br />
are particularly useful for rapid and non-destructive assessment of the viability of coral reef<br />
organisms. Here we present a methodology and instrumentation called Fluorescence Induction<br />
and Relaxation (FIRe) System for assessment of the photosynthetic and physiological status of<br />
corals and other benthic photosynthetic organisms. Within the framework of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project<br />
SI-1334, we have designed and developed bench-top, diver-operated and moorable instruments.<br />
The variable fluorescence technique relies on the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
yield and the efficiency of photosynthetic processes and provides a comprehensive suite of<br />
photosynthetic and physiological parameters, including: the quantum yields of photochemistry<br />
in Photosystem II (PSII); the functional absorption cross section of PSII; the rates of<br />
photosynthetic electron transport on the acceptor side of PSII and between PSII and PSI; as well<br />
as the coefficients of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching. In combination with<br />
conventional biochemical and molecular biological methods, the FIRe technique was employed<br />
to study the impact of common natural stresses (episodes of elevated temperature and excess<br />
irradiance), as well as selected anthropogenic factors (heavy metal contamination) on coral. The<br />
analysis revealed that different stressors lead to specific modifications to the coral symbioses and<br />
are characterized by unique FIRe fluorescence signatures that can be used for quantitative<br />
assessment of coral health and selective identification of the stressors.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1334.<br />
G-59
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Poster Number 122 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
HIGH RESOLUTION LANDSCAPE MOSAICS FOR CORAL REEF MONITORING<br />
C<br />
DR. R. PAMELA REID<br />
University of Miami<br />
Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric Science<br />
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway<br />
Miami, FL 33149<br />
(305) 421-4606<br />
preid@rsmas.miami.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Nuno Gracias, Dr. Diego Lirman, Art Gleason, and Brooke Gintert<br />
(University of Miami); Dr. Philip Kramer (The Nature Conservancy)<br />
omprehensive assessment of reef condition is fundamental to Department of Defense (DoD)<br />
marine operations in tropical areas. Successful and legally defensible assessments of reef<br />
damage or documentation of declines in reef vitality associated with DoD operations require reef<br />
monitoring techniques that are simple, accurate, repeatable, and appropriate to the scale of the<br />
damage.<br />
The aim of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project SI-1333 is to develop and evaluate an innovative technology,<br />
landscape mosaics created from underwater video, to provide DoD with improved reef<br />
monitoring capability. These mosaics create large scale (up to 400m 2 ), spatially accurate, high<br />
resolution images of the reef benthos without extensive survey time or a need for scientific<br />
divers. Based on diver-acquired video of the reef benthos and novel mosaicing algorithms,<br />
landscape mosaics have been used in the laboratory to extract indices of benthic cover, coral<br />
colony size, and colony health; lab-based measurements compare favorably with diver surveys.<br />
The spatially referenced images allow users to make accurate measurements (including colony<br />
area and diameter, and distance relationships for spatial analysis) directly from mosaics.<br />
Repeated surveys of the same area are easily referenced for change detection analysis and<br />
provide an image-based monitoring capability that can survey hundreds of coral colonies over<br />
time without the use of in situ tagging and underwater relocation. Landscape mosaics also<br />
provide a large-scale visual permanent record of the state-of-the-reef at the time of collection,<br />
which is accessible to both the scientific community and general public. To date the mosaicing<br />
technology has been used to detect and monitor changes in reefs responding to hurricanes, ship<br />
groundings, and mass bleaching events.<br />
Recent work within SI-1333 has focused on developing new software tools that extend the<br />
performance of the basic mosaicing package. The first tool addresses a common problem in<br />
shallow water video surveys: sun flickering. A new algorithm was created that significantly<br />
reduces sunlight flickering without affecting image quality. The second tool (blending) addresses<br />
the merging of multiple registered images into a single large mosaic. Over areas of high<br />
topography the standard algorithms for image merging result in excessive seams or blurriness<br />
due to small errors in the image registration. To address this issue, a new method was developed<br />
to place the seams in areas where those seams are least visible. These enhanced capabilities lead<br />
to significant improvements in the final mosaic product.<br />
G-60
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Poster Number 123 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PREDICTIVE MODELING OF MARINE MAMMALS AND SPATIAL DECISION<br />
M<br />
SUPPORT FOR NAVAL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE<br />
DR. PATRICK HALPIN<br />
Duke University<br />
A324 LSRC Building<br />
Durham, NC 27708-0328<br />
(919) 613-8062<br />
phalpin@duke.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Andrew Read, Benjamin D. Best, Ei Fujioka, Lucie J. Hazen,<br />
Robert S. Schick, and Benjamin Donnelly (Duke University)<br />
anagement of areas used by marine mammal species require readily accessible estimates<br />
of the expected distribution and abundance of these species. In order to better meet this<br />
challenge, we have developed a data management, statistical modeling and decision support<br />
system to provide this information to planners and decision makers. This system incorporates<br />
dedicated surveys from the OBIS-SEAMAP marine data archive (http://seamap.env.duke.edu) to<br />
develop predictive habitat models and deliver the results with a flexible spatial decision support<br />
system (SDSS). The SDSS, a browser-based interactive map server, enables viewing of original<br />
survey effort, marine mammal observations, oceanographic imagery, and model results. A suite<br />
of multivariate statistical models (CART, GLM, GAM and Bayesian approaches) have been<br />
fitted to observations from at-sea surveys with remotely-sensed environmental data (bathymetry,<br />
sea-surface temperature, chlorophyll) as well as derived variables such as slope, temperature<br />
fronts and chlorophyll aggregations. <strong>Environmental</strong> data from the JPL physical oceanographic<br />
data archive (PO.DAAC) of past remotely-sensed satellite imagery is used to fit the model, while<br />
the oceanographic forecast data can be used to make current forecasts for appropriate time<br />
periods. Model results yield predictive maps for the likelihood of encounter as well as the<br />
associated standard error. Regions of interest can further be delineated within the SDSS for<br />
extracting summary statistical outputs, such as histograms and model statistics. The SDSS<br />
system allows users to view and query observation data and model results from this project as<br />
well as related <strong>SERDP</strong> projects and baseline geographic data.<br />
G-61
Sustainable Infrastructure (SI)<br />
Natural Resources Management — Maritime Sustainability<br />
Poster Number 124 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PREDICTIVE MODELING OF MARINE MAMMAL DENSITY FROM EXISTING<br />
T<br />
SURVEY DATA AND MODEL VALIDATION USING UPCOMING SURVEYS<br />
DR. JAY BARLOW<br />
NOAA - Southwest Fisheries Science Center<br />
8604 La Jolla Shores Drive<br />
La Jolla, CA 92037<br />
(858) 546-7178<br />
jay.barlow@noaa.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Elizabeth Becker; Megan Ferguson; Jessica Redfern; Karin Forney;<br />
Lisa Balance; Paul Fiedler; Nacho Vilchis<br />
he Navy and other users of the marine environment need to estimate cetacean density within<br />
their operational areas in order to comply with the requirements of the Marine Mammal<br />
Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National <strong>Environmental</strong> Policy Act. The<br />
goal of our <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded research is to develop methods to predict cetacean densities within<br />
any user-defined region in the eastern Pacific Ocean using habitat variables. This poster<br />
highlights cetacean-habitat models that we have developed for the California Current Ecosystem<br />
(CCE) and in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Densities for individual species or groups of related<br />
species (termed guilds) were modeled as functions of oceanographic variables and other<br />
environmental characteristics. Generalized additive and generalized linear modeling approaches<br />
were used, and the resulting models were similar in most cases. Data from NOAA research<br />
surveys from 1986-2003 were used to parameterize the models, and models were validated using<br />
data from surveys in 2005-2006.<br />
We developed density models for 12 species or guilds in the CCE: striped dolphin (Stenella<br />
coeruleoalba), short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus<br />
griseus), Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), northern right whale<br />
dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis), Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), sperm whale (Physeter<br />
macrocephalus), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus),<br />
humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), small beaked whale species (Ziphius and<br />
Mesoplodon), and Baird’s beaked whale (Berardius bairdii). We developed density models for<br />
16 species, subspecies or guilds in the ETP: offshore spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), striped<br />
dolphin, rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), short-beaked common dolphin , bottlenose<br />
dolphin (Turisops truncatus), Risso’s dolphin, eastern spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris<br />
orientalis), whitebelly spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris longirostris), sperm whale , Bryde’s<br />
whales (Balaenoptera edeni), blue whale, dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima), Cuvier’s beaked<br />
whale (Ziphius cavirostris), pilot whales (Globicephala spp.), Mesoplodon beaked whales<br />
(Mesoplodon spp.), and small beaked whale (Ziphius and Mesoplodon). The density models were<br />
unique for each species, indicating that none shared exactly the same niche. Models developed<br />
for specific ecosystems (the CCE or the ETP) had greater predictive power than models that<br />
were developed from the pooled data.<br />
G-62
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Engine Noise and Emissions<br />
Poster Number 145 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF EMISSIONS<br />
FROM MILITARY AIRCRAFT<br />
A<br />
DR. MENG-DAWN CHENG<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
1 Bethel Valley Road<br />
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038<br />
(865) 241-5918<br />
chengmd@ornl.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Edwin Corporan (WP AFRL); Matthew J. DeWitt and<br />
Christopher Klingshirn (UDRI); Shannon M. Mahurin (ORNL); Robert Kagann and<br />
Ram Hashmonay (ARCADIS); Richard C. Shores and D. Bruce Harris (EPA)<br />
comprehensive emission-characterization program has been developed for military aircraft<br />
on the ground in ambient conditions. Emissions were measured in relation to several factors<br />
such as engine power setting, sampling configuration, as well as measurement technique. For a<br />
given pollutant, the emission index was calculated with respect to the engine power level.<br />
Sampling and measurement technologies utilized in this program are classified in two platforms.<br />
One class of the measurements perform on the plume sample physically extracted from jet<br />
engine exhaust, transfer of the exhaust material to time-integrated samplers and continuous<br />
measurement instruments, and analyzing the collected particulate matter and gases in-line on site<br />
or off-line in a laboratory after the campaign. The other class of the measurements do not extract<br />
or transfer sample material from the exhaust plume, instead they rely on optical remote sensing<br />
techniques for continuous plume measurement on-site. Thus, in principle it could prevent<br />
potential problems caused by sample extraction. This poster presentation will summarize our<br />
team’s research accomplishments over the life of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1401 program, and present<br />
the array of instruments and samplers used on both platforms. We will detail and address the<br />
assumptions needed for deriving emission factors also discuss the pros and cons of both<br />
measurement platforms in the context of aircraft exhaust characterization. Scientific problems<br />
unique to each platform and measurement techniques will be discussed. Recommendations for<br />
further research will be made in this poster presentation.<br />
G-63
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
General Interest<br />
Poster Number 150 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL DATABASE FOR THE INTELLIGENCE<br />
PREPARATION IN THE BATTLEFIELD PROCESS<br />
DR. K. JAMES HAY<br />
U.S. Army ERDC-CERL<br />
2902 Newmark Drive<br />
Champaign, IL 61822-1076<br />
(217) 373-3485<br />
kent.j.hay@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Victor Medina (U.S. Army ERDC-EL)<br />
ssessment of evident Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) and Toxic Industrial Materials<br />
(TIMs) is currently part of the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) Process, but<br />
troops may be still at risk to exposure and/or terrorist TIC/TIM usage as weapons. TIC/TIM<br />
exposures may result during urban operations involving industrial or manufacturing facilities.<br />
Even if soldiers are adequately protected, TIC/TIM releases can affect neutral or friendly<br />
populations in the environs of an urban operation. A better understanding of the types of<br />
TIC/TIMs that may be present in a battlefield from industrial sources is needed as an important<br />
part of an assessment tool that could be incorporated into the IPB Process<br />
As part of the project funded by the Army <strong>Environmental</strong> Quality/Installations Program, titled<br />
“Rapid <strong>Environmental</strong> Assessment during the IPB Process”, a database of toxic industrial<br />
chemicals is being developed. This activity will develop a database containing common<br />
industrial processes, particularly those expected to be located at potential battlefields based on<br />
satellite imagery reconnaissance. Each industrial type will have associated TICs and TIMs that<br />
can be expected to be present. These will be entered into the database along with the expected<br />
hazard based on toxicity, quantity, and availability. The database will be tied to a GIS mapping<br />
system that will provide physical layout information to the soldier. Warfighters then may use this<br />
information to decide if and how to approach particular battlefield settings and operational<br />
situations. The information gathered for this database will be acquired through the investigation<br />
of government and industrial informational sources. Upon completion, the database will be in<br />
Oracle Spatial format and will be the basis made for inclusion into continuation of a more<br />
comprehensive effort to assess potential battlefields for TIC/TIM hazards.<br />
The current test database, which for now contains data for sixty-three of the highest priority<br />
chemicals, incorporates technical data organized into four information areas: identification, GIS,<br />
hazard assessment, and references. As part of the database, the calculated probability of<br />
encountering a hazard risk is presented to the user. One of the future goals will be to evaluate the<br />
effectiveness of GIS tools in locating chemical storage facilities. We envision a demonstration in<br />
which the system is applied to a known chemical facility.<br />
G-64
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Waste Reduction and Treatment<br />
Poster Number 151 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
VAPOR RECOVERY BY ELECTROTHERMAL SWING ADSORPTION<br />
DR. K. JAMES HAY<br />
U.S. Army ERDC-CERL<br />
2902 Newmark Drive<br />
Champaign, IL 61822-1076<br />
(217) 373-3485<br />
kent.j.hay@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Patrick D. Sullivan (Air Force Research Laboratory);<br />
Dr. Mark J. Rood (University of Illinois)<br />
he development of new vapor recovery technologies can allow for the continued use of<br />
higher-performance chemicals, re-use of those chemicals, and lower overall emissions of<br />
Hazardous Air Pollutants/Volatile Organic Compounds (HAPs/VOCs). They may also alleviate<br />
concerns of greenhouse gas emissions from oxidative technologies. The most energy efficient<br />
method is adsorption, which is often economically or practically unfeasible with current<br />
technologies, such as granular activated carbon (GAC) with steam regeneration. VaPRRS was<br />
developed cooperatively by the University of Illinois, ERDC-CERL, and Air Force Research<br />
Laboratory (AFRL) as an economical adsorption technology to control emissions from<br />
Department of Defense (DoD) HAP/VOC emissions sources such as painting operations.<br />
VaPRRS is a new type of regenerative filter system, which uses a high-performance activated<br />
carbon fabric cloth (ACFC) contained within a vessel. Applying an electrical current regenerates<br />
the fabric by rapidly heating the fabric, which efficiently desorbs the contaminant with minimal<br />
heating of the vessel. The adsorbate is released and condensed onto the inner surface of the<br />
vessel and is collected as a liquid. The filter is ready for reuse after it cools. A major advantage<br />
of this technology over conventional systems is that the entire adsorption, desorption, and<br />
recovery process occurs in the same vessel. This ultimately reduces the size, complexity, and<br />
cost of the system.<br />
During a pilot field study at a paint booth at Fort Hood TX, the system achieved greater than<br />
99% control efficiency. Through <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0521, VaPRRS is being demonstrated at<br />
Hill Air Force Base on a portable system for painting the wheel wells of the C-130 aircraft. The<br />
portable paint booth encloses the painting operation so that evacuation of the hangar is not<br />
necessary during painting. However, control efficiency is important because the booth vents back<br />
into the hangar. A bed of GAC is currently used to adsorb the HAPs/VOCs in the paint booth<br />
exhaust. When the bed has become saturated, it is sent offsite for disposal or regeneration and a<br />
new bed is installed. This demonstration replaces that GAC bed with a VaPRRS unit. The<br />
VaPRRS unit has been scaled from an 80 cubic feet per minute (cfm) flow rate pilot system to<br />
a 2,000 cfm system. A newly designed and built regenerable ACFC filter array is being<br />
integrated into a portable paint booth treatment cart in preparation for an early 2009 field test.<br />
G-65
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Waste Reduction and Treatment<br />
Poster Number 152 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SOLVENT BASED PAINT<br />
MR. TOM TORRES<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-1658<br />
tom.torres@navy.mil<br />
he objective of this project is to demonstrate and validate that the on-site biological<br />
treatment of expired shelf life paint is an economically and technically practical solution to<br />
the problem of waste paint disposal. To accomplish this, a full-scale biological treatment system<br />
will be assembled using commercially available components and operated at the demonstration<br />
site (PWC Pearl Harbor, HI). Over the course of the project; design, cost, and performance data<br />
will be collected and used to validate treatment effectiveness and facilitate technology transfer.<br />
Pilot studies used conventional biological batch reactors and biofilters populated by mixed<br />
bacterial cultures to demonstrate the biodegradation of non-volatile and volatile components in<br />
expired shelf life, solvent-based paints to innocuous and non-hazardous end products. Paint is<br />
diluted with water and a centrifugal pump is used to recirculate the reactor contents and emulsify<br />
water insoluble components. Rapid degradation of the insoluble components occurs when<br />
bacteria colonize the surface of the emulsified components. To promote bacterial growth and<br />
enhance biodegradation, the emulsified paint is amended with vitamins, amino acids, and<br />
nitrogen and phosphorous, a pH controller is used to maintain a neutral pH, and a high-pressure<br />
blower provides air and mixing. Exhaust air is vented through a biofilter charged with compost<br />
where volatilized compounds are captured and degraded. Process water from the reactor is<br />
passed through a filter press unit and discharged to the sewer. Solids in the ultrafilter<br />
concentrate are captured in a filter press and disposed of as non-hazardous solid waste.<br />
Off-site disposal of expired shelf life paint costs $1.70 and $2.20 per pound for bulk waste and<br />
one gallon cans respectively, which results in a recurring charge to major facilities (Pearl Harbor,<br />
San Diego, and Newport) of more than $500K each per year. Based on the pilot studies and<br />
similar biological treatment systems that are used to treat industrial waste, the estimated cost<br />
(capital and operation and maintenance) to treat expired shelf life paint will be $0.30 to $0.60 per<br />
pound or ~ $230K/year, which represents a savings of $270K /year. Since the cost of a full-scale<br />
biological treatment system is ~ $600K, the return on investment for biological treatment is less<br />
than 3 years.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0520.<br />
G-66
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Waste Reduction and Treatment<br />
Poster Number 153 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PROGRESS REPORT: QUALIFICATION, DEMONSTRATION, & VALIDATION<br />
OF COMPLIANT REMOVERS FOR AIRCRAFT SEALANTS<br />
AND SPECIALTY COATINGS<br />
MR. JIM TANKERSLEY<br />
Battelle<br />
5100 Springfield Pike, Suite 110<br />
Dayton, OH 45432-1261<br />
(937) 258-6724<br />
tankersleyj@battelle.org<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jeff Kingsley [AFRL/RXSA (PI)]; Diane Kleinschmidt (NAVAIR); Susan<br />
Saliba (UDRI); John Stropki (Battelle)<br />
T<br />
he Air Force, Navy, and commercial airline industry have funded numerous studies to<br />
identify and evaluate non-chemical, environmentally friendly technologies or processes for<br />
safely and efficiently removing degraded sealants and specialty coatings from the internal and<br />
external surfaces of aircraft structures. Technologies have included mechanical, light energy, as<br />
well as various combinations of these processes. The conclusion from these studies is that there<br />
is no one technology, method, or procedure that efficiently removes the various types of sealant<br />
or specialty coating materials without the risk of damaging the underlying substrates or surface<br />
coatings.<br />
This <strong>ESTCP</strong> funded project (WP-0621) has focused on identifying, qualifying, demonstrating,<br />
and validating an environmentally friendly substitute material or product for removing sealants<br />
and specialty coatings from aircraft structures. Candidate materials examined are COTS, and are<br />
assessed on how effectively each material removes different sealants used by Air Force, Navy,<br />
and commercial aircraft MRO facilities. Structural aerospace materials included 2024-T3<br />
aluminum alloy and two types of composites (graphite/bismaleimide and graphite epoxy).<br />
The first phase of the project has been successfully completed. Accomplishments have included<br />
a material/process baselining assessment, a downselection of sealant remover vendors/materials,<br />
a controlled set of laboratory testing of COTS materials for polysulfide sealant removal on<br />
various substrates, followed with successful process demonstration/validation testing performed<br />
at OO-ALC and FRC-SE. In 2008, the Project Team expanded the study to include newer, nonchromate<br />
containing polysulfide formulations, polythioether and polyurethane sealants, and an<br />
expanded array of specialty coatings applied to the external and internal surfaces of military<br />
aircraft structures. This second phase of the project will also seek to perform compatibility<br />
testing on a wider variety of composite substrates. The poster presented at this session will detail<br />
the results achieved thus far.<br />
AFRL is the lead for the project, and NAVAIR is a partnering agency. Battelle and UDRI are<br />
responsible for identifying vendors of compliant removers, down-selecting candidate materials,<br />
and coordinating laboratory and field demonstrations. Project-related technical information<br />
exchanges include stakeholders from specific Air Force Air Logistic Centers, Navy Fleet<br />
Readiness Centers, the Army, and commercial MRO organizations.<br />
G-67
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 146 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
O<br />
ROBOTIC LASER COATING REMOVAL SYSTEM<br />
RANDEL BOWMAN<br />
Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center<br />
3001 Staff Drive<br />
STE 2Y-31<br />
Tinker Air Force Base, OK 73145-3025<br />
(405) 417-2888<br />
randel.bowman@tinker.af.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Randall Straw (AFRL); James Arthur (CTC)<br />
klahoma City Air Logistics Center (OC-ALC), Headquarters Air Force Material Command<br />
(HQ AFMC/LGPE), and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) are currently leading<br />
the Robotic Laser Coating Removal System (RLCRS) program to demonstrate and validate a<br />
RLCRS as an alternative technology to the current chemical and mechanical methods that are<br />
used to remove coatings from large off-equipment aircraft components at Tinker Air Force Base,<br />
OK. This project will demonstrate the ability of this technology to meet the requirements for<br />
coatings removal in a production environment as well as the pollution reduction that can be<br />
achieved through its use across the Department of Defense (DoD). The RLCRS system will be<br />
designed to accommodate processing of large parts that are currently subjected to coatings<br />
removal operations once they are removed from the airframe. This project is funded by the<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Security Technology Certification Program (<strong>ESTCP</strong>) and HQ AFMC.<br />
This technology has the potential to reduce the environmental burden associated with coatings<br />
removal operations while reducing the labor and chemical costs and positively impacting the<br />
production schedule. The implementation of the RLCRS will also provide the maintenance<br />
facility with the flexibility to remove coatings from components of various sizes and geometries<br />
using a single system.<br />
The ultimate goal of the project was to design a system of commercially available off the shelf<br />
(COTS) components that can be easily integrated onto different robotic platforms. This will<br />
allow individual depots to adapt the technology to meet their specific configuration and space<br />
needs.<br />
The RLCRS system has been completed and implemented at OC-ALC. Demonstration of this<br />
system in accordance with the <strong>ESTCP</strong> Demonstration Plan has been completed and OC-ALC is<br />
currently moving forward with obtaining approvals to use the system on production KC-135<br />
parts.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0526.<br />
G-68
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 147 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ULTRAVIOLET (UV)–CURABLE COATINGS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS<br />
O<br />
GLEN BAKER<br />
309 AMXG/EN<br />
5875 Southgate Avenue<br />
Building 225<br />
Hill Air Force Base, UT 84056-5231<br />
(801) 775-5596<br />
glen.baker2@hill.af.mil<br />
gden Air Logistics Center (OO-ALC), the United States Coast Guard (USCG) Aircraft<br />
Repair & Supply Center (ARSC) in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and the Air Force<br />
Research Laboratory (AFRL) are currently leading the Ultraviolet (UV)-Curable Coatings for<br />
Aerospace Applications project to demonstrate, validate, and implement commercial off-theshelf<br />
(COTS) UV-curable coatings as an alternative to currently used hazardous and long cure<br />
time coatings used on aerospace equipment. The project will demonstrate the ability of this<br />
technology to replace current solvent-borne coatings in a production environment for topcoat<br />
applications such as simple geometry off-aircraft components, exterior/interior panels, markings,<br />
and touch-up and repair. If successful, UV-curable coatings will exhibit the same or better<br />
performance, reduce the overall environmental burden, and reduce the overall process flow-time<br />
compared to currently used and approved coatings. Upon successful completion of the efforts<br />
under this project, UV-curable coatings will be validated, implemented at OO-ALC and the<br />
USCG ARSC, and ready for implementation at other maintenance and repair facilities<br />
throughout the Department of Defense (DoD).<br />
UV-curable coatings are volatile organic compound (VOC)-, hazardous air pollutant (HAP)-, and<br />
isocyanate-free single component high-solids (nearly 100%) cross-linked coatings cured by brief<br />
exposure to intense UV light. The chemical reaction, or polymerization, that occurs in UVcurable<br />
coatings involves two major constituents, oligomers and monomers, and is set in motion<br />
by the photoinitiators blended into the coating. UV-curable coatings can be applied through<br />
traditional coating techniques (i.e., brush, roll or spray) and are rapidly cured with exposure to a<br />
UV light source of the proper intensity and frequency. Implementing UV-curable coatings at<br />
DoD facilities will lead to significant environmental, occupational, safety, and health benefits,<br />
and productivity increases throughout the DoD.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0804.<br />
G-69
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 148 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CORN-HYBRID POLYMER (CHP) BLASTING BENEFITS<br />
AVIATION WEAPON SYSTEMS<br />
MS. DONNA PROVANCE<br />
NDCEE/CTC<br />
2624 Sweetgum Drive<br />
Apex, NC 27539<br />
(919) 303-4323<br />
Provance@ctc.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Scott Sirchio (Naval Surface Warfare Center–Carderock Division);<br />
Thomas Guinivan (U.S. Army <strong>Environmental</strong> Command)<br />
O<br />
n behalf of the Naval Surface Warfare Center-Carderock Division and U.S. Army<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Command, the National Center for Energy and Environment (NDCEE)<br />
evaluated the corn-hybrid polymer (CHP) technology for use on aviation weapon systems. As<br />
part of this evaluation, the NDCEE conducted five demonstrations to determine if the CHP<br />
technology satisfies Navy, Army, and Air Force requirements for removing coatings from<br />
selected components in an efficient, cost-effective manner without damaging delicate substrate<br />
materials. As a result of demonstration findings, the Services have or intend to implement CHP.<br />
The NDCEE demonstrated that the CHP process satisfies the following Service requirements.<br />
• Is environmentally friendly. CHP blasting is a dry abrasive blasting process that uses a<br />
crystallized cornstarch that is organic, nontoxic, and biodegradable. CHP medium meets<br />
military specification MIL-P-85891 for Type VII plastic media.<br />
• Is user friendly. More than 100 personnel witnessed NDCEE CHP demonstrations that<br />
were held over a 2-year period. Based on participant comments and CHP’s potential to<br />
reduce or eliminate worker risks, it can be concluded that the CHP technology is more<br />
user friendly than hand sanding or chemical wiping.<br />
• Does not damage the substrate. The CHP process was demonstrated on more than 50<br />
military-supplied components of various substrates, including fiberglass, aluminum,<br />
Kevlar ® , titanium, graphite composite, magnesium, and steel. The CHP process did not<br />
damage any of the materials.<br />
• Meets current removal rates. The CHP blasting technology is usually faster than current<br />
coatings removal processes for the tested components.<br />
• Meets or reduces current process costs. NDCEE cost-benefit analyses on nine Navy and<br />
Army components showed cost avoidance savings ranging from $20,000 to more than<br />
$1.5 million.<br />
This poster will showcase findings from NDCEE CHP demonstrations.<br />
G-70
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 149 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
INFRARED REFLECTANCE IMAGING FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY<br />
CORROSION INSPECTION THROUGH ORGANIC COATINGS<br />
JACK BENFER<br />
NAVAIR<br />
NAS Jacksonville<br />
Building 793<br />
Jacksonville, FL 32212<br />
(904) 542-4516<br />
john.benfer@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Mr. John Weir (Northrop-Grumman)<br />
his <strong>ESTCP</strong> Weapon Systems & Platforms (WP-0407) project addresses the reduction of<br />
hazardous chemical/waste by employing non-destructive techniques to inspect aircraft<br />
interior and exterior structures through coatings thus reducing the amount of stripping and<br />
repainting that occurs at military rework facilities. Hazardous pollutants will be significantly<br />
reduced by eliminating scheduled organic coating removal and moving to a process where<br />
infrared (IR) inspection results will be used to determine when and if coating removal is<br />
required.<br />
The technology exploits an optically transparent spectral window in military paint systems<br />
within the Mid-IR spectrum and also the difference in IR reflection properties between corroded<br />
and non-corroded metallic surfaces. The IR energy passes directly through the coating and then<br />
reflects off the metallic substrate back through the coating and into an IR camera. Since the<br />
corroded areas do not reflect the IR energy as well as the non-corroded areas, a picture or image<br />
is generated by the IR camera much the same as observing the corrosion under standard visual<br />
techniques.<br />
The demonstration and validation measurements at NAVAIR Jacksonville and Oklahoma City<br />
Air Logistics Center on P-3, B-52 and KC-135 aircraft illustrated clearly that the IR imaging is<br />
an improved method of corrosion inspection compared to the visual inspection method. IR<br />
imaging will give engineering and corrosion control personnel the capability to make sound<br />
decisions regarding coating removal based upon improved detection of corrosion through<br />
coatings. A level of 70-80% accuracy was achieved with this technique as compared to the 5-<br />
25% accuracy of the visual inspection method.<br />
The cost and environmental benefit criteria for pollution prevention was projected and applied<br />
based on actual usage data of materials plus projected waste savings scenarios from the<br />
demonstration and validation measurements at NAVAIR Jacksonville and Oklahoma City Air<br />
Logistics Center. The study, based upon a medium sized aircraft (6500 square feet surface area),<br />
confirms a potential environmental savings of 300,000 pounds of Volatile Organic Compounds,<br />
2,500 pounds of Chromates, and 1,100,00 pounds of Hazardous Materials can be saved for a<br />
fleet of 100 aircraft over a 4 year period. Additionally, labor and material savings of $135,000<br />
per aircraft can be realized. Technology deployment across DOD platforms and weapon systems<br />
can result in an estimated 15 year savings of 2M lbs VOC, 7M lbs Hazmat, 20K lbs Chromate<br />
and a $115M cost avoidance.<br />
G-71
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 154 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
B<br />
HOW DOES SILANE ENHANCE THE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES<br />
OF EPOXY FILMS<br />
PENG WANG<br />
University of Cincinnati<br />
2600 Clifton Avenue<br />
Cincinnati, OH 45221<br />
(513) 307-0713<br />
z.p.wang@gmail.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dale W. Schaefer (University of Cincinnati)<br />
is-silanes with the general formula of (RO) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 3 -R'-(CH 2 ) 3 Si(OR) 3 , where OR<br />
represents an alkoxy group and R is an organic functionality, show excellent performance as<br />
coupling agents in anti-corrosion films; Epoxy resin also has superior chemical and corrosion<br />
resistance as well as outstanding mechanical toughness. By adding bis-type silane to novolac<br />
epoxy resins at proper ratio enhanced corrosion performance is achieved compared to neat epoxy<br />
resin or neat silane, especially on aluminum alloys. Moreover, this epoxy-silane coating system<br />
is also a direct-to-metal, one-step coating system, which eliminates the need for a priming step.<br />
In this study, the underlying mechanisms of how silane improves the protective properties of<br />
epoxy coating were investigated in depth. Morphology, chemical composition, water barrier<br />
properties, salt exclusion as well as hydrothermal degradation were investigated using x-ray and<br />
neutron reflectivity. This research is supported by <strong>SERDP</strong> as Project WP-1341.<br />
G-72
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 155 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
V<br />
CAN VANADATES REPLACE CHROMATES<br />
DALE SCHAEFER<br />
University of Cincinnati<br />
2600 Clifton Avenue<br />
Cincinnati, OH 45221<br />
(513) 377-2166<br />
dale.schaefer@uc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Peng Wang (University of Cincinnati)<br />
anadates have proven to be a promising candidate to replace the chromates in metalprotective<br />
applications. Lack of fundamental knowledge regarding vanadate films,<br />
however, has thwarted optimization and insertion into the metal finishing industry. Although<br />
sodium metavanadate (NaVO 3 ) is nearly insoluble in water (10%), they still provide good corrosion protection, presumably due to<br />
enhanced leaching of NaVO 3 . NaVO 3 is also effective when the films are mechanically<br />
compromised such as by scratching, which indicates that the vanadate inhibitors provide active<br />
protective.<br />
In this study, the protection mechanisms of both vanadate conversion coating and vanadate<br />
inhibitors in water-born primers were investigated by neutron and x-ray reflectivity. Following<br />
issues were addressed in detail: What are the kinetics of film formation and evolution How fast<br />
will an effective protective film form What are the speciation profile, the hydration profile and<br />
density profile normal to the metal surface Is the film uniform or graded How does the film<br />
change in a deprotection scenario What is the stability of the inhibitor layer in an aggressive<br />
environment This research is supported by <strong>SERDP</strong> as Project WP-1619.<br />
G-73
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 156 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
NANOCRYSTALLINE COBALT-ALLOY COATINGS FOR<br />
CHROME REPLACEMENT APPLICATIONS<br />
DIANA FACCHINI<br />
Integran Technologies, Inc.<br />
1 Meridian Road<br />
Toronto, ON M9W 4Z6 CANADA<br />
(416) 675-6266, Ext. 236<br />
facchini@integran.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Jon McCrea, Dr. Francisco Gonzalez, and Dr. Gino Palumbo (Integran<br />
Technologies, Inc.); Ruben Prado [Naval Air Systems Command (FRC-SE)]; Dr. Keith Legg<br />
(Rowan Technology <strong>Group</strong>)<br />
T<br />
he replacement of hard chromium (Cr) plating in aircraft manufacturing activities and<br />
maintenance depots is a high priority for the U.S. Department of Defense. Hard Cr plating is<br />
a technique that has been in commercial production for over 50 years and is a critical process<br />
that is used both for applying hard coatings to a variety of aircraft components in manufacturing<br />
operations and for general re-build of worn or corroded components that have been removed<br />
from aircraft during overhaul. In particular, Cr plating is used extensively on hydraulic and<br />
pneumatic actuator wear surfaces. Chromium plating baths contain chromium in the hexavalent<br />
state, a known carcinogen. Wastes generated from plating operations must be disposed of as<br />
hazardous waste and plating operations must abide by EPA emissions standards and OSHA<br />
permissible exposure limits (PEL). OSHA recently reduced the PEL for Cr6+ and all Cr6+<br />
compounds from 52µg/m3 to 5µg/m3. The rule also includes provisions for employee protection<br />
such as: preferred methods for controlling exposure, respiratory protection, protective work<br />
clothing and equipment, hygiene areas and practices, medical surveillance, hazard<br />
communication, and record-keeping. Due to the expected increase in operational costs associated<br />
with compliance to the revised rules and the expected increased turnaround times for processing<br />
of components there is tremendous pressure to find an environmentally benign alternative to hard<br />
Cr.<br />
Electrodeposited nanocrystalline cobalt-phosphorus (nCoP) coatings have been developed as an<br />
environmentally benign alternative to hard Cr coatings for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) applications<br />
under the <strong>Strategic</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development Program (WP-1152).<br />
Demonstration and validation testing was initiated in a project under the <strong>Environmental</strong> Security<br />
Technology Certification Program (WP-0411) and is currently ongoing. Nanocrystalline CoP<br />
coatings show great potential as an alternative to hard chrome for NLOS and LOS applications<br />
due to: higher cathode efficiency, higher deposition rates, high hardness and good sliding wear<br />
and corrosion resistance. Originally developed on the laboratory scale, the nCoP deposition<br />
process has been scaled up to the industrial/production scale. Outlined here are the process and<br />
properties of the nCoP coating in comparison to hard Cr, and the broad areas of application for<br />
the coating. A general overview of nanocrystalline materials will be presented with particular<br />
emphasis on reviewing the process and properties of nCoP coatings as they pertain to a hard Cr<br />
alternative. A review of the ongoing demonstration and validation program for nCoP currently<br />
being carried out at Fleet Readiness Center South East (FRC-SE) will also be presented.<br />
G-74
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 157 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEVELOPMENT OF NI-CU-RU CONSUMABLES FOR WELDING OF<br />
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS<br />
PROFESSOR GERALD S. FRANKEL<br />
The Ohio State University<br />
2041 College Road<br />
Columbus, OH 43210<br />
(614) 688-4128<br />
frankel.10@osu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Prof. John C. Lippold, Dr. Boian Alexandrov, Jeffrey W. Sowards, and<br />
Dong Liang (The Ohio State University)<br />
W<br />
elding of stainless steel can produce fumes that contain carcinogenic hexavalent<br />
chromium [Cr(VI)] species. In 2006, OSHA reduced the Permissible Exposure Limit for<br />
hexavalent chromium, which may severely restrict the use of conventional weld consumables<br />
containing 12-25% Cr. The motivation of this <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded study (WP-1415) is to develop a<br />
Cr-free filler metal based on the Ni-Cu alloy system that is compatible with common austenitic<br />
stainless steels, including Types 304 and 316. We have successfully shown that using such a<br />
consumable results in a drastic reduction in Cr(VI) generation during shielded metal arc (SMA)<br />
welding of austenitic stainless steel. We previously presented results from SMW welds made<br />
with a Ni-209 (Ni-4Ti-0.7Al-0.4Si-0.3Mn) core wire with Cu and Pd additions in the wire<br />
coating. It was difficult to achieve the desired weld deposit composition with those consumables.<br />
Ru was also found to be a cheaper and more effective addition than Pd for corrosion purposes.<br />
Gas tungsten arc (GTA) and SMA wire was made with the composition Ni-7.5Cu-1Ru-0.5Ti-<br />
0.5Al-0.02C. SMA weld deposits made with this consumable contained considerable porosity<br />
though it was found that the GTA welds were porosity free. Therefore an additional consumable<br />
was made by Electrode Engineering with the composition Ni-7.5Cu-1Ru-4Ti-0.5Al-0.02C.<br />
Welds were made with the fabricated Ni-Cu-Ru electrodes and weldability and corrosion testing<br />
is being performed on those welds. Initial weld deposits show that the target composition of Cu<br />
and Ru was achieved in the weld deposits, and porosity free welds have been successfully made.<br />
Weldability testing was performed to evaluate susceptibility to solidification cracking. It was<br />
found that the Ni-Cu-Ru weld metal has only a moderate susceptibility to solidification cracking<br />
similar to other Ni-based weld metals and the cracking susceptibility increases with increasing<br />
dilution of 304 base metal. Gleeble-based hot ductility and Strain-to-fracture testing was<br />
performed on GTA weld deposits made with the Ni-Cu-Ru wire. The solid-state cracking<br />
phenomenon known as ductility dip cracking (DDC) was found in the samples but no actual<br />
cracking has been observed in weld deposits. The susceptibility to DDC is similar to other Nibased<br />
weld metals with a moderate to high susceptibility. Corrosion experiments were performed<br />
on button samples prepared by GTA melting of Ni-Cu-Ru core wire. The corrosion properties of<br />
Ni-Cu-Ru core wire button samples were in line with NiCuRu button samples and bead-on-plate<br />
welds. Corrosion resistance of real welds made with the new Ni-Cu-Ru consumables was also<br />
assessed. The breakdown and repassivation potentials of the samples with Ni-Cu-Ru welds are<br />
comparable to welds made with 308L filler metal, which is different than for the Ni-Cu-Pd<br />
welds. This is associated with the location of crevice attack, which is on the base metal and not<br />
in the Ni-Cu-Ru welds.<br />
G-75
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 158 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF NON-CHROMATED<br />
CORROSION INHIBITORS FUNCTION<br />
PROFESSOR GERALD S. FRANKEL<br />
The Ohio State University<br />
2041 College Road<br />
Columbus, OH 43210<br />
(614) 688-4128<br />
frankel.10@osu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Prof. Rudolph G. Buchheit (The Ohio State University); Prof. Greg M.<br />
Swain (Michigan State University); Dr. Mark R. Jaworowski (United Technologies Research<br />
Center)<br />
O<br />
ver the past 10 years, scientific studies on the mechanism of chromate inhibition has led to<br />
a new understanding and resulted in the development of new techniques and approaches to<br />
study corrosion inhibition. The ultimate goal of that work, to assist in the development of nonchromate<br />
inhibitors has not been realized, partly because the same type of activity has not been<br />
focused on the non-chromate inhibitors. Non-chromate conversion coatings and inhibiting<br />
pigments have been developed with some success by Edisonian approaches, but the fundamental<br />
understanding of their functionality is still lacking, thereby inhibiting further advances and<br />
creating risk associated with their use. This <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded project (WP-1620) is addressing the<br />
mechanisms of leading chromate-free candidates and the cross-cutting, underlying fundamental<br />
issues. Advances in the scientific understanding of these issues are relevant to many if not all of<br />
the non-chromate technologies. The project is divided into the following individual topics:<br />
(1) Studies of the Trivalent Chrome Process (TCP). TCP is a leading non-chromate conversion<br />
coating, but there is no understanding of if and how it provides active corrosion inhibition.<br />
(2) Mechanisms of selected inhibitors. Experience has shown that application of the techniques<br />
used to study chromates can advance the understanding of the inhibition mechanism of nonchromate<br />
inhibitors. (3) Active inhibition, barrier properties and adhesion. The design of coating<br />
systems relies on some combination of these three coating functionalities, and the tradeoffs must<br />
be understood. (4) Paint adhesion strength and mechanism. One major function of surface<br />
treatments is the improved adhesion of the primer layer, but there is little understanding of the<br />
adhesion and de-adhesion mechanisms. (5) Inhibitor activation and transport in the primer layer.<br />
Inhibitive pigments in a polymeric paint matrix must be activated and transported to corroding<br />
sites, but again little fundamental understanding exists. (6) Interactions between polymer matrix,<br />
pigment, surface treatment, and alloy. Coating components largely have been developed<br />
independently but function as a system. The interactions and synergies are critical.<br />
(7) Characterization of local environments in coating systems. It is the coating/metal interfacial<br />
environment that controls the behavior of inhibiting species. The pH, oxidizing power, chemical<br />
aggressiveness (Cl-content) and temperature are the critical local environmental parameters that<br />
must be understood.<br />
G-76
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 159 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CHROMIUM REPLACEMENT AND EROSION MITIGATION TECHNOLOGY<br />
FOR MEDIUM CALIBER GUN BARRELS<br />
M<br />
MARK MILLER<br />
Benet Labs<br />
1 Buffington Street<br />
Watervliet, NY 12189<br />
(518) 266-4177<br />
mark.miller9@us.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Frank Campo (Benet Labs)<br />
edium Caliber Guns use electrodeposited chrome to protect the bore surface from the<br />
harsh environment of propellant gases. The electrodeposition process uses Chrome IV, a<br />
known carcinogen. Various laws and statutes exist to eliminate Chrome IV. In addition,<br />
advanced propellants used in higher lethality medium caliber ammunition increases cannon wear<br />
and erosion, and shortens barrel service life for current and future gun barrels. The solution is to<br />
develop environmentally- friendly, erosion resistant, gun bore coatings that meet or exceed<br />
current performance requirements. The technical objective of this program is to eliminate<br />
chromium plating in the production of medium caliber guns by developing an environmentally<br />
acceptable method for depositing wear and erosion resistant materials onto the gun bore surface<br />
through the exploitation of explosive cladding technology.<br />
Benet Labs, in conjunction with High Energy Metals Inc. (HEMI) in Sequim, WA and Ares Inc.<br />
in Port Clinton, OH has successfully cladded and rifled environmentally-friendly tantalum (Ta)-<br />
10W onto both 12” and 36” truncated sections of a medium caliber 25mm Bushmaster gun barrel<br />
using explosive cladding technology. The rifling was to full depth and bore size. The rifling<br />
success is a major milestone and a culmination of the efforts involving multiple technologies and<br />
processes to yield advancements in the state of the art in Cannon Technology. After successful<br />
cladding and rifling of a full-length barrel, firing tests are expected to validate performance<br />
equivalency.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1426.<br />
G-77
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 160 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
LOW TEMPERATURE POWDER COATINGS<br />
MR. WAYNE PATTERSON<br />
809 MXSS/CLA Science and Engineering Laboratory<br />
7278 4th Street<br />
Hill AFB, UT 84010<br />
(801) 775-2993<br />
Wayne.Patterson@hill.af.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mr. David Piatkowski (NAVAIR); Mr. James Byron, Mr. James Davila,<br />
and Mr. Christopher Geib (SAIC, Inc.)<br />
T<br />
he Department of Defense (DoD) currently spends millions of dollars each year to procure<br />
and use, and dispose of toxic and hazardous materials associated with the use of, solventborne<br />
organic paint coatings. Powder coatings have the potential to eliminate a significant<br />
amount of the toxic and hazardous materials involved in application of corrosion protection<br />
coatings. Powder coatings are a VOC/HAP-Free alternative to solvent based paints and feature<br />
performance properties equal to or better than specification driven solvent based coatings such as<br />
MIL-C-22750 (epoxy) and MIL-C-85285 (polyurethane). High temperature cure powder<br />
coatings meeting DoD performance requirements have been commercially available for many<br />
years and have been utilized extensively on DoD hardware such as tactical missiles. However,<br />
although numerous aircraft, weapon systems, and ground support equipment could benefit from<br />
corrosion resistant powder coatings, they are made from temperature–sensitive materials such as<br />
low-tempered aluminum or composites and simply cannot withstand traditional high temperature<br />
cure (300°F - 400°F) powder coatings. Over the last few years, lower temperature curing<br />
powders having a 280°F cure temperature have become available. One such low temperature<br />
powder coating was developed under <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1268 by GE Global Research and<br />
Crosslink Powder Coatings. The objective of the <strong>ESTCP</strong> Low Temperature Cure Powder<br />
Coatings (LTCPC) project (WP-0614) has been to build on the work already accomplished under<br />
the <strong>SERDP</strong> Project and demonstrate, validate and successfully implement low temperature<br />
powder coatings on DoD hardware in a depot production environment. The current<br />
demonstration is verifying the environmental and economic advantages of the proposed<br />
technology relative to the currently utilized technologies and is validating that the new<br />
technology is better in terms of cost, schedule, and performance when compared to the baseline<br />
solvent based coatings. Laboratory testing of coating performance is complete and some target<br />
hardware has been coated with the LTCPC. Coated Navy ground support equipment is currently<br />
in use on two deployed aircraft carriers, and a coated C-130 forward landing gear door has been<br />
installed on an aircraft which will soon depart Ogden Air Logistics Center. The Field Service<br />
Evaluations will evaluate how well the LTCPC performs on operational equipment in the field.<br />
The expected benefits of this project to the DoD are: Greener – no VOC’s or HAP’s, Safer –<br />
minimized worker exposure to hazardous materials, Less Expensive – powder coatings eliminate<br />
the disposal of solvents and hazardous wastes.<br />
G-78
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 171 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
P<br />
ULTRAVIOLET CURABLE POWDER COATINGS<br />
MR. COREY Q. BLISS<br />
Air Force Research Laboratory/RXSSO<br />
2700 D Street<br />
Building 1661<br />
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433<br />
(937) 255-0943<br />
corey.bliss@wpafb.af.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Christopher W. Geib (SAIC, Inc.)<br />
owder Coatings produce a superior durable coating, while reducing/eliminating hazardous<br />
waste and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), and do so at a lower cost than conventional<br />
solvent painting. Powder coatings are generally classified as non-hazardous waste, and have little<br />
if any disposal or compliance costs. Powder coatings also eliminate the costly environmental<br />
recordkeeping burden associated with solvent painting hazardous waste. As a bonus, powder<br />
coatings eliminate volatile organic compound (VOC) paint emissions. VOCs are precursors to<br />
ground level ozone, a major EPA criteria pollutant that is problematic for many regions.<br />
Temperature sensitive substrates such as aluminum and magnesium are used in the manufacture<br />
and sustainment of weapon systems and ground support equipment. This project will<br />
demonstrate, validate and successfully implement a VOC/HAP-free, ultraviolet (UV)-cure<br />
powder coating (UVCPC) on DoD depot production hardware to replace solvent-borne organic<br />
coatings. UVCPC significantly reduces energy use by not requiring ovens and it also cuts<br />
turnaround times from days to hours. Because no oven is required, large, bulky and oversized<br />
objects can be powder coated and cured. Only the powder needs to be heated to melting,<br />
therefore the substrate is exposed to less heat for shorter periods of time. Lower temperature,<br />
shorter heating/curing times reduce both the energy costs and return to service times associated<br />
with this process. Combining reduced process times with the improved transfer efficiency of<br />
powder coatings (up to 95% vs. 60% for wet coatings) results in less expense, on a square foot<br />
basis, to apply powder coatings. This project will utilize both existing and new UV-curable<br />
powders in a side-by-side demonstration with the current existing wet paint system (MIL-PRF-<br />
23377J & MIL-PRF-85285D). The use of state-of-the-art-robotics will also be demonstrated.<br />
Robot integration with both Infrared and Ultraviolet light sources is underway. The beginning of<br />
coating validation testing has also begun and will continue through the summer of 2009. We will<br />
report some of the initial testing results and the current state of the robotic integration.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0801.<br />
G-79
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 172 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
DEMONSTRATION/VALIDATION OF TERTIARY BUTYL ACETATE<br />
FOR DOD SOLVENT APPLICATIONS<br />
MR. WAYNE ZIEGLER<br />
U.S. Army Research Lab<br />
ATTN: AMSRD-ARL-WM-MC<br />
APG, MD 21005-5069<br />
(410) 306-0746<br />
wziegler@arl.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Mr. Tom Torres (NFESC)<br />
n recent years, concerns over the ozone layer, photochemical smog and worker health have<br />
made traditional solvent cleaning products and processes increasingly regulated and<br />
expensive. This effort is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0616. The objective of this effort is to<br />
demonstrate the efficacy and validate the economic and process impact of TBAc in DoD solvent<br />
applications as a replacement for Hazardous Air Pollutant(s) (HAP) and VOC solvents.<br />
Traditionally, vehicle, equipment, aircraft, and ship maintenance operations utilize organic<br />
solvents containing HAP, such as MIL-PRF-680 and xylene, to remove dirt, grease, soot, and<br />
burned-on carbon from various parts. The DoD Services Clean Air Steering Committee and its<br />
workgroups have established a bottom line goal for DoD to stop using HAP solvents. The<br />
implementation of HAP free environmentally friendly solvents for cleaning will reduce HAP and<br />
VOC emissions, improve worker health and safety and significantly reduce the record keeping<br />
burden associated with demonstrating compliance with the NESHAP regulations. Tertiary-Butyl<br />
acetate (CH 3 COOC(CH 3 ) 3 ) is the common name for acetic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester. Other<br />
names include t-butyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, and, informally, TBAC or TBAc solvent. It is<br />
a colorless, flammable liquid with a camphor-like odor and an effective viscosity reducer with an<br />
intermediate flash point and vapor pressure. Industrially, it can be used in a variety of coatings<br />
and cleaners. This project evaluated TBAC as a replacement for various solvents used in coating<br />
operations for surface preparation, thinning, clean up and paint equipment cleaning.<br />
This project addressed each of the services environmental quality requirements: Navy: 2.1.01.g<br />
Control/Reduce Emissions from Coatings, Stripping, and Cleaning Operations (high priority),<br />
2.1.01.q Control of VOC and HAP Emissions (high priority) and 3.11.03.a Non-VOC/ODS<br />
Solvents and Cleaning Systems for Aircraft/Weapon and Shipboard/Shore Applications (high<br />
priority); Air Force: Need 1232 Avoid requirement for additional facility upgrades to meet the<br />
VOC/HAP standard; Army A (3.1.a): Alternative Products in Cleaning and Degreasing<br />
Processes, and Sustainable Painting Operations for the Total Army (SPOTA).<br />
G-80
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 173 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
P<br />
ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN REPAIR OF COMPOSITES USING HIGH<br />
TEMPERATURE CYANATE ESTER NANOCOMPOSITES:<br />
NANOFLUID PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION<br />
PROFESSOR MICHAEL R. KESSLER<br />
Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory<br />
2220 Hoover Hall<br />
Ames, IA 50011<br />
(515) 294-3101<br />
mkessler@iastate.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Mufit Akinc; Xia Sheng; Wilber Lio; Katherine Lawler<br />
olymer matrix composites (PMCs) are subjected to events and environments throughout their<br />
lifetime that introduce microcracks and delamination that can greatly compromise their<br />
strength. Low temperature PMCs are typically repaired via a scarf-type method or a resin<br />
injection/infusion process. The repair of high temperature PMCs, however, is a long-standing<br />
problem since most repair resins have a low glass transition temperature (Tg) which limits their<br />
high temperature use, and resins with high Tg’s are typically not processable.<br />
Through <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded project WP-1580, we are currently developing a bisphenol E cyanate<br />
ester (BECy)/alumina nanocomposite adhesive whose primary phase (BECy) has not only a high<br />
cured Tg, but is also easily processable (has a low prepolymer viscosity at room temperature)<br />
and has excellent adhesive and mechanical properties. Alumina nanoparticles are used as the<br />
reinforcement phase to enhance adhesive strength, tailor viscosity, and further optimize the resin<br />
for injection repair applications. We have focused on the characterization of three materials: 1)<br />
neat BECy, 2) BECy/bare-alumina nanocomposites (BECy/Al), and 3) BECy/functionalized<br />
alumina nanocomposites (BECy/Al-GPS), which are functionalized with (3-<br />
Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPS). DMA tests show that the addition of alumina<br />
nanoparticles, bare or functionalized, increases the storage modulus and decreases the Tg of the<br />
nanocomposites. The reduction in Tg for composites containing Al-GPS was lower.<br />
The long-term creep behavior is predicted based on the time-temperature-superposition (TTS)<br />
principle. Tensile creep tests at high temperatures (200°C and above) show that both neat BECy<br />
and BECy/Al-GPS maintain a constant modulus without a significant reduction for a long period<br />
of time. Data from frequency sweep tests were transformed into time-domain creep compliance<br />
data using an inverse Fourier transform. The transformed creep data show similar results as<br />
experimental creep data but predict a longer useful lifespan. Such testing methods eliminate the<br />
effect of possible physical/chemical “aging” under aggressive test conditions.<br />
Rheology of BECy/bare-alumina nanocomposites (ranging from 0 to 20 volume percent<br />
alumina) shows that the viscosity of the monomer/nanoparticle suspension increases with<br />
increasing particle loading as expected. TEM images show that the particles are well dispersed in<br />
the cured composite. Lap shear tests of the BECy/alumina nanocomposites are used to<br />
determine the relation between adhesive strength and particle loading employing<br />
Bismaelimide/carbon fiber composites as substrates.<br />
G-81
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 174 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CHARACTERIZATION OF SPECIES AND COATING MORPHOLOGY<br />
INVOLVED IN THE CORROSION PROTECTION OF<br />
RARE EARTH BASED COATINGS<br />
WILLIAM FAHRENHOLTZ<br />
Missouri University of Science and Technology<br />
101 Straumanis Hall, 401 W. 16th Street<br />
Rolla, MO 65409<br />
(573) 341-6343<br />
billf@mst.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Matt O’Keefe, Will Pinc, and Becky Treu (Missouri University of Science<br />
and Technology); Eric Morris (Deft, Inc.)<br />
C<br />
orrosion resistant cerium based conversion coatings have been developed to replace<br />
carcinogenic chromate based coating systems, which are the subject of increasingly<br />
stringent government regulations. While rare-earth based coatings can meet military<br />
specifications for salt spray corrosion resistance on high strength aluminum alloys, rare earth<br />
compounds are not inherently protective. Hence the fundamental processes that lead to<br />
protection must be investigated, if the performance is to be improved or extended protection to<br />
other substrates. Factors influencing the corrosion inhibition performance of cerium based<br />
conversion coatings include process parameters such as surface preparation prior to coating,<br />
coating solution additives, post treatment, and coating thickness. Characterization of cerium<br />
based conversion coatings was carried out with scanning electron microscopy and energy<br />
dispersive spectroscopy along with electrochemical tests to identify migrating species, surface<br />
morphology, and relationships between coating process parameters and corrosion performance.<br />
In addition, a focused ion beam system was used to selectively prepare cross sections of the<br />
conversion coatings to study the influence of features such as coating defects, oxides layers, and<br />
intermetallic particles in the substrate on coating performance.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1618.<br />
G-82
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 175 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
C<br />
TERNARY CADMIUM REPLACEMENT COATINGS FOR<br />
HIGH STRENGTH FASTENERS<br />
ADAM GOFF<br />
Luna Innovations Incorporated<br />
706 Forest Street, Suite A<br />
Charlottesville, VA 22903<br />
(434) 220-2513<br />
goffa@lunainnovations.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Derek Hass (Directed Vapor Technologies International)<br />
orrosion protection of high strength fasteners is of utmost importance due to the critical<br />
nature of structural loads transferred through them and their potential for galvanic corrosion.<br />
Therefore, adequate corrosion protection is a necessity to sustain both the structural integrity of<br />
fastener connections and to prevent preferential corrosion of connected members at the expense<br />
of galvanically-coupled fasteners. Traditionally, electroplated cadmium layers and hexavalent<br />
chromium rinses have been employed for these applications due to their excellent corrosion<br />
performance and lubricity for threaded applications; however, cadmium and chromate are<br />
hazardous substances, known human carcinogens and subsequently have high handling and<br />
disposal costs. These factors have increased the need to develop new coating technologies and<br />
corrosion protection systems for cadmium plating and chromate conversion coating replacement.<br />
Luna Innovations, in partnership with Directed Vapor Technologies International, are<br />
investigating the potential of Zn-Ni-X ternary alloy coatings as cadmium replacement options for<br />
high strength steels. Directed vapor deposition (DVD) is the primary deposition method being<br />
investigated; however other techniques are being evaluated as needed. The DVD process serves<br />
to eliminate hazardous cadmium and chromium waste streams while at the same time reducing<br />
the risk of component hydrogen embrittlment, thus extending component service life. In<br />
addition, a major goal of the program is to adapt the DVD process for coating high strength steel<br />
fastener components and ultimately offer competitive production throughput as compared to<br />
traditional fastener cadmium plating production lines. A combinatorial DVD approach is being<br />
used to rapidly evaluate a multitude of Zn-Ni-X alloy stoichiometries to determine the<br />
compositions with the overall best corrosion and performance properties.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> as Project WP-1615.<br />
G-83
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 176 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
DEMONSTRATION OF A LEAD-FREE SURVEILLANCE AND DETECTION<br />
PROGRAM TO ADDRESS ROHS REGULATION LEAD-FREE RISKS IN<br />
WEAPON SYSTEMS AND PLATFORMS<br />
CHUCK TOMLJANOVIC<br />
National Defense Center for Energy and Environment<br />
100 CTC Drive<br />
Johnstown, PA 15904<br />
(814) 269-6834<br />
chuck-t@ctc.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Ms. Heather Brent, Ms. Jess Grembi, Mr. Gino Spinos, and<br />
Mr. Paul Mack (NDCEE)<br />
s a result of the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and<br />
electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) within the European Union (EU) market, the U.S.<br />
Department of Defense (DoD) is faced with new and uncertain potential failure modes in certain<br />
mission critical electronics. The RoHS Directive (effective July 1, 2006) bans new electrical<br />
equipment containing established levels of cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium,<br />
polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) flame retardants,<br />
and lead (Pb). Because DoD electronic acquisition programs depend heavily on commercial “off<br />
the shelf” (COTS) electronic parts and assemblies, the absence of lead in critical, high reliability<br />
systems can lead to Pb-free impacts including, but not limited to, solder issues, tin whisker<br />
impacts/failures, material availability issues, configuration control challenges, and repair/rework<br />
issues. Short term commercial Pb-free solution strategies in response to the RoHS Directive may<br />
not necessarily meet the unique and high-performance requirements of mission critical DoD<br />
weapon systems. The National Defense Center for Energy and Environment (NDCEE), through<br />
the Mission Critical Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health (MC ESOH) Technology<br />
Transfer and Support Program is conducting a demonstration/validation (dem/val) of a Pb-free<br />
surveillance and detection program for weapon systems at the Depot shop floor level.<br />
Specifically, the objectives of the dem/val include standing-up and evaluating X-ray<br />
Fluorescence (XRF) technology in a production environment to identify the presence of Pb-free<br />
COTS within the supply chain, as well as develop and transition a database to collect Pb-free<br />
data and assess the prevalence of Pb-free materials in acquisition.<br />
This poster provides an overview of the MC ESOH Program mission, why the global transition<br />
to Pb-free electronics adversely affects the DoD supply chain and mission readiness, specific<br />
details regarding the dem/val of XRF spectrometers at the shop-floor level, as well as<br />
information regarding the transition of a Pb-free surveillance database. Highlights will include<br />
lessons learned from field verifying XRF units regarding performance, accuracy, reliability, and<br />
practicality of use in major weapon systems and critical Depot level parts management supply<br />
chains. Also reviewed will be those items found to be fundamental to continued lateral transition<br />
and additional implementation elsewhere in response to the mission critical Pb-free challenge.<br />
Other Depots and installations can use this dem/val as a benchmark approach as they analyze<br />
their effectiveness regarding Pb-free inspection and mitigation measures in parts management<br />
where mission critical risks may exist.<br />
G-84
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 187 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
OPTIMIZING CARC IMPROVEMENTS FOR ARMY WEAPON SYSTEMS<br />
MR. ROBERT FISHER<br />
NDCEE/CTC<br />
100 CTC Drive<br />
Johnstown, PA 15904<br />
(814) 269-2702<br />
fisherr@ctc.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Donna Provance (NDCEE/CTC);<br />
Thomas Guinivan (U.S. Army <strong>Environmental</strong> Command)<br />
n conjunction with the U.S. Army <strong>Environmental</strong> Command (USAEC), the National Defense<br />
Center for Energy and Environment (NDCEE) is helping Army installations to implement new<br />
chemical agent resistant coating (CARC) formulations: MIL-DTL-64159, Type II, a waterdispersible<br />
CARC (WD-CARC), and MIL-DTL-53039B, Type II-Polymeric, a solvent-based,<br />
single-component CARC. As a result of this assistance, Army installations have improved their<br />
coating operations by reducing air emissions up to 65%, reducing material usage by 30-40%, and<br />
lowering application times by 25-35%. The <strong>Environmental</strong> Security Technology Certification<br />
Program (<strong>ESTCP</strong>) estimated that a facility could achieve a cost avoidance savings of up to<br />
$730,000 by implementing WD-CARC, depending on the type of equipment being painted.<br />
The Defense Land Systems and Miscellaneous Equipment National Emission Standard for<br />
Hazardous Air Pollutants being proposed by the U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection Agency will<br />
regulate the coating processes for the majority of U.S. Army materiel, including tactical vehicles,<br />
ground combat vehicles, tactical shelters, munitions, and others. The two new CARCs contain<br />
lower volatile organic compounds than the original CARC and zero hazardous air pollutants.<br />
Under its current task, the NDCEE and USAEC are helping installations to overcome challenges,<br />
real or perceived, to implementing the new CARCs. This assistance includes hosting technology<br />
demonstrations, conducting coating application training, and obtaining technologies that improve<br />
the mixing and application process. To date, Fort Stewart and Fort Benning operations have<br />
switched to WD-CARC because of the NDCEE/USAEC assistance. Two more technology<br />
demonstrations will be conducted in summer 2008.<br />
This poster will showcase findings from NDCEE CARC demonstrations.<br />
G-85
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 188 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
SUPERSONIC PARTICLE DEPOSITION TECHNOLOGY FOR REPAIR OF<br />
MAGNESIUM AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS<br />
VICTOR K. CHAMPAGNE<br />
U.S. Army Research Laboratory<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground<br />
Aberdeen, MD 21005-5069<br />
(508) 461-9508<br />
vchampag@arl.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Phillip F. Leyman (Army Research Laboratory); Robert Kestler, (NADEP-<br />
CP, Cherry Point, NC); Robert Guillemette (Sikorsky Aircraft, Stratford, CT); Timothy J. Eden<br />
(The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA); Keith Legg (Rowan Technology <strong>Group</strong>,<br />
Libertyville, IL); Mark Valazquez (CCAD, Corpus Christi, TX)<br />
M<br />
agnesium alloys are widely used for fabrication of many components on DoD aircraft<br />
because of their high strength-to-weight characteristics, especially for complex<br />
components such as transmission and gearbox housings on helicopters and gearbox housings on<br />
fixed-wing aircraft. However, magnesium alloys are highly susceptible to corrosion in-service<br />
and to surface damage due to impact such as during handling, assembly, or repair. Several<br />
million dollars are expended by DoD each year to either repair or replace Mg alloy components<br />
that are corroded or damaged in service.<br />
As part of an overall solution to the problem, Supersonic Particle Deposition (SPD) of pure<br />
aluminum in addition to aluminum alloys is being evaluated as one of the most viable methods of<br />
imparting surface protection to Mg alloys. SPD has yielded nearly fully dense coatings with less<br />
than 1% porosity with bond strengths of 10,000 psi on magnesium substrates. Test results for<br />
both commercially pure aluminum and high purity aluminum in addition to aluminum alloys<br />
have yielded enhanced corrosion resistance on magnesium substrates with no deleterious effects<br />
on the fatigue strength of the magnesium. A materials joint test protocol has been developed<br />
which will be executed on ZE41A, AZ91C and EV-31 magnesium alloy specimens that have<br />
been coated with high purity aluminum and aluminum alloy 6061 SPD coatings to evaluate their<br />
mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.<br />
The work includes establishment of a demonstration and validation of a SPD facility at NADEP<br />
Cherry Point (NADEP-CP), and a transition plan to implement SPD as a cost effective,<br />
environmentally acceptable method to restore dimensional tolerances on actual magnesium alloy<br />
components on DoD helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> as Project WP-0620.<br />
G-86
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 189 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND QUALIFICATION OF MAGNESIUM RICH<br />
H<br />
PRIMER FOR CHROME FREE AEROSPACE COATING SYSTEMS<br />
MR. CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH<br />
Air Force Research Lab–Coatings Technology Integration Office (CTIO)<br />
AFRL/RXSSO<br />
2700 D Street, Building 1661<br />
Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433<br />
(937) 656-9260<br />
christopher.joseph@wpafb.af.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Joel Johnson and Mike Spicer (Air Force);<br />
Craig Matzdorf (NAVAIR)<br />
exavalent chromium compounds are one of the top hazardous waste materials generated by<br />
the DoD, and environmental/ESOH regulations continue to restrict their use. However,<br />
chromate-based corrosion inhibitor pigments are still widely used in coating systems to protect<br />
high strength aluminum alloys, such as those used in aerospace applications, because to date,<br />
non-Cr alternatives have not shown superior performance. A “Magnesium Rich” primer has<br />
recently been developed as a potential alternative to chromated primers that utilizes sacrificial<br />
magnesium metal pigment to cathodically protect aerospace aluminum alloy substrates.<br />
Preliminary evaluations had shown this material to be extremely effective as part of a completely<br />
chromate-free coating system in which a non film forming surface treatment and an Advanced<br />
Performance Coating (APC) grade topcoat are utilized. An <strong>ESTCP</strong> test plan was generated to<br />
perform detailed accelerated laboratory and outdoor performance evaluations to understand the<br />
robustness of the technology. Furthermore, transition of the technology was planned via<br />
qualification of the primer as part of a Cr-free coating system on Air Force and NAVAIR<br />
aircraft. Samples of the Cr-free coating system have been exposed outdoors on AA2024-T3 and<br />
AA7075-T6 alloys at Daytona Beach and flown on small sections of various aircraft for over one<br />
year with no corrosion evident. However, accelerated testing of more recent samples in ASTM<br />
B117 salt fog has shown early failure. The discrepancy between previous laboratory testing,<br />
recent laboratory testing, and outdoor exposure results presents a challenge to quantify the<br />
robustness of the technology and to validate the correlation between laboratory versus field<br />
results. Since this new technology does not function in a manner similar to historic chromatebased<br />
primers, a new accelerated laboratory test method that accurately predicts field results may<br />
need to be developed.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0731.<br />
G-87
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 190 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
C<br />
INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF<br />
ALUMINUM AS A REPLACEMENT COATING FOR CADMIUM<br />
DR. ELIZABETH BERMAN<br />
Air Force Research Lab/MLSC<br />
2179 12th Street<br />
Building 652, Room 122<br />
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433<br />
(937) 656-5700<br />
Elizabeth.Berman@WPAFB.AF.MIL<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Eric Brooman<br />
admium is widely accepted as the coating of choice on high strength steels due to its<br />
excellent corrosion resistance, adhesion, and lubricity characteristics. However, cadmium is<br />
a carcinogen, a teratogen, and a toxic metal that can be leached easily causing potential<br />
contamination of the ground water supply and food chain.<br />
One approach to cadmium replacement is to use an aluminum coating, which is environmentally<br />
clean, non-toxic, and safe to handle and use by workers. In addition, aluminum coatings can be<br />
subjected to temperatures as high as 496°C, while cadmium is limited to 232°C. They may be<br />
exposed to fuels with no adverse effects, and can be used in space applications because of their<br />
low vapor pressure. Corrosion tests have demonstrated that ion vapor deposited (IVD) aluminum<br />
coatings with appropriate post-treatments provide equivalent or superior corrosion protection to<br />
cadmium-plated steel parts. However, post-treatments result in additional processing steps that<br />
often use toxic chemicals such as chromates or dichromates. Thus, an alternative deposition<br />
process is needed.<br />
The objective of this <strong>SERDP</strong> project (WP-1405) is to evaluate the use of atmospheric pressure<br />
chemical vapor deposition techniques to produce uniform and conformal aluminum coatings on<br />
high strength steel substrates. This approach offers an environmentally benign alternative to<br />
cadmium plating, as well as promises to provide high production throughput, low cost, and<br />
coatings with desirable properties and performance. Recent efforts have focused on using triisobutyl<br />
aluminum and other precursors to deposit coatings 10-25 mm thick at temperatures in<br />
the range from 250°C to 300°C. Emphasis has been placed on the lower temperature to<br />
minimize any adverse effects on mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and fatigue<br />
resistance. These aluminum coatings have been characterized in terms of their composition,<br />
structure and morphology. Additionally, performance tests are being used to determine their<br />
properties compared to those of cadmium and IVD aluminum. Results indicate that the coatings<br />
consist essentially of pure aluminum with traces of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. The presence<br />
of hydrogen in the coatings necessitates a post deposition, hydrogen relief bake, as is necessary<br />
for cadmium coatings) to avoid causing hydrogen embrittlement. The performance tests include<br />
chemical resistance, paint adhesion, corrosion resistance, electrochemical characterization,<br />
hardness and tensile strength debit, hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility, as well as fatigue<br />
debit. Further work is needed to optimize these aluminum coatings deposited at lower<br />
temperatures for use on high strength steel substrates used for landing gear components.<br />
G-88
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 191 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
CADMIUM ALTERNATIVES FOR DOD AND NASA APPLICATIONS –<br />
PHASE II TESTING RESULTS<br />
MR. STEVEN BROWN<br />
NAWC Aircraft Division<br />
48066 Shaw Road, Bldg. 2188<br />
Patuxent River, MD 20670<br />
(301) 342-8101<br />
steven.a.brown1@navy.mil<br />
Joint Test Protocol (JTP) for evaluation of cadmium alternatives for high-strength steel<br />
structural components was developed through the Joint Cadmium Alternatives Team<br />
(JCAT). The test protocol combines the joint requirements of the aviation and ground platform<br />
community for defense and commercial users. Phase I testing completed in 2006 focused on<br />
embrittlement/re-embrittlement and adhesion testing of alternative coatings and repair methods.<br />
Coatings selected for Phase II testing were: LHE Zinc-Nickel, Sputtered Aluminum,<br />
Electroplated Aluminum, Brush Zinc-Nickel, Brush Tin-Zinc and SermeTel® 249/273. Control<br />
coatings included both LHE cadmium and IVD aluminum. Phase II testing was fairly extensive,<br />
however, the portion completed in FY08 included the following: various types of bare and<br />
painted salt spray corrosion (ASTM B 117, ASTM G 85, GM 9540P), fluid compatibility,<br />
electrochemical behavior, and lubricity (run-on breakaway torque, torque-tension). Tests were<br />
conducted by Army Research Labs, Concurrent Technologies Corporation, and Westmoreland<br />
Mechanical Testing and Research. Portions of the Phase II effort were funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> WP-<br />
0022, the Air Force Pollution Prevention Program and the Naval <strong>Environmental</strong> Sustainability<br />
Development to Integration (NESDI) program. Test results and implementation efforts for<br />
cadmium alternative coatings will be summarized as they apply to various DoD components.<br />
G-89
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 192 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
(4<br />
NEW REACTIVE DILUENTS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTALLY EFFICIENT<br />
APPROACH TO COMPOSITE REPAIR<br />
DR. ANDREW GUENTHNER<br />
NAVAIR<br />
1900 N. Knox Road, Stop 6303<br />
China Lake, CA 93555<br />
(760) 939-1626<br />
andrew.guenthner@navy.mil<br />
-phenoxyphenyl) methacrylate (1b) and {(4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl} methacrylate (1a) were<br />
prepared in high yield by the reaction of methacryloyl chloride with the corresponding<br />
alcohol in the presence of triethylamine. In addition, 4-{4-(4-tributylsilylphenyl)<br />
phenoxy}styrene (3) was prepared in two steps from 4,4’-dibromodiphenyl ether. All three of the<br />
diphenyl ether reactive diluents dissolved the polyester resin (Mn ~4000) using ~50-60 wt-% of<br />
the phenylether diluent to afford repair resin mixtures with reasonable viscosities for use in<br />
fabricating cloth lay-ups. In the case of 3, we found that in making repairs of engineered defects<br />
that the polyester resin cured much faster and that led to phase separation. In the case of both 1a<br />
and 1b we observed complete cure and the system remains homogeneous throughout the repair<br />
process. Mechanical data will be presented for repaired materials.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1596.<br />
G-90
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 193 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
R<br />
SHELF-STABLE ADHESIVE FOR REDUCTION OF<br />
COMPOSITE REPAIR HAZARDOUS WASTE<br />
JOHN PLAYER<br />
Infoscitex Corporation<br />
303 Bear Hill Road<br />
Waltham, MA 02451<br />
(781) 890-1338, Ext. 237<br />
jplayer@infoscitex.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Heather Kauth and Lebzylisbeth Gonzalez (Infoscitex Corporation)<br />
epairs for military and commercial composite structures found in aircraft, ships, amphibious<br />
and tactical vehicles are currently achieved, in a large part, using one part epoxy based<br />
material systems.. These epoxy systems are efficient, reliable, and takes the form of epoxy film,<br />
liquid shim adhesive and composite prepreg. However, two issues arise from using a one part<br />
epoxies; (1) The shelf life of a typical aerospace structural film adhesive used for composite<br />
repair is about 1 year at 0º F but it accumulates a “thermal history” each time it is removed from<br />
storage, leading to large amounts of expired unused product and (2) Most composite repair<br />
materials are engineered to cure at 250ºF or greater. When repair temperatures exceed 212ºF, the<br />
boiling point of water, composite parts subjected to repair can delaminate as the<br />
absorbed/inherent water turns to vapor. These damaged parts, in turn, add to the overall waste<br />
disposal burden. The cost of regulatory compliant disposal of expired/uncured repair<br />
adhesive/resin wastes exceeds millions of dollars per year for large aircraft repair facilities.<br />
The goal of the <strong>SERDP</strong> SEED program (WP-1579) was to mitigate the cost by increasing the<br />
shelf life of the one part epoxy adhesive. Our concept was to achieve this goal via<br />
microencapsulation of the catalyst accelerator components, reducing room temperature reactivity<br />
and extending the shelf life of the product. We successfully prepared proprietary complex<br />
coacervate microcapsules, which showed a significant increase in residual activity at high<br />
temperature storage with no loss of mechanical properties. The microencapsulation allows a<br />
more reactive accelerator to be used; our team explored multiple accelerators that enable 200ºF<br />
cure so that structural repairs performed in the presence of absorbed moisture can be<br />
accomplished without causing voids and delamination. We found that one of our proprietary<br />
accelerators enabled reduced onset of cure for epoxy/DCDA/catalyst accelerator resin from<br />
291ºF to 202ºF. We also found during our lap shear mechanical testing validation that our<br />
encapsulated catalyst based resin system was statistically equivalent to the control, thus assuring<br />
no basic property losses with our new material.<br />
Our technology is a real-world solution which will reap a dividend for both the environment and<br />
the bottom line. By optimizing our proprietary encapsulation process, and expanding both<br />
mechanical properties and shelf stability testing, we will lay the groundwork for transitioning<br />
this technology to large scale manufacturing to supply the needs of military and commercial<br />
composite repair customers.<br />
G-91
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 194 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
VALIDATION OF NOVEL ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS AS<br />
ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPLIANT COATINGS FOR REPLACEMENT OF<br />
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM PRETREATMENTS<br />
DR. PETER ZARRAS<br />
NAWCWD<br />
1900 N. Knox Road (Stop 6303)<br />
China Lake, CA 93555-6106<br />
(760) 939-1396<br />
peter.zarras@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Ms. Nicole Anderson, Ms. Cindy Webber, Ms. Amy L. Hilgeman,<br />
Mr. Andy Schwartz, and Mr. Christopher S. Mahendra (NAWCAD); Ms. Diane Buhrmaster<br />
(WPAFB/University of Dayton Research Institute); Mr. Michael Spicer (WPAFB); Dr. Mark R.<br />
Kolody (Kennedy Space Center); Mr. Christopher E. Miller (U.S. Army Research Laboratory)<br />
T<br />
he <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0527 is currently demonstrating an effective, environmentally<br />
benign, repairable coating system using electroactive polymers (EAPs) as the replacements<br />
for chromate conversion coating (CCC) pretreatments on aluminum and steel alloys. The<br />
NAWCWD, China Lake, California is leading this effort in collaboration with Wright Patterson<br />
Air Force Base (WPAFB), Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), Patuxent<br />
River, Maryland/Lakehurst, New Jersey, Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and the Army Research<br />
Laboratory (ARL), Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland.<br />
The EAP polymers that are being evaluated for this <strong>ESTCP</strong> project are poly (2, 5-bis (N-methyl-<br />
N-hexylamino) phenylene vinylene), (BAM-PPV) and poly ((2-(2-ethylhexyl) oxy-5-methoxy)-<br />
p-phenylene) vinylene), (MEH-PPV). Both of these polymers have demonstrated acceptable<br />
performance as military alternatives to CCC on aluminum alloys. Each service (Air Force (AF),<br />
Navy and Army) have completed all laboratory testing prior to field testing these two polymers.<br />
Both BAM-PPV and MEH-PPV were processed from a VOC-exempt solvent, 4-<br />
chlorobenzotrifluoride, Oxsol-100. The BAM-PPV coating has proven to be a more robust<br />
system and will be field tested in FY08. MEH-PPV showed poor shelf-life and processability<br />
from Oxsol-100 solvent. Current testing includes marine outdoor exposure testing of BAM-PPV<br />
at KSC and toxicology testing. The field testing by each service will include non-critical<br />
hardware. The AF C-5 cargo airplane’s rear hatch door, the Army’s door hatch and flagpole<br />
holder on the Bradley vehicle and the Navy’s EA-6B prowler aircraft jammer pods, landing gear<br />
doors and loading platform were selected as the non-critical hardware to test the BAM-PPV<br />
coating for a 12 month study.<br />
G-92
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 195 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
M<br />
ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN MULTILAYER POLYMER COATINGS<br />
WITH CONTROLLED SURFACE PROPERTIES FOR<br />
MARINE ANTIFOULING APPLICATIONS<br />
PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER K. OBER<br />
Cornell University<br />
Materials Science and Engineering<br />
310 Bard Hall<br />
Ithaca, NY 14853<br />
(607) 255-8417<br />
cko3@cornell.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Craig J. Weinman, Daewon Park, Harihara S. Subramanian, and<br />
Marvin Y. Paik (Cornell University); Daniel A. Fischer (NIST); Dale L. Handlin and<br />
Carl. L. Willis (Kraton Polymers); Karen E. Sohn, Michael Dimitriou, and<br />
Edward J. Kramer (UCSB)<br />
arine biofouling is the unwanted accumulation of microorganisms, plants and animals on<br />
artificial surfaces submerged in seawater. Biofouling causes undesirable drag, which in<br />
turn leads to significantly higher fuel consumption by marine interests. <strong>Environmental</strong>ly friendly<br />
multilayer antifouling coatings based on the control of surface energy and coating modulus are<br />
being developed to replace traditional toxic copper and tributyl-tin containing ablative coatings.<br />
These multilayer coatings consist of a thin surface-active block copolymer (SABC) layer<br />
supported by a thick elastomeric layer. This work seeks to develop new coatings that help<br />
resolve both the energy consumption issues caused by biofouling and the environmental<br />
concerns of the previous generation of marine antifouling coatings.<br />
Polystyrene-block-polyethylene/butylene-block-polystyrene (SEBS) produced by KRATON<br />
Polymers was selected as the bottom rubbery layer. This triblock copolymer provides the<br />
necessary low modulus, corrosion protection, adhesion, and durability needed for a multilayer<br />
coating system. Several approaches to the synthesis of side-chain functionalized SABC have<br />
been developed. Hydrophobic semifluorinated alkyl groups, hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)<br />
groups, and Zonyl ® amphiphilic nonionic fluorosurfactant groups are all being explored as<br />
grafted surface-active side-chains. Additionally, amphiphilic, “mixed” surfaces containing a<br />
variety of ratios of distinct poly(ethylene glycol) groups in conjunction with distinct<br />
semifluorinated alkyl groups are being explored. Spray coating provides a realistic approach to<br />
apply these coating systems onto a ship’s hull, and surface analysis using X-ray photo electron<br />
spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and scanning force<br />
microscopy (SFM) has demonstrated that the elastomeric layer is fully covered by SABC.<br />
Biofouling tests are being performed in several marine labs, and samples have exhibited<br />
encouraging antifouling performance with regards to both soft and hard marine fouling.<br />
Additionally, coating systems are now being tested at several oceanic exposure sites. Promising<br />
coating compositions have been identified and further development is on-going.<br />
This work is supported by <strong>SERDP</strong> WP-1454 with additional support for analytical research<br />
provided by the Office of Naval Research.<br />
G-93
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 206 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
EVALUATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL UV (MUV) CURABLE CORROSION<br />
M<br />
COATINGS ON HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOY SUBSTRATES<br />
PROFESSOR MATT O’KEEFE<br />
Missouri University of Science and Technology<br />
101 Straumanis Hall<br />
401 W. 16th Street<br />
Rolla, MO 65409-1170<br />
(573) 341-6764<br />
mjokeefe@mst.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: B. Fahrenholtz (Missouri University of Science and Technology);<br />
J. DeAntoni (Boeing); B. Curatolo (Light Curable Coatings)<br />
ultifunctional UV (MUV) curable coatings containing environmentally benign corrosion<br />
inhibiting compounds are being developed. The coatings are free of volatile organic<br />
compounds (VOCs) and chemicals on the toxic release inventory (TRI) list. They are being<br />
developed to replace existing corrosion coatings used on military weapon systems that contain<br />
hexavalent chromium as the corrosion inhibitor as well as VOCs and TRI chemicals. Initial trials<br />
demonstrated that a MUV coating on high strength aluminum alloy substrates could pass 3000<br />
hours of ASTM B117 neutral salt spray testing. The initial trials were done using a high<br />
concentration of corrosion inhibitor in the MUV coating and were applied to test panels using a<br />
drawbar. Follow-on work has shown that a reduced level of corrosion inhibitor in the MUV can<br />
also pass ASTM B117 salt spray testing. The reduced concentration of the inhibitor in the MUV<br />
was used in the development of a coating applied by a spray deposition process commonly used<br />
by original equipment manufacturers and military depots. Evaluation of the MUV coating with<br />
the lower corrosion inhibitor concentration on chromate, cerium and trivalent chrome conversion<br />
coatings, along with comparison to existing chromate and non-chromate epoxy primer/topcoat<br />
systems, has been conducted. Results indicate that the MUV coating is capable of good salt spray<br />
performance, low temperature flexibility and adequate wet tape adhesion on chromate<br />
conversion coatings. Other MUV properties, such as room temperature flexibility, fluid<br />
resistance, and performance on non-chromate conversion coatings, are being optimized to meet<br />
military aerospace requirements.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1519.<br />
G-94
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 207 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
UV CURABLE NON-CHROME PRIMER AND ADVANCED TOPCOAT SYSTEM<br />
F<br />
DR. NESE ORBEY<br />
Foster-Miller<br />
195 Bear Hill Road<br />
Waltham, MA 02451<br />
(781) 684-4170<br />
norbey@foster-miller.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Eric Morris (Deft, Inc.); Mr. Stan Bean (NGC)<br />
oster-Miller (FMI), Deft, Inc. and Northrop Grumman (NGC) are working to develop an<br />
environmentally benign surface pretreatment, primer and topcoat system for aircraft<br />
applications. FMI has a patented chemistry for single-component coating formulations that<br />
contain no VOC, HAP or TRI constituents and cures rapidly by chemical reaction on exposure to<br />
UV irradiation. FMI is using this coating chemistry in conjunction with Deft’s proprietary<br />
corrosion inhibiting pigments to develop high-performance materials that will ultimately<br />
comprise a corrosion inhibiting coating system that doesn’t contain VOC’s, HAP, or SARA 313-<br />
reportable chemicals. Specifically, we are developing sprayable, UV-curable corrosion-inhibiting<br />
primers and high-performance topcoats that will provide superior protection to aluminum<br />
substrates even when non-chromated surface pretreatments are employed. Further, a one-coat<br />
formulation will be developed in an attempt to combine the corrosion inhibiting properties of the<br />
primer and superior durability of the topcoat into a single, high-performance coating. Work done<br />
to date and results obtained will be presented.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1520.<br />
G-95
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 208 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEMONSTRATION/VALIDATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CORROSION<br />
PREVENTIVE COMPOUND (CPC) FOR INTERIOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS<br />
T<br />
EL SAYED ARAFAT<br />
NAVAIR<br />
48066 Shaw Road, Bldg. 2188<br />
Patuxent River, MD 20670<br />
(301) 342-8054<br />
elsayed.arafat@navy.mil<br />
he main goal of this demonstration is to validate the effectiveness and the performance of a<br />
newly developed corrosion preventive compound known as Navguard. This project seeks to<br />
reduce hazardous waste, VOCs, and HAPs, while improving the performance of this type of<br />
internally applied corrosion preventive compounds (CPCs). As aircraft age, corrosion often<br />
occurs in internal structures which are not easily inspected or treated. Fogging CPCs into internal<br />
spaces of airframes has been shown to be effective in combating metal degradation. However,<br />
the CPC must be reapplied several times annually, using time-consuming procedures. As an<br />
alternative, NAVAIR has developed a high performance, long lasting CPC for internal airframe<br />
applications. The key benefits of using Navguard are reducing VOC emission from CPC<br />
application by 50% or more, eliminating HAPs, and reducing the maintenance intervals for reapplication<br />
of CPCs. Navguard was tested through a Lead-The-Fleet demonstration on F-18 at<br />
NAS Oceana, VA, and Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) at US Marine Corps, Camp<br />
Pendleton, CA, and showed no sign of corrosion after twenty-four months of exposure.<br />
Currently, Navguard has been applied on multiple platforms such as H-46 (4), EA-6B (5), EFV<br />
(8), H-60 (1), and F-18 (17) at several DoD testing sites (Army, Navy, and Marine Corps). Oneyear<br />
maintenance inspection for platforms used in the field test has shown no sign of corrosion in<br />
the area it was applied. This demonstration will continue for additional inspection intervals to<br />
evaluate how long the Navguard will perform without needing to be reapplied. The goal is a twoyear<br />
maintenance interval; four times the current one. For successful demonstration of the new<br />
technology, the demonstration period has been planned for two years or two-deployments for any<br />
carrier-based assets. Successful completion of this project will result in the implementation of<br />
high-performance, long lasting CPCs specifically suited for Navy, Air Force, and Army<br />
Aviations requirements and operating environments. Two vendors have licensed the Navguard<br />
CPC formulation to manufacture the product for use by DoD and commercial applications.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project WP-0615.<br />
G-96
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 209 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY COATINGS SYSTEMS<br />
FOR DOD APPLICATIONS<br />
DR. JOHN LA SCALA<br />
Army Research Laboratory<br />
AMSRD-ARL-WM-MC<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 19701<br />
(410) 306-0687<br />
jlascala@arl.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Felicia Levine (ARL); Vincent Crisostomo and Steven Suib (University of<br />
Connecticut); William Nickerson and Amy Hilgeman (NAVAIR); Brian Placzankis,<br />
Christopher Miller, and John Escarsega (ARL)<br />
M<br />
ilitary coating systems for metals typically consist of an inorganic pretreatment, an epoxy<br />
primer, and a polyurethane topcoat. Traditional coating systems contain hexavalent<br />
chromium (Cr6+) and produce significant amounts of volatile organic compound (VOC)<br />
emissions. However, the latest OSHA regulations impose strict environmental standards forcing<br />
all industrial sectors and the Department of Defense to reduce VOC and Cr6+ exposure limits.<br />
As a result, we examined the use of the trivalent chromium process (TCP) and chromium-free<br />
process (CFP) developed by NAVAIR to reduce Cr6+ use. We have developed modifications to<br />
increase corrosion resistance through the addition of an organic chelating compound and other<br />
additives to TCP at low concentrations. ISO titration studies on TCP and a hexavalent-based<br />
pretreatment, Alodine 1200, liquid pretreatments and pretreated panels showed that Cr6+ is not<br />
produced from TCP, but is produced in significant quantities by Alodine 1200. Various Cr6+<br />
free (class N) primers for NAVAIR have been developed with Deft’s 44GN098 having the best<br />
performance. ARL has developed chrome free, zero VOC primers, which have performed well in<br />
studies so far. ARL has also developed two potential zero VOC topcoats for aircraft and land<br />
systems. The first uses alternative Bayer polyols allowing for the elimination of VOC solvents<br />
(water is the only solvent) while maintaining water dispersibility cured with the standard<br />
isocyanates dissolved in ZVOC solvents. The other formulation uses these alternative Bayer<br />
polyols, but is cured with a ZVOC Isopheronediisocyanate (IPDE) solution. This waterdispersible<br />
formulation has faster cure and dry time. Furthermore, Low solar absorbing<br />
formulations have completed and passed evaluations (corrosion, accelerated weathering, etc.)<br />
and 2 years outdoor exposure. Topcoats with small amounts of fluorinated additives only had a<br />
marginal effect on performance.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1521.<br />
G-97
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 210 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEMONSTRATION OF COMPOSITES WITH LOW HAZARDOUS AIR<br />
POLLUTANT CONTENTS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS<br />
DR. JOHN LA SCALA<br />
Army Research Laboratory<br />
AMSRD-ARL-WM-MC<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 19701<br />
(410) 306-0687<br />
jlascala@arl.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Steven Boyd, James M. Sands, and Ian McAninch (Army Research<br />
Laboratory); Xing Geng, Alexander Grous, and Giuseppe R. Palmese (Drexel University);<br />
David Fudge, Stephen Andersen, and John Gillespie, Jr. (University of Delaware); Frank Bruce,<br />
Lt. Dane Morgan, Ken Patterson, and Lawrence Coulter (Air Force Research Laboratory);<br />
Maureen Foley and Roger Crane (Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock); Michael Starks<br />
and Jorge Gomez (U.S. Army TACOM)<br />
L<br />
iquid resins used for molding composite structures are a significant source of hazardous air<br />
pollutant (HAP) emissions. One method of reducing styrene emissions from vinyl ester (VE)<br />
resins is to replace some or all of the styrene with fatty acid-based monomers. Fatty acid<br />
monomers are ideal candidates because they are inexpensive, have low volatilities, and promote<br />
global sustainability because they are derived from renewable resources. This patent pending<br />
technology allows for the formulation of high performance composite resins with no more than<br />
25 wt% styrene. As a result, these resins are currently being demonstrated/validated under<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> WP-0617 for DoD use in Marines HMMWV helmet hardtops, Air Force T-38 dorsal<br />
covers, MCM composite rudders for the Navy, and Army tactical vehicles, including HMMWV<br />
hoods, HMMWV transmission containers, and M35A3 truck hoods. This work has validated the<br />
commercially produced low HAP vinyl ester resins from Applied Poleramics, Inc. for use in<br />
DoD composite structures. Tests have shown that the established resin formulations meet the<br />
property requirements, including viscosity, glass transition temperature, modulus, strength, short<br />
beam shear strength, and fracture toughness. Furthermore the low HAP fatty acid composites<br />
have improved weatherability relative to the baseline vinyl ester composites. The Army has<br />
demonstrated the HMMWV transmission container, M35A3 hood, and M939 hood. The Air<br />
Force has demonstrated the production of an F-22 canopy cover. Validation of these structures is<br />
underway. An economic analysis has shown that these resins will cost an additional $0.1-1.20/lb<br />
(depending on manufacturing scale) more than baseline resins. However, these resins reduce life<br />
cycle cost by more than $1.20/lb making them economically feasible.<br />
G-98
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 211 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
HYDROGEN RE-EMBRITTLEMENT TEST METHOD FOR CADMIUM PLATING<br />
H<br />
ALTERNATIVES AND MAINTENANCE CHEMICALS<br />
MR. SCOTT GRENDAHL<br />
U.S. Army Research Laboratory<br />
Deer Creek Loop<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005<br />
(410) 306-0819<br />
sgrenda@arl.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: The Boeing Company, Bell Helicopters<br />
(Sorry—due to a last minute cancellation, this poster will not be presented.)<br />
igh strength steel is used on aircraft components, such as landing gear, and the steel is<br />
typically cadmium plated to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel. Because high<br />
strength steel is sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement, precautions need to be taken to ensure that<br />
when maintenance activities occur on the aircraft they do not cause hydrogen embrittlement of<br />
the steel. Therefore, aircraft maintenance chemicals are tested per ASTM-F-519, Annex A5 to<br />
verify that they do not cause hydrogen embrittlement of cadmium plated high strength steel.<br />
Re-embrittlement testing has been in use for many years by the aerospace industry and is carried<br />
out with at least five different types of ASTM-F-519 test specimens and at least five different test<br />
conditions. This means that there are at least 25 different hydrogen re-embrittlement test methods<br />
currently used. The reason for the different re-embrittlement test methods is the fact that at one<br />
time there were many different aircraft companies and they all developed their own method to<br />
test for hydrogen re-embrittlement, and ASTM-F-519 Annex A5 became the repository for all of<br />
these test methods. Consolidation, or at least a means of comparison, has been a road block since<br />
inception.<br />
Efforts are underway to replace cadmium with less hazardous materials and this re-embrittlement<br />
test is increasingly a testing road block and source of controversy in the implementation of<br />
cadmium alternatives. In order to satisfy all of the DoD and OEM requirements, and to qualify<br />
just one maintenance chemical to work with zinc-nickel on high strength steel, it could take as<br />
many as 25 tests. This is far too many tests to carry-out on just one maintenance chemical and<br />
there are literally hundreds of chemicals currently being used in the aerospace industry. Under<br />
current conditions, the total amount of testing required to qualify a single cadmium replacement<br />
has proven cost and time prohibitive.<br />
The ASTM-F-07 Committee on Aerospace and Aircraft Test Methods has an F07.04<br />
subcommittee on hydrogen embrittlement testing that is responsible for ASTM-F-519 and the<br />
Annex A5 in this specification which deals with hydrogen re-embrittlement testing of aircraft<br />
maintenance chemicals. This subcommittee is very interested in reducing and improving the reembrittlement<br />
tests specified in Annex A5 and wants to consider other test specimen materials<br />
besides cadmium plated steel. However, in order to change the test method, it is necessary to<br />
determine the accuracy and repeatability of the current and proposed test methods. This work is<br />
funded by <strong>SERDP</strong>.<br />
G-99
Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP)<br />
Surface Engineering and Structural Materials<br />
Poster Number 212 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
NEAR-INFRARED RADIATION BASED COMPOSITE REPAIR<br />
USING THERMOPLASTICS AS ADHESIVES<br />
MR. SHRIDHAR YARLAGADDA<br />
University of Delaware<br />
201 Composites Manufacturing Science Laboratory<br />
Newark, DE 19716<br />
(302) 831-4941<br />
yarlagad@udel.edu<br />
he The team of University of Delaware Center for Composite Materials and Kubota<br />
Research, Inc. has developed novel thermoplastic alternatives to thermoset adhesives for<br />
military platforms with a near-infrared heating system for bonding and repair of composite<br />
materials. The use of thermoplastics eliminates the generation of VOC’s and HAPs, as well as<br />
hazardous waste, and the P-Wave welding system provides a low cost, highly portable system for<br />
providing the required selective heating at the repair interface. Thermoplastic systems were<br />
developed that demonstrated equivalent or better peel and lap shear strengths compared to<br />
thermosets for similar bonding or processing conditions. Potential applications being evaluated<br />
include bonding of support studs for aircraft interior wiring and field repair of composite<br />
structures.<br />
This project is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project WP-1581.<br />
G-100
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 26 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
MECHANISM OF BASE-ACTIVATION OF PERSULFATE FOR<br />
IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION (ISCO)<br />
DR. RICHARD WATTS<br />
Washington State University<br />
Box 2910<br />
Pullman, WA 99164-2910<br />
(509) 335-3761<br />
rjwatts@wsu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Olha S. Furman, Ana Maria Ocampo, Robert E. Vaughan, and<br />
Amy L. Teel (Washington State University); Richard A. Brown (ERM);<br />
Phillip A. Block (FMC Corporation)<br />
ctivated persulfate is an increasingly popular reagent for the in-situ chemical oxidation<br />
(ISCO) remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater. Persulfate is significantly more<br />
stable than hydrogen peroxide, providing the potential for transport from the point of injection to<br />
contaminants in lower permeability regions of the subsurface. Persulfate must be activated to<br />
generate the reactive oxygen species necessary to oxidize most contaminants of concern, such as<br />
trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), etc. Persulfate<br />
activation is usually accomplished using transition metals or sodium hydroxide with activation<br />
by sodium hydroxide currently most common. The objective of this research under ER-1489 was<br />
to investigate a number of routes of persulfate activation to provide more effective application of<br />
activated persulfate for ISCO.<br />
The mechanism of base-activated persulfate was studied in laboratory-scale batch reactors using<br />
probe compounds that react with specific oxygen species (e.g., nitrobenzene was used as a probe<br />
for hydroxyl radical and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene was used as a probe for hydroperoxide anion). The<br />
generation of specific reactive oxygen species was confirmed by the addition of tert-butyl<br />
alcohol, which scavenges hydroxyl radical, and isopropanol, which scavenges both sulfate and<br />
hydroxyl radical.<br />
Based on the results, we proposed the following mechanism for base-activated persulfate<br />
decomposition: (1) base-catalyzed hydrolysis of some of the persulfate to form hydroperoxide<br />
and two sulfate anions; (2) subsequent reduction of other persulfate molecules by the<br />
hydroperoxide generated in the first reaction to yield sulfate radical and sulfate anion, with<br />
oxidation of the hydroperoxide to superoxide; and (3) oxidation of hydroxide anion by sulfate<br />
radical to produce hydroxyl radical.<br />
In a further investigation of this mechanism, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra confirmed<br />
the presence of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals, and the addition of hydroperoxide to a basic<br />
persulfate system increased superoxide generation in proportion to the concentration of<br />
hydroperoxide added. The proposed mechanism is consistent with the data obtained to date, and<br />
explains the widespread reactivity characteristic of base-activated persulfate systems.<br />
G-101
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 30 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
C<br />
QUANTIFYING ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN SOIL SAMPLES: EFFECTS OF<br />
SAMPLING METHOD ATTRIBUTES UNDER VARIED CONTAMINANT<br />
CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS<br />
DR. ROBERT L. SIEGRIST<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Science and Engineering<br />
Coolbaugh Hall 206<br />
Golden, CO 80401-1887<br />
(303) 384-2158<br />
siegrist@mines.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Ryan Oesterreich and Leanna Woods (Colorado School of Mines);<br />
Dr. Michelle Crimi (Clarkson University)<br />
ontaminated land continues to present a major challenge on a global scale, and particularly<br />
for sites where volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), including Dense Non-Aqueous Phase<br />
Liquids (DNAPLs), are present in soil and groundwater. To enable risk assessment and costeffective<br />
remediation where necessary, soil and groundwater monitoring is routinely required.<br />
Although widely employed, standard practices do not necessarily yield accurate and unbiased<br />
estimates of contaminant levels or remediation effectiveness. To enhance the fundamental<br />
understanding of current practices and to develop improved methods for obtaining and utilizing<br />
data from direct-push cores and groundwater wells, <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1490 is ongoing at the<br />
Colorado School of Mines (CSM). The project has two complementary elements that are focused<br />
on understanding and mitigating: (1) the organic chemical losses that occur during sample<br />
acquisition and handling, and (2) the effects of remediation-induced changes in the behavior of<br />
untreated organic chemicals including DNAPL compounds. This poster presentation highlights<br />
the methods and results obtained from the first of these two project elements. During this<br />
research, soil cores were contaminated under laboratory conditions and then used to quantify the<br />
ability of different sampling methods to yield accurate and unbiased measurements of<br />
contaminant levels in soil samples obtained from an intact core and how that ability was affected<br />
by varied contaminant characteristics and environmental conditions. Three chemicals with<br />
contrasting properties were studied (1,1,1-TCA, TCE, PCE) at three different contaminant levels.<br />
Five different sampling methods were studied - including standard and improved methods -<br />
spanning a range of media disaggregation and atmospheric exposure that can occur during soil<br />
sample acquisition and handling. <strong>Environmental</strong> conditions were varied to include different soil<br />
types (different particle size distributions and organic carbon contents), soil water contents<br />
(vadose zone and groundwater zone water conditions), and soil temperatures (five levels ranging<br />
from 5ºC to 80ºC representing different ambient and thermal treatment conditions). Research<br />
results have revealed that standard sampling methods commonly introduce a negative bias in<br />
measured concentrations of 50% or more, with the magnitude depending on the attributes of the<br />
sampling method used and the contaminant characteristics and environmental conditions. The<br />
research findings provide essential insight into the need for and selection of effective, yet<br />
practical, sampling methods that can generate accurate and unbiased contaminant data.<br />
Moreover, the research has revealed that under certain environmental conditions, it may be<br />
virtually impossible to obtain accurate measurements of certain organic chemicals, illustrating<br />
the need for alternative strategies for site assessment and remediation performance assessment.<br />
G-102
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 31 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOCOL AND SCREENING TOOL FOR SELECTION<br />
OF DNAPL SOURCE AREA REMEDIATION<br />
CARMEN A. LEBRÓN<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-1616<br />
carmen.lebron@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Julie Konzuk, Dr. David Major, Cherilyn Carrara, Dr. Melanie<br />
Duhamel, and Dr. Gavin Grant (Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.); Dr. Bernard Kueper and Michael<br />
West (Queen’s University); Dr. Jason Gerhard and Tiwee Pang (University of Edinburgh)<br />
A<br />
Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) remediation screening tool is currently being<br />
developed under <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0424. The tool will provide users with observed<br />
performance for various technologies applied at statistically similar sites and thus aid users in<br />
determining the remedial approach that may meet their site-specific remedial goals. This<br />
screening tool has as its basis a comprehensive database of case studies of DNAPL remediation<br />
compiled from various sources comprising remedial performance data from site applications,<br />
laboratory experiments, and numerical simulation studies. Included in this comprehensive data<br />
set are the results of numerical simulations (being completed by Queen’s University and the<br />
University of Edinburgh) of template sites representing typical geological settings and conditions<br />
encountered at Department of Defense (DoD) facilities impacted with DNAPLs. The screening<br />
tool will allow users to quickly access a large volume of performance data while filtering the<br />
output to show only the results relevant to the particular site under study. Users can also filter the<br />
output by study type or other parameters.<br />
The numerical simulations of the template sites provide the following information that cannot be<br />
determined from field applications: (1) more detailed information on remedial performance such<br />
as total mass removed and mass remaining; (2) improved understanding of the critical factors<br />
impacting technology performance through sensitivity studies; and (3) direct comparison<br />
between technology performance and specific site characteristics. For example, the numerical<br />
modeling completed to date has shown that chemical oxidation using permanganate (MnO4-)<br />
may reduce downgradient mass flux from a DNAPL source zone within weeks to months from<br />
treatment initiation and is capable of achieving partial removal of the DNAPL phase. However,<br />
MnO4- consumption is often inefficient (~8 to 10 times more MnO4- reacts with natural organic<br />
matter than contaminant in simulations with typical levels of organic matter), and the rate of<br />
DNAPL removal can become diffusion-limited due to the formation of manganese dioxide<br />
precipitate rind surrounding the DNAPL phase, prolonging necessary treatment time.<br />
The screening tool protocol was developed using multivariate regression analyses to identify key<br />
parameters affecting each performance metric for each DNAPL remediation technology. Results<br />
of the numerical simulations and case study review will be presented.<br />
G-103
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 32 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IMPROVING EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOREMEDIATION AT DNAPL SOURCE<br />
ZONE SITES BY APPLYING PARTITIONING ELECTRON DONORS (PEDS)<br />
CARMEN A. LEBRÓN<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-1616<br />
carmen.lebron@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. David Major and Michaye McMaster (Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.);<br />
Dr. Frank E. Löeffler and Dr. Kurt D. Pennell (Georgia Institute of Technology)<br />
P<br />
artitioning electron donors (PEDs) are water soluble substrates that can partition strongly<br />
into a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL). The PED is subsequently released from<br />
the DNAPL back into groundwater, providing reducing equivalents at the DNAPL water<br />
interface, which promotes the growth of dechlorinating biomass adjacent to the DNAPL, which<br />
in turn enhances DNAPL dissolution rates. PEDs offer advantages over traditional electron<br />
donor applications because their physicochemical properties allow for more specific targeting of<br />
the DNAPL, resulting in lower overall costs due to increased specificity in their consumption.<br />
The objective of <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0716 is to demonstrate/validate (DEM/VAL) the application<br />
of a partitioning electron donor to improve the biologically enhanced dissolution rate of<br />
DNAPLs and ultimately reduce the cost of in-situ bioremediation. The project involves both<br />
laboratory and field components. The laboratory assessment is required in order to screen the<br />
suitability of the candidate PEDs, and to collect key data that will be used to design the PED<br />
field application. The field component will involve applying the selected PED to a DNAPL<br />
source zone by amending recirculated groundwater with the PED. The recirculation system<br />
provides control of the delivery process, and allows the operator to tailor the PED addition to the<br />
site.<br />
Work to date has focused on the laboratory studies, in which two PEDs have been evaluated, n-<br />
butyl acetate (nBA) and n-hexanol. Batch and column studies have been conducted to evaluate<br />
the mass transfer of the PEDs into NAPLs, using both pure trichloroethene (TCE) DNAPL and a<br />
surrogate NAPL consisting of DEM/VAL site contaminants, TCE and 1,1,1-TCA, in<br />
hexadecane. These experiments suggest that nBA partitions strongly into the NAPL (n-hexanol<br />
less strongly), which supports the concept that a single PED application will provide electron<br />
donor to support microbial reductive dechlorination well beyond the time that PED is actively<br />
amended to the system, thereby reducing the need for frequent or repeated PED injections<br />
independent of groundwater velocity. Batch testing has demonstrated that KB 1 Plus ® , a<br />
consortium of microbes capable of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes,<br />
is able to degrade nBA for use as an electron donor to dechlorinate TCE and 1,1,1-TCA.<br />
Ongoing column testing is further evaluating nBA as a PED using DEM/VAL site soil and a<br />
surrogate NAPL that mimics concentrations observed at the site. Findings from these laboratory<br />
studies will inform the design of the field implementation at the DEM/VAL site.<br />
G-104
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 33 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
L<br />
DNAPL REMOVAL FROM FRACTURED ROCK USING THERMAL<br />
CONDUCTIVE HEATING (TCH)—TREATABILITY STUDY AND TCH<br />
DEMONSTRATION PILOT PROGRESS<br />
CARMEN A. LEBRÓN<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center<br />
ESC411<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-1616<br />
carmen.lebron@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Bernard H. Kueper (Queen’s University); Dr. Gorm Heron, John<br />
LaChance, and Devon Tarmasiewicz (TerraTherm, Inc.); Pierre J. Lacombe (USGS)<br />
aboratory treatability studies and installation of the field pilot system is underway for the<br />
four-year <strong>ESTCP</strong>-funded project to demonstrate chlorinated volatile organic chemicals<br />
(CVOC) DNAPL removal from fractured rock (silt- and mudstone) using Thermal Conductive<br />
Heating (TCH). The demonstration site is located at the former Naval Air Warfare Center<br />
(NAWC) in West Trenton, New Jersey and the treatability studies are being performed at<br />
Queen’s University in Canada.<br />
TCH design includes 15 vertical TCH heaters that are 50-ft long, an insulating vapor cover, and<br />
an off gas vapor treatment system comprised of a heat exchanger, cooling tower, positive<br />
displacement blower and granular activated carbon. The area and volume of the pilot test is<br />
approximately 400 ft 2 and 740 cy, respectively.<br />
Drilling, coring, and characterization efforts performed during installation of the pilot system<br />
will provide information on the fracture and matrix properties and hydraulic characteristics of the<br />
rock, and the mass of CVOCs in the rock. Instrumentation installed in the pilot area will provide<br />
3-D information on the rate of heat up and the distribution/variability of temperature and<br />
pressure over time. Sampling and analysis of the extracted vapor stream will provide<br />
information on the flow rates, amount of water extracted as steam, CVOC concentrations in<br />
vapor, and the rate and total amount of mass removed from the pilot test volume.<br />
Samples of bedrock material from the pilot area as well as other types of bedrock are being<br />
conditioned and tested in the laboratory. These studies include: characterization of rock types for<br />
matrix porosity, pore throat distribution, organic carbon, and bulk density; forward diffusion of<br />
trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) into rock samples; heating of rock<br />
samples and quantification of the relationships between heating temperature, heating duration<br />
and mass removal; construction of a rock crusher to prepare samples for micro-wave assisted<br />
extraction; and related analytical and numerical modeling.<br />
The goal of this project is to provide useful guidelines so that when practitioners apply the<br />
technology they avoid misperceptions regarding what is attainable in terms of mass removal,<br />
reduction of aqueous phase contaminant flux, reduction of aqueous phase concentrations, and<br />
reduction in source zone lifespan.<br />
G-105
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 34 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DNAPL DISSOLUTION AND DECHLORINATION IN DISCRETE FRACTURES<br />
T<br />
MR. CHARLES SCHAEFER<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
17 Princess Road<br />
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648<br />
(609) 895-5372<br />
charles.schaefer@shawgrp.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Charles Condee (Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.); Peggy Altman,<br />
Kaneen Christensen, Jared King, and John McCray, Ph.D. (Colorado School of Mines)<br />
he dissolution of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) in fractured bedrock is not<br />
well understood, thereby limiting efforts to predict the longevity of DNAPL sources, select<br />
appropriate remedial technologies, effectively design and implement in-situ technologies,<br />
evaluate remedial performance, and estimate remediation time. Experiments were performed<br />
under <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1554 in discretely fractured sandstone blocks to evaluate DNAPL<br />
architecture, and to evaluate impacts of the DNAPL architecture on DNAPL dissolution rates.<br />
DNAPL residual saturations, DNAPL-water interfacial areas, and dissolution mass transfer<br />
coefficients were measured in four fractured systems. Bedrock fracture bioaugmentation<br />
experiments using Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC) are currently underway, where dechlorination<br />
kinetics, microbial transport, and DNAPL dissolution are being evaluated as a function of DHC<br />
inoculation dosage.<br />
Results of the DNAPL dissolution experiments showed that DNAPL residual saturations<br />
(DNAPL volume/fracture volume) ranged between 0.25 and 0.54 for the rocks studied. DNAPLwater<br />
specific interfacial areas ranged between 24 cm 2 /cm 3 and 57 cm 2 /cm 3 . No measurable<br />
correlation was observed between DNAPL-water interfacial area and aperture, aperture ratio, or<br />
residual saturation. DNAPL-water interfacial areas were comparable to DNAPL-water interfacial<br />
areas reported in sands with grain diameters similar to the rock apertures. However, the DNAPL<br />
residual saturation in the fractures were two- to four-times greater than in the sands, suggesting<br />
that PCE dissolution rates in rock fractures may be substantially less than in unconsolidated<br />
media, as the effective interfacial area per volume of DNAPL in rock fractures was less than in<br />
sands. Comparison of dissolution mass transfer coefficients in the bedrock fractures to<br />
corresponding mass transfer coefficients measured in sands indicated that dissolution rates in<br />
bedrock fractures were substantially less than those measured in sands, even after normalizing to<br />
DNAPL-water interfacial area. DNAPL-water interfacial area normalized mass transfer<br />
coefficients for each bedrock fracture showed a similar functionality with respect to the<br />
Reynolds Number.<br />
Preliminary results from the bioaugmentation experiments showed that an effective PCE-toethene<br />
first-order dechlorination rate constant of 4H10 -4 /hr was measured at an aqueous DHC<br />
concentration of 1H10 6 cell/L. This observed rate correlates well to rates measured in soil<br />
columns without DNAPL present. Despite the relatively rapid dechlorination rates, an increase in<br />
aqueous phase DHC concentrations were not observed over a 3-month period, and rebioaugmenting<br />
did not result in an increase in measured dechlorination rates. No substantial<br />
biofouling or clogging of the fracture has been observed.<br />
G-106
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 35 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
COUPLING POLYMER FLOODS WITH BIODEGRADATION AND CHEMICAL<br />
OXIDATION TREATMENT – TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE MORE EFFECTIVE<br />
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION IN HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFERS<br />
MEGAN M. SMITH<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
1500 Illinois Street<br />
Golden, CO 80401<br />
(303) 384-2095<br />
megsmith@mines.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jeff A.K. Silva, Junko Munakata-Marr, and John E. McCray<br />
(Colorado School of Mines)<br />
n contaminated aquifer systems, small heterogeneities (resulting from differences in<br />
permeability or contaminant saturation) often influence the distribution of injected remediation<br />
agents, causing them to travel mainly through preferential higher-permeability flowpaths.<br />
Combining a viscous polymer flood with the remediation agent may enhance agent delivery into<br />
layers of differing permeability within the system and increase the effectiveness of remedation<br />
treatment, if the polymer solution remains stable in the presence of the remediation agent. Our<br />
research (<strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1486) combines various polymer solutions with the commonly<br />
utilized remediation techniques of chemical oxidation and stimulated biodegradation, for more<br />
thorough clean-up of chlorinated solvents at groundwater sites containing subsurface<br />
heterogeneities. Compatibility testing of polymer/chemical oxidant mixtures shows that certain<br />
solutions can be optimized for given site conditions in order to maximize viscosity retention and<br />
minimize oxidant demand. Xanthan polysaccharide and potassium permanganate solutions prove<br />
particularly compatible over multi-day timescales, and so the possibility of combining similar<br />
polymer molecules with permanganate is also investigated. Advantages and limitations of these<br />
compatible polymer/oxidant combinations are discussed, and possible experimental delivery<br />
strategies (co-injection versus staggered or graded floods) are compared. In addition, the<br />
coupling of bioremediation techniques with polymer floods is examined using batch tests<br />
containing anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria and polymer solutions. The continued ability of the<br />
microbes to completely degrade the test contaminant (tetrachloroethene, or PCE) to ethene is<br />
considered as a measure of basic compatibility. At present, results do not indicate that PCE<br />
degradation is inhibited by the presence of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide or xanthan polymers.<br />
Although our research initially focused on polymer solutions simply as a delivery vehicle for<br />
bioaugmenting a contaminated site, experimental findings also raise the possibility of the<br />
polymer molecules serving a dual role as electron donors. Further experiments comparing the<br />
rates of dechlorination in microcosms fed both with a traditional electron donor (methanol) and<br />
without such a donor are used to determine if polymer can serve as an adequate electron donor<br />
during the process of anaerobic dechlorination of PCE.<br />
G-107
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 36 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
THE ADDITION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS TO ENHANCE THE<br />
DELIVERY OF IN SITU REMEDIATION AGENTS IN HETEROGENEOUS STRATA<br />
JEFF ALLEN KAI SILVA<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Science and Engineering Division<br />
1500 Illinois Street<br />
Golden, CO 80401<br />
(303) 579-1275<br />
jsilva@mines.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Megan M. Smith and Dr. John E. McCray (Colorado School of Mines)<br />
A<br />
key challenge to subsurface remediation effectiveness is achieving an efficient sweep of<br />
the contaminated zone during treatment. This is true of forced-injection strategies that rely<br />
on direct contact between the amendment and the target contaminant, as well as for strategies<br />
that rely on uniform placement of amendments and subsequent dissolution of the amendment.<br />
Subsurface permeability heterogeneities can often limit the sweep efficiency of injected<br />
remediation agents due to by-passing of lower permeability media (LPM) during treatment. If<br />
sufficient contamination exists within this LPM, remediation fluid by-passing during initial<br />
treatment can lead to rebounding of contaminant concentrations within the treatment zone.<br />
Methods designed to mitigate the potential for preferential flow and by-passing effects would<br />
therefore be highly desirable to the Department of Defense to increase remediation efficiencies<br />
and reduce the costs of environmental restoration efforts.<br />
The overall focus of this research (<strong>SERDP</strong> ER-1486) is to explore the utility and efficacy of<br />
adding water-soluble polymers to remediation fluids to promote heterogeneity control and<br />
mitigate by-passing of LPM during in situ treatment. This presentation will initially focus on the<br />
results of 2-D tanks experiments and numerical simulations performed to test and develop<br />
predictive relationships between permeability heterogeneity structure and sweep efficiency<br />
improvement resulting from polymer addition. The importance of these relationships are to allow<br />
site managers a means of readily assessing whether including polymer within remediation<br />
amendment formulations would be advantageous at a given site.<br />
Additionally, 2-D experimental results highlighting the potential for Dense Non-Aqueous Phase<br />
Liquid (DNAPL) mobilization during polymer-amended remediation fluid delivery will be<br />
presented. Specifically, these results demonstrate that if DNAPL is present within a treatment<br />
zone in excess of residual saturation the addition of polymers can promote more horizontal<br />
migration, rather than downward migration, of DNAPL by enhancing the ratio of viscous to<br />
capillary forces (i.e., the local Capillary Number). The potential benefits and limitations of this<br />
process, as it relates to implementation design, will be presented.<br />
G-108
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 37 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
COUPLING SURFACTANTS WITH PERMANGANATE FOR PCE DNAPL<br />
MASS REMOVAL: COINJECTION OR SEQUENTIAL APPLICATION<br />
AS DELIVERY METHODS<br />
PAMELA J. DUGAN, PH.D.<br />
Carus Corporation<br />
1500 8th Street<br />
LaSalle, IL 61301<br />
(815) 224-6870<br />
pamela.dugan@caruscorporation.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Robert L. Siegrist (Colorado School of Mines);<br />
Dr. Michelle Crimi (Clarkson University)<br />
wo-dimensional (2-D) flow-through cell experiments were conducted to investigate coupling<br />
surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) with in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of<br />
tetrachloroethene (PCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) for PCE mass destruction.<br />
Previous batch screening tests were performed on surfactants and cosolvents in the presence of<br />
the oxidant potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), to assess compatibility for coupling with<br />
KMnO 4 . The anionic surfactants sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT), and sodium<br />
hexadecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (Dowfax 8390) were compatible and selected for use. Two<br />
delivery methods were investigated: (1) coinjection of 0.66 pore volumes (PVs) of 1.0-wt%<br />
Aerosol-OT, 0.5-wt% Dowfax 8390, 0.35-wt% CaBr 2 , and 0.75-wt% NaBr, (for enhanced PCE<br />
solubilization) with 0.5-wt% KMnO 4 (for DNAPL mass destruction), and (2) sequential<br />
application of 0.66 PVs of the same surfactant solution followed by 0.66 PVs of 0.5-wt%<br />
KMnO 4 flush. The 2-D cell packing configuration consisted of a fine-grained silica sand matrix<br />
with an embedded medium-grained sand lens, which allowed for the development of a high<br />
saturation PCE DNAPL source zone (~9-11% v/v) within the lens of each cell. For both<br />
experiments the flushing solutions were delivered at a linear velocity of 52 cm/day. Water<br />
quality samples were collected from eight point sampling ports, as well as the cell effluent.<br />
Samples were analyzed for PCE, chloride, and permanganate. At the conclusion of the<br />
experiments, the mass of PCE removed was quantified by destructively analyzing the cell.<br />
Results indicate complete mass removal using sequential application as a delivery method. In the<br />
coinjection experiment, cores extracted at the conclusion revealed that 99.8% of PCE DNAPL<br />
mass was removed. However, it was not possible to close a mass balance between the initial PCE<br />
added and the PCE removed. It is hypothesized this result was due to incomplete oxidation<br />
whereby destruction of PCE occurs without mineralization. Results indicate that coupling<br />
surfactants with permanganate holds promise as a viable method for in-situ mass depletion of<br />
PCE DNAPL using sequential application as a delivery method. Although experimental results<br />
were encouraging with respect to the coinjection of surfactants and permanganate for DNAPL<br />
mass removal, further bench-scale research is warranted prior to implementation in the field.<br />
G-109
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 53 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
P<br />
DESIGNING EFFICIENT PERMANGANATE INJECTION SYSTEMS IN<br />
HETEROGENEOUS AQUIFERS<br />
ROBERT C. BORDEN<br />
North Carolina State University<br />
Campus Box 7908<br />
Raleigh, NC 27695<br />
(919) 515-1625<br />
rcborden@eos.ncsu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Robert L. Siegrist (Colorado School of Mines);<br />
Dr. Michelle Crimi (Clarkson University)<br />
ermanganate (MnO 4 ) is commonly used to oxidize a variety of groundwater contaminants<br />
including chlorinated ethenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and explosives. In this<br />
process, an aqueous solution of NaMnO 4 or KMnO 4 is injected into the treatment zone. The<br />
MnO 4 is transported away from the injection point by diffusion and groundwater flow. When the<br />
MnO 4 comes in contact with a contaminant, a chemical reaction occurs consuming both the<br />
MnO 4 and the contaminant. However at many sites, most of the MnO 4 is consumed during<br />
reaction with the Natural Oxidant Demand (NOD) of the aquifer material.<br />
While permanganate injection systems can be very effective in treating a wide variety of<br />
contaminants, this approach has not always met design objectives. In some cases, the NOD of the<br />
aquifer material is greater than expected, resulting in rapid MnO 4 depletion and inadequate<br />
treatment. In other cases, a significant portion of the contaminant mass is present in difficult to<br />
access lower permeability zones and remains untreated. Once the MnO 4 is depleted, these<br />
contaminants can diffuse back into mobile zones causing a rebound in observed contaminant<br />
concentrations. To be effective, MnO 4 must come into direct contact with the contaminant to be<br />
treated. However, this can be difficult in heterogeneous aquifers where large spatial variations in<br />
hydraulic conductivity make it difficult to uniformly distribute the treatment reagents.<br />
The numerical models MODFLOW and RT3D were used to simulate the transport and chemical<br />
reaction of MnO 4 and TCE in spatially heterogeneous aquifers. The hydraulic conductivity field<br />
was generated using the Turning Bands Method with three different levels of heterogeneity: low,<br />
medium and high. Injection approaches included simultaneous and sequential injection of wells<br />
arranged in grids. Injection performance was evaluated by calculating the volume-weighted<br />
contact efficiency and the mass of contaminant remaining at the end of the injection process.<br />
Design curves were then generated illustrating the effect of different variables on performance.<br />
A spreadsheet based tool has been developed, as part of <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0626, to assist<br />
designers in planning efficient, lower cost injection systems. Information on aquifer parameters<br />
and costs for labor, reagent and well installation are entered first. Results from the<br />
MODFLOW/RT3D model simulations are incorporated as a series of curves illustrating the<br />
effect of different design variables on performance. The designer can then easily evaluate the<br />
effect of different injection approaches on MnO 4 distribution, initial capital cost and 30-year life<br />
cycle costs.<br />
G-110
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 54 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IN SITU “ADVANCED MIXED OXIDATION AND INCLUSION”<br />
TECHNOLOGY: INCLUSION BEHAVIOR OF TCE DNAPL AND<br />
OZONE INTO CLATHRATES<br />
DR. RAYMOND BALL<br />
EnChem Engineering, Inc.<br />
119 Oakdale Road<br />
Newton, MA 02461<br />
(617) 795-0058<br />
rball@en-chem.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Yun Li and Weilin Huang (Rutgers University); Yongqing Zhang (South<br />
China University of Technology and Rutgers University); Elizabeth Erin Mack (DuPont<br />
Corporate Remediation <strong>Group</strong>)<br />
I<br />
n-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is commonly used to remediate volatile organic compounds<br />
(VOCs) (i.e., petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents), but has a number of potential<br />
complications, including difficulty in treating DNAPL compounds (i.e., perchloroethene [PCE],<br />
trichoroethene [TCE], dichloroethene [DCE]). Several studies have successfully treated DNAPL<br />
compounds through the generation and use of radical species (i.e., Hong & Zeng, 2002; Liou et.<br />
al, 2004). We present an oxidation chemistry using a combination of ozone-hydrogen peroxidepersulfate<br />
for subsurface remediation of VOCs, with a focus on the breakdown of these<br />
compounds via clathrate inclusion and enhanced radical production. This chemistry generates<br />
hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical, perhydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical species in situ, with<br />
concentrations of each species dependent on solution pH and temperature. Clathrates are used to<br />
stabilize ozone in situ for enhanced transport and to enhance solubilization of the DNAPL.<br />
The following results based on batch and column tests, are presented with a focus on the<br />
application of the technology to in-situ remediation of DNAPL:<br />
• Relationship of TCE solubility and clathrate solubility;<br />
• Percentage of TCE degradation with ozonation dose and time;<br />
• Percentage of TCE degradation with clathrate and ozonation;<br />
• Percentage of clathrate degradation with ozonation dose and time;<br />
• Percentage of TCE degradation with ozone-hydrogen peroxide dosages and time;<br />
• Percentage of TCE degradation with clathrate and ozone-hydrogen peroxide;<br />
• Percentage of TCE degradation with ozone-hydrogen peroxide-persulfate dosages and<br />
time;<br />
• Percentage of TCE degradation with clathrate and ozone-hydrogen peroxide-persulfate.<br />
A thorough discussion of the chemistry will be presented with additional discussion of in-situ<br />
applications involving DNAPL compounds.<br />
G-111
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 55 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PERSULFATE PERSISTENCE UNDER THERMAL ACTIVATION CONDITIONS<br />
DR. RICK JOHNSON<br />
Oregon Health & Science University<br />
20000 NW Walker Road<br />
Beaverton, OR 97006<br />
(503) 748-1193<br />
rjohnson@ebs.ogi.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Paul G. Tratnyek and Reid O’Brien Johnson (Oregon Health & Science<br />
University)<br />
C<br />
ontaminant destruction with in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using persulfate<br />
(peroxydisulfate) can be enhanced by activation, which increases the rate of persulfate<br />
decomposition to sulfate radicals. This step initiates a chain of radical reactions involving species<br />
(including sulfate and hydroxyl radicals) that oxidize contaminants more rapidly than persulfate<br />
does directly. Among current activation methods, thermal activation is the least sensitive to<br />
geochemical conditions (e.g., pH and carbonate concentration) and its temperature dependence is<br />
described by the Arrhenius model. Combining new data for environmentally relevant conditions<br />
with previously published data, we have computed three sets of Arrhenius parameters (ln A and<br />
Eact) that describe the rate of persulfate decomposition in homogeneous solutions over a wide<br />
range of temperatures and pH. The addition of soil increases the decomposition rate of persulfate<br />
due to reactions with organic matter and possibly mineral surfaces, but the kinetics are still<br />
pseudo-first-order in persulfate and conform to the Arrhenius model. A series of respike<br />
experiments with soil at 70°C demonstrate that once the oxidant demand is met, reaction rates<br />
return to values near those observed in the homogeneous solution case. However, even after the<br />
oxidant demand is met, the relatively short lifetime of the persulfate at elevated temperatures<br />
(e.g., >50°C) will limit the delivery time over which persulfate can be effective.<br />
The results presented here have a number of important implications for the application of<br />
thermally-activated persulfate oxidation. The first is that thermal decomposition of persulfate<br />
follows well-behaved kinetics, which should allow the behavior of persulfate to be predicted<br />
based on straightforward laboratory feasibility tests using relevant materials. Second, the<br />
presence of soil increases the rate at which persulfate decomposes until the soil oxidant demand<br />
has been met. Third, once the soil oxidant demand has been met, persulfate continues to degrade<br />
via the first-order thermal decomposition reaction. Finally, and perhaps of greatest importance,<br />
the lifetime of persulfate (and therefore the availability of sulfate radical) is relatively short at<br />
elevated temperatures, which limits the distances over which diffusion of persulfate can be<br />
effective and which imposes design constraints on the in-situ application of thermally-activated<br />
persulfate.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1458.<br />
G-112
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 56 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
M<br />
CONTAMINANT MASS TRANSFER DURING BOILING IN FRACTURED<br />
GEOLOGIC MEDIA<br />
RONALD FALTA<br />
Clemson University<br />
Brackett Hall, Room 340C<br />
Clemson University, SC 29634-0919<br />
(864) 656-0125<br />
faltar@clemson.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Larry Murdoch (Clemson University)<br />
any sites contaminated with chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are<br />
underlain by fractured rocks or soils with significant matrix porosity. Remediation options<br />
for treating these sites are limited because low matrix permeability and unknown fracture<br />
locations make the delivery or recovery of fluids a challenge. Thermal methods hold promise for<br />
remediation of fractured media because the mechanisms of thermal conduction and electrical<br />
resistance heating can efficiently transfer heat without any fluid flow. Once a fractured rock or<br />
soil is heated above the water boiling point, subsequent depressurization of the fracture network<br />
by vacuum extraction may induce boiling in the matrix, leading to large gas-phase pressure<br />
gradients and a steam stripping effect that can remove the contaminants from the matrix. These<br />
contaminant removal mechanisms, however, have not been demonstrated in the laboratory.<br />
Numerical simulations show that these processes may be very sensitive to the details of the gas<br />
and liquid phase relative permeabilities, and to the intrinsic permeability and other rock<br />
properties. Our current focus in project <strong>SERDP</strong> (ER-1553) is on experimentally demonstrating<br />
the boiling phenomena using one-dimensional rock cores with a simulated fracture at one end.<br />
These cores are instrumented with thermistors and electrodes to allow measurement of<br />
temperature and electrical conductivity, respectively. The electrical conductivity is a strong<br />
function of water saturation, and once calibration curves are developed for a particular rock type,<br />
the electrodes can be used to measure changes in liquid saturation in the core. The core is heated<br />
by thermal conduction from the outside, and is sealed and contained in a pressure vessel to<br />
simulate a confining pressure. The core is initially saturated with water, and then heated, while<br />
the simulated fracture at one end of the core is depressurized. Current experiments involve<br />
uncontaminated water, to focus on the fluid and heat flow aspects of the boiling process. Future<br />
experiments will use water that is contaminated with CVOCs to focus on the contaminant mass<br />
transfer itself. The results of the experiments will be evaluated with numerical analyses, which<br />
will then be used to evaluate field-scale implementation at contaminated sites.<br />
G-113
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 57 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DECISION & MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR DNAPL SITES: OPTIMIZATION<br />
OF CHLORINATED SOLVENT SOURCE AND PLUME REMEDIATION<br />
CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTY<br />
RONALD FALTA<br />
Clemson University<br />
Brackett Hall, Room 340C<br />
Clemson University, SC 29634-0919<br />
(864) 656-0125<br />
faltar@clemson.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Charles Newell and Shala Farhat (Groundwater Services, Inc.); Suresh Rao<br />
and Nandita Basu (Purdue University); Hailian Liang (Clemson University)<br />
D<br />
etermining the best remediation course of action at sites contaminated by DNAPLs is an<br />
extremely difficult engineering challenge. Uncertainties in the cost and performance of<br />
source and plume remediation technologies complicate the decision making process. Predicting<br />
the impact of the source remediation efforts on plume response is hindered by the lack of tools<br />
that explicitly relate source remediation to the downgradient plume over time and space. Our<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> project (ER-0704) is leveraging several recent <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> research efforts to<br />
develop an integrated modeling tool to help site managers address these issues.<br />
An analytical model called REMChlor (for Remediation Evaluation Model for Chlorinated<br />
solvents) is used as the technical foundation for this project. This model, produced as part of<br />
<strong>SERDP</strong> ER-1295, is a significant improvement on existing chlorinated solvent transport models<br />
such as BIOCHLOR, because it can simultaneously account for both source and plume<br />
remediation. We have expanded the functionality of REMChlor by:<br />
• Building a probabilistic framework around the REMChlor source/plume remediation<br />
code, so that uncertainty in hydrogeologic variables, remediation performance, source<br />
loading, plume response, risk factors, and cost can be accounted for and visualized by<br />
users of the new software. This was done using the GoldSim probabilistic simulation<br />
software;<br />
• Developing a graphical user interface to the coupled GoldSim/REMChlor model that can<br />
be freely distributed to the public;<br />
• Compiling and incorporating results of recent research projects regarding cost and<br />
performance of source remediation (such as the <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1293) in the form of<br />
probability density functions as background information for users of the new tool; and<br />
• Improving the REMChlor source function to simulate source containment, and added a<br />
vapor transport calculation module to the cancer risk assessment part of the code.<br />
The new software gives users a single platform where cost, source treatment, plume<br />
management, monitored natural attenuation, and risk assessment can all be evaluated together,<br />
and where uncertainty is incorporated into the site decision making process.<br />
G-114
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 58 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR USE OF IN-SITU THERMAL<br />
TECHNOLOGIES AT DNAPL-IMPACTED SITES<br />
JENNIFER L. TRIPLETT KINGSTON<br />
Haley & Aldrich<br />
8735 Rosehill Road<br />
Lenexa, KS 66215<br />
(913) 217-6905<br />
jkingston@haleyaldrich.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Paul C. Johnson and Paul Dahlen (Arizona State University);<br />
Shane Williams and Eric Foote (Battelle)<br />
n-situ thermal soil and aquifer remediation technologies (e.g., electrical resistance heating<br />
(ERH), conductive heating (CH), steam injection (SI), etc.) have undergone rapid development<br />
and application in recent years. These technologies offer the promise of more rapid and thorough<br />
treatment of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) source zones; however, their field-scale<br />
application has not been well-documented in the technical literature.<br />
To gain more information on thermal technology performance this study will tie together a<br />
combination of results from empirical analyses of available field data and project-specific field<br />
sampling at target sites. Through the empirical analysis of field data and post-treatment field<br />
sampling at five sites, the objective was to develop a tool that will enable practitioners,<br />
regulators, and site owners to anticipate the likely performance efficiency of thermal-based<br />
technologies for a small number generalized geologic site scenarios.<br />
Available documents from 182 applications were reviewed, which included 87 electrical<br />
resistance heating, 46 steam-based heating, 26 conductive heating, and 23 other heating<br />
technology applications conducted between 1988 and 2007. Approximately 90% of the 182<br />
applications were implemented after 1995 and about half since 2000. More specifically, this<br />
review identified the geologic settings in which these technologies were applied, chemicals<br />
treated, design parameters, operating conditions, and performance metrics. The results of this<br />
study are summarized in a table linking this information to five generalized geologic scenarios;<br />
this table was designed to be useful for practitioners considering thermal technologies. The user<br />
selects one of five geologic settings that most closely resembles their site, and then can quickly<br />
review which technologies have been applied in that setting, the designs employed, operating<br />
conditions, and the performance achieved.<br />
Groundwater impacts, as quantified by dissolved concentrations and mass flux (discharge) into<br />
the aquifer, were determined by high spatial density sampling and analysis at five thermal<br />
treatment sites. The range of concentration and mass flux reductions ranged from about
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 59 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
E<br />
COMBINING LOW-ENERGY ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATING WITH<br />
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC REACTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CHLORINATED<br />
SOLVENT DNAPL SOURCE AREAS<br />
TAMZEN MACBETH PH.D., P.E.<br />
North Wind, Inc.<br />
1425 Higham<br />
Idaho Falls, ID 83404<br />
(208) 557-7846<br />
tmacbeth@northwind-inc.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mike Truex (PNNL); Dr. Mandy Michaelson (USACE, Seattle, WA);<br />
Tom Powell (TRS, Inc.); Dr. Kent Sorenson (CDM)<br />
nhanced in-situ bioremediation (ISB), iron-based reduction using zero-valent iron (ZVI), and<br />
thermal treatment using electrical resistance heating (ERH) have been demonstrated<br />
independently for residual source zones. Combining in-situ and thermal technologies may<br />
provide many of the benefits of the in-situ treatments with the shorter remedial timeframe<br />
associated with thermal treatment. <strong>Environmental</strong> Security Technology Certification Program<br />
(<strong>ESTCP</strong>) Project ER-0719 is focused on demonstrating the benefits of combining low-energy<br />
ERH with either ISB or ZVI for chlorinated solvent residual source zones. Project objectives<br />
include the assessment of: (1) the extent to which contaminant degradation is enhanced at<br />
elevated compared to ambient temperatures; (2) the relative contribution of biotic and abiotic<br />
contaminant degradation mechanisms at different temperatures; and (3) the cost-benefit of<br />
applying low-energy heating with in-situ treatments. Phase 1 of the project consists of initial<br />
characterization and verification of the suitability of each test cell to meet project objectives.<br />
Phase 2 consists of a field demonstration of ISB and ZVI without heating to establish<br />
performance of the individual technologies including the degradation kinetics and mass balance<br />
factors at ambient temperature. Phase 3 consists of a field demonstration of ISB and ZVI with<br />
low-energy ERH to evaluate treatment performance at elevated temperatures of approximately<br />
35°C for the ISB cell and 55°C for the ZVI cell including parameters established in Phase 2. The<br />
focus of the data presented herein is activities completed as part of Phase 1.<br />
One of the greatest uncertainties to the success of the demonstration was verifying that sufficient<br />
residual mass was present within the test cells to evaluate removal at ambient and elevated<br />
temperatures. Therefore, Phase 1 characterization included a soil gas survey in July 2008<br />
utilizing GORETM Modules to evaluate a large area in and around the proposed test cells to<br />
establish high-concentration “hot spots.” Following these results, confirmation soil borings and<br />
sampling, and installation of groundwater monitoring wells and sampling was also conducted in<br />
August 2008 to verify the presence and concentration of residual mass within soils and to<br />
establish groundwater and soil vapor concentrations within the planned test cells. The criteria for<br />
completion of the test cell installation and execution of the demonstration is TCE concentrations<br />
of at least 10,000 µg/kg in soils and/or 5 ppm in groundwater. Final well installation will occur<br />
after the decision to continue the demonstration is made and additional hydraulic, groundwater,<br />
and soil gas characterization will be completed.<br />
G-116
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 60 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
HYDRAULICS OF IN-SITU ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATING<br />
AT SUB-BOILING TEMPERATURES<br />
DR. RICK JOHNSON<br />
Oregon Health & Science University<br />
20000 NW Walker Road<br />
Beaverton, OR 97006<br />
(503) 748-1193<br />
rjohnson@ebs.ogi.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Brent Sleep and Magdalena Krol (University of Toronto)<br />
n-situ electrical resistance heating (ERH) has a broad range of potential applications for<br />
remediation of contaminated groundwater. To date, heating to boiling temperatures and the<br />
direct removal of contaminants is the most common form of ERH. This approach can be<br />
effective at rapidly removing contaminants, however, it requires significant infrastructure both to<br />
deliver the needed power and to treat liquids and vapors driven from the subsurface by the<br />
heating process. In addition, heating to boiling temperatures does not necessarily couple well<br />
with other remediation strategies (e.g., biological and chemical).<br />
Heating at sub-boiling temperatures, on the other hand, can provide conditions that are wellsuited<br />
to coupled processes (e.g., enhanced microbial activity, chemical oxidation with<br />
thermally-activated persulfate). However, even at relatively low temperatures (e.g.,
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 61 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
REACTIVITY OF CHLORINATED ETHENES DURING THERMAL TREATMENT<br />
DR. KURT PENNELL<br />
Georgia Institute of Technology<br />
311 Ferst Drive<br />
Atlanta, GA 30332<br />
(404) 894-9365<br />
kpennell@ce.gatech.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jed Costanza, Frank Löeffler, Kelly Fletcher, Nivedhya Ramaswamy,<br />
Gretell Otaño, and John Callaghan (Georgia Institute of Technology)<br />
n-situ thermal treatment technologies, such as electrical resistance heating, are capable of<br />
removing substantial chlorinated solvent mass from the subsurface. Although thermal<br />
destruction of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) has been shown, considerable<br />
uncertainty exists when attempting to estimate the fraction of contaminant mass that is degraded<br />
during thermal treatment. The reactivity of PCE and TCE was measured in sealed ampules<br />
incubated at temperatures ranging from 22 to 120ºC for periods of up 40 days. No more than<br />
15% of the initial TCE mass was degraded, resulting in the formation of several non-chlorinated<br />
products including chloride ions, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, glycolate, and formate.<br />
Rates of TCE degradation were relatively insensitive to oxygen content, but increased<br />
substantially in the presence of iron bearing minerals, with TCE disappearance half-life at 120ºC<br />
decreasing from 330 to 40 days upon addition of 1% (wt.) goethite. To further explore the effect<br />
of solids on PCE and TCE degradation, experiments were conducted under <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-<br />
1419 using soil and groundwater from four sites undergoing thermal treatment. The measured<br />
half-life for PCE degradation in ampules containing Camelot soil and groundwater was greater<br />
than 7,000 days at 95°C and was between 590 and 683 days for TCE in ampules containing Fort<br />
Lewis samples at 95°C. No degradation of PCE, TCE, or cis-DCE was observed in ampules with<br />
Great Lakes samples, and no degradation of TCE or cis-DCE was detected in ampules with<br />
Pemaco samples. These findings suggest that abiotic transformation processes are unlikely to<br />
contribute significantly to TCE and PCE destruction during electrical resistive heating of soils.<br />
Enhanced biotic reductive dechlorination has been reported to occur at field sites during and after<br />
thermal treatment. Using two distinct PCE-to-ethene dechlorinating consortia, OW and BDI, we<br />
observed ethene formation only in cultures incubated below 30ºC. At incubation temperatures<br />
above 30ºC, either vinyl chloride was the final dechlorination product (35ºC) or no<br />
dechlorination of PCE occurred (45ºC). No reductive dechlorination occurred in any of the<br />
microcosms constructed from Great Lakes soils, while in microcosms constructed with Fort<br />
Lewis soil, reductive dechlorination to cis-DCE occurred in microcosms incubated at 24ºC. PCEto-cis-DCE<br />
dechlorination in the microcosms incubated at 35ºC required the addition of electron<br />
donor (lactate), suggesting that substrate consumption in competing microbial processes limited<br />
reductive dechlorination at 35ºC. Incubation at temperatures ranging from 45 to 90ºC prevented<br />
any reductive dechlorination activity, however, PCE and TCE dechlorination was restored upon<br />
cooling to 24ºC followed by bioaugmentation and electron donor addition. These findings<br />
indicate that temperatures above 30ºC negatively impact dechlorinating populations, but suggest<br />
that bioaugmentation and biostimulation are promising down-gradient and post-thermal<br />
treatment options.<br />
G-118
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 62 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
REMEDIATION OF DNAPL AND LNAPL USING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE<br />
E<br />
HEATING AT U.S. MILITARY BASES<br />
MR. DAVID FLEMING<br />
Thermal Remediation Services, Inc.<br />
7421 A Warren Avenue<br />
Snoqualmie, WA 98065<br />
(425) 396-4266<br />
dfleming@thermalrs.com<br />
RH is a remediation technology where soil and groundwater is heated by the passage of<br />
current through saturated and unsaturated soil between the electrodes, not by the electrodes<br />
themselves. It is the resistance to the flow of electrical current that results in increased subsurface<br />
temperatures, and this is typically applied to the boiling point of the contaminant and water.<br />
Steam is created in situ and contaminants are directly volatilized and/or recovered to the surface<br />
as free product.<br />
This poster will provide a series of case studies of a variety of projects that have involved the<br />
remediation of DNAPL and LNAPL using ERH at U.S. military bases. Site background, data<br />
collected and economics will be presented.<br />
G-119
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 78 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
DOMINATING PROCESSES DURING DNAPL REMOVAL FROM THE<br />
SATURATED ZONE USING THERMAL WELLS<br />
DR. RALPH S. BAKER<br />
TerraTherm, Inc.<br />
10 Stevens Road<br />
Fitchburg, MA 01420<br />
(978) 343-0300<br />
rbaker@terratherm.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: John LaChance and Gorm Heron (TerraTherm, Inc.); Uwe Hiester,<br />
Oliver Trötschler, and Hans-Peter Koschitzky (VEGAS – Research Facility for Subsurface<br />
Remediation); Myron Kuhlman (MK Tech Solutions Inc.)<br />
his <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded research project (ER-1423) has focused on elucidating the principle<br />
mechanisms that control the performance of Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH) for<br />
treatment of DNAPL in saturated aquitards. To improve the understanding of the dominating<br />
processes of heat transfer and remediation processes, large-scale tank experiments with<br />
controlled boundary conditions were conducted in different set-ups at VEGAS, the research<br />
facility for subsurface remediation at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. Both tanks (volume<br />
75 and 150 m 3 ; height 4.5 m) had been filled with different layered systems. Silt-sized material<br />
was placed in the middle, lower-permeability saturated layer (K s = 10 -6 to 10 -7 m/s), with a sandy<br />
underlying aquifer layer, and a sandy overlying vadose layer. The groundwater level was<br />
maintained at the top of the lower permeability layer, which was contaminated in some<br />
experiments with PCE. Four Heater Wells were operated in the lower permeability layer to steam<br />
the groundwater and vaporize the contaminants. Two to four SVE Wells were operated in the<br />
upper sand layer to extract only the vaporized, gaseous contaminants. The groundwater flux was<br />
controlled, as were power consumption and SVE-fluxes. Furthermore, hundreds of temperature<br />
sensors, high temperature and corrosion resistant time domain reflectometry sensors for the<br />
measurement of water saturation and porous samplers were installed to determine characteristic<br />
heat transport and multiphase flow parameters in the subsurface of the large tanks.<br />
The 3-D experiments demonstrated that the porewater between the heater wells could be steamed<br />
and a thermally induced unsaturated zone in the aquitard could be induced. Furthermore, the<br />
impact of different groundwater fluxes was quantified, as was the contaminant removal<br />
efficiency. A further aim of the remediation experiments was to determine whether mobilization<br />
and spreading of the contaminants occurs or can be prevented using TCH.<br />
The poster presentation will enable a better understanding of the physical processes by<br />
comparing the results of the experiments with numerical simulations (refer to companion abstract<br />
submitted by Myron Kuhlman). The influence of parameters such as soil characteristics,<br />
permeability, configuration of the experiments and operating conditions (e.g., heat input,<br />
groundwater flux) will be discussed to show what would lead to improved simulations. The<br />
significant remediation processes in the saturated zone under different boundary conditions will<br />
be discussed (e.g., contaminants, location of contamination). The comparison of physical<br />
experiments and accompanying numerical simulations will be presented.<br />
G-120
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 79 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
E<br />
EFFECT OF AGGREGATION, HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY, AND CLAY<br />
ON NZVI EMPLACEMENT IN THE SUBSURFACE<br />
GREG LOWRY<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
Civil & <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
5000 Forbes Avenue<br />
119 Porter Hall<br />
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890<br />
(412) 268-2948<br />
glowry@cmu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Tanapon Phenrat and Hye-Jin Kim (Carnegie Melton University);<br />
Fritjof Fagerlund and Tissa Illangasekare (Colorado School of Mines)<br />
mplacement of polyelectrolyte-modified nano zero valent iron (NZVI) particles at high<br />
particle concentration in the contaminant source zone is needed for effective in-situ<br />
environmental remediation using NZVI. This is challenging because it requires understanding of<br />
multiple complex phenomena, i.e., coupled aggregation and deposition, originating from several<br />
complex forces in the system (hydrodynamic shear and drag, magnetic attraction, electrosteric<br />
repulsion, van der Waals attraction) together with subsurface heterogeneity such as the presence<br />
of clay minerals. The objective of this research is to develop conceptual and semi-empirical<br />
models to better understand these processes and subsurface heterogeneity (the presence of clay)<br />
on the emplacement of NZVI for environmental remediation. Two semi-empirical correlations<br />
are proposed for estimating the deposition and transport of concentrated polyelectrolyte-modified<br />
NZVI dispersions in saturated porous media. The first semi-empirical correlation determines the<br />
apparent stable aggregate size formed during their transport in porous media. The second semiempirical<br />
correlation estimates the attachment efficiency (sticking coefficient) of those<br />
aggregates. The influence of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte layer property, seepage velocity,<br />
collector size, and ionic strength and composition on aggregation and deposition of concentrated<br />
dispersions of polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI in porous media is captured in these models. The<br />
semi-empirical correlations proposed here can be used to design emplacement strategies for<br />
NZVI in porous media. We also propose a conceptual model for the influence of charge<br />
heterogeneity of aquifer media on NZVI mobility. Charge heterogeneity enhances the<br />
aggregation kaolinite in the pore space which can mechanically filter NZVI. In addition, the<br />
positively charged sites on clay edges may promote the attachment of negatively charged anionic<br />
polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI on them. Depending on the size of aggregates, both mechanical<br />
filtration and deposition onto positively charged clay edge sites limits transport. Excess polymer<br />
in the injection solution improves transport by making the surfaces of the aquifer media<br />
uniformly negatively charged.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1485.<br />
G-121
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 80 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Z<br />
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF ZVI-CLAY TECHNOLOGY FOR CHLORINATED<br />
SOLVENT SOURCE ZONES<br />
DR. TOM SALE<br />
Colorado State University<br />
Engineering Research Center<br />
1320 Campus Delivery<br />
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320<br />
(970) 491-8413<br />
TSale@Engr.ColoState.Edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Mitch Olson (Colorado State University)<br />
VI-Clay uses conventional soil mixing equipment to admix reactive media (e.g., zero valent<br />
iron) and stabilizing agents (e.g., clay) with contaminated soil. Through mixing,<br />
heterogeneous subsurface source zones are transformed into uniform bodies of soils,<br />
contaminants, reactive media, and stabilizing agents. Within the treated interval, reactive media<br />
drives contaminant degradation while stabilizing agents reduce the hydraulic conductivity. In<br />
addition, soil mixing overcomes the challenge of delivering reactive media through complex<br />
geologic media. The overall benefit is a dramatic reduction in contaminant flux from the treated<br />
interval.<br />
Appropriate reactive media can be selected to treat site-specific contaminants of concern. A<br />
common application uses zero valent iron (ZVI) to treat chlorinated solvents. Corrosion of the<br />
iron drives degradation of the solvents (Gillham and O’Hannesin, 1994). Reaction rates generally<br />
follow pseudo first-order kinetics. In soils treated by ZVI-Clay, observed half-lives for many<br />
chlorinated solvents range from 10 to 1,000 hours (Olson, 2005). With these conditions,<br />
remaining contaminant mass is reduced by 90 percent every few days to a few months.<br />
Degradation rates are primarily a function of the contaminant and the amount and type of iron<br />
used.<br />
Stabilizing agents (typically clay) provide multiple benefits in the ZVI-Clay process. First,<br />
admixing clay and soil reduces hydraulic conductivity to values similar to bentonite slurry walls<br />
(
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 81 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
DECISION GUIDE FOR MANAGING CHLORINATED SOLVENTS RELEASES<br />
DR. TOM SALE<br />
Colorado State University<br />
Engineering Research Center<br />
1320 Campus Delivery<br />
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320<br />
(970) 491-8413<br />
TSale@Engr.ColoState.Edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Chuck Newell (GSI <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.); Hans Stroo (HydroGeoLogic,<br />
Inc.); Dr. Rob Hinchee (Integrated Science and Technology); Paul Johnson (Arizona State<br />
University)<br />
n July of 2005, <strong>ESTCP</strong> provided funds to support development of documents to assist parties<br />
in selecting remedies for chlorinated solvent source zones (ER-0530). The project involves<br />
two primary deliverables. The first is a short overview of current knowledge in the form of<br />
responses to frequently asked questions. This document is complete and will be posted on the<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> website in the near future. The second document is a more comprehensive guide to<br />
decision-making that will build on recommendations presented in “Contaminants in the<br />
Subsurface” (NRC 2005). A draft of the document will be completed in the fall of 2008.<br />
Our poster at the partners meeting will highlight project objectives, the content of the<br />
deliverables, and the timeline for completion of the project. Through presentation of our poster<br />
we will gain input for our initiatives. Furthermore, we hope to facilitate awareness of our efforts.<br />
The overall vision of this project is that better access to available knowledge will lead to better<br />
management of lingering subsurface environmental legacies at DoD facilities.<br />
G-123
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 82 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PREDICTING DNAPL SOURCE ZONE AND PLUME RESPONSE<br />
USING SITE-MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS<br />
DR. MICHAEL D. ANNABLE<br />
University of Florida<br />
220 Black Hall<br />
Gainesville, FL 32611<br />
(352) 392-3294<br />
annable@ufl.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Michael C. Brooks and A. Lynn Wood (EPA, Kerr Research Center);<br />
Kirk Hatfield and James W. Jawitz (University of Florida); P. Suresh C. Rao (Purdue University)<br />
T<br />
he challenge facing managers of DNAPL contaminated sites is the difficulty and expense<br />
associated with source-zone and plume characterization, and the identification of costeffective<br />
remedial options that: (1) decrease human health and ecological risks, (2) provide<br />
regulatory compliance, and (3) minimize the need for long-term stewardship. The ability to<br />
predict DNAPL source zone behavior and plume response is a critical link between source<br />
characterization and informed site management decisions especially those related to site remedial<br />
actions. Thus, it is vital that source-zone and plume characterization be conducted within a<br />
framework that is consistent with appropriate predictive models.<br />
The current project will demonstrate effective field-scale approaches that forge linkages between<br />
characterization, prediction, and decision making at DNAPL sites. The project objectives are to:<br />
(1) develop source-strength functions for site management purposes using existing historical site<br />
data supplemented with limited flux- and core-based sampling; (2) extend to the field-scale our<br />
ability to predict DNAPL source depletion through dissolution, based on a priori characterization<br />
of the source-zone architecture; (3) characterize the near-source plume response to source-mass<br />
depletion at selected field sites, and within an isolated section of the aquifer, to provide<br />
understanding needed to predict long-term plume responses; (4) link the characterization of the<br />
near-source, short-term responses to likely long-term behavior of the dissolved plume; and<br />
(5) provide recommended guidance on the level of source-zone characterization needed to<br />
adequately predict source-strength functions and plume response.<br />
These objectives will be met through three groups of inter-related activities: (1) analysis of<br />
existing field data from selected sites; (2) observations of plume response under controlled<br />
conditions in field studies; and (3) evaluation through modeling, including both simplified<br />
source-depletion models and comprehensive numerical simulators.<br />
The current phase of the project is selection of up to 20 DNAPL sites with high quality historical<br />
data sets that can be used to quantify site mass balances and links between source zone and<br />
plume. Results will be provided for initial sites selected and we seek input regarding additional<br />
potential sites.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1613.<br />
G-124
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 83 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
C<br />
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF<br />
CONTAMINANT PLUME RESPONSE TO DNAPL SOURCE ZONE<br />
ARCHITECTURE AND DEPLETION IN POROUS AND FRACTURED MEDIA<br />
DR. EDWARD SUDICKY<br />
University of Waterloo<br />
Department of Earth and <strong>Environmental</strong> Sciences<br />
200 University Avenue West<br />
Waterloo, ON N2L 4V9 CANADA<br />
(519) 888-4567, Ext. 36271<br />
sudicky@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Walter Illman and Dr. Shaun Frape (University of Waterloo);<br />
Dr. T.C. Yeh (University of Arizona)<br />
hlorinated solvents are the most prevalent contaminants at Department of Defense (DoD)<br />
sites. These are released as Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) and there is<br />
considerable uncertainty in their fate due to its variable release history and geologic<br />
heterogeneity. DNAPL source zones can contribute to long-term groundwater contamination for<br />
decades to centuries. Therefore, their remediation and management are of high importance.<br />
While progress has been made with respect to process understanding in the context of DNAPL<br />
fate and migration in heterogeneous unconsolidated deposits, there remains a paucity of<br />
knowledge on the behavior of DNAPLs spilled in fractured geologic media.<br />
The main objectives of the proposed research are: (1) to develop computational tools for<br />
predicting aqueous-phase plume response to DNAPL source zone architecture and depletion for<br />
both porous and fractured geologic media; (2) to conduct a suite of numerical experiments to<br />
investigate the relationship between DNAPL source-zone characteristics and dissolve-phase<br />
plume migration in porous and fractured media; (3) to develop a stochastic information fusion<br />
(SIF) technology to define the DNAPL source and its characteristics by exploiting available<br />
hydraulic head and concentration data as well as signatures of stable isotope data of chlorinated<br />
solvents; (4) to conduct laboratory experiments to validate the proposed computational<br />
approaches; and (5) to apply the technique at a well-characterized fractured rock site at<br />
Smithville, Ontario, Canada. A data analysis environment will be developed through<br />
modification of an existing numerical model CompFlow to account for discrete fractures, stable<br />
isotope fractionation, and capability for stochastic information fusion. This environment will<br />
allow integration of various existing and newly collected information to provide the best<br />
unbiased estimates of DNAPLs and their aqueous phase distributions, source locations, and input<br />
history. The information to be integrated will include well hydrographs, concentration data, and<br />
isotopic signatures of the contaminants as well as geologic information and measurements of<br />
hydraulic properties, which have not been utilized effectively at various DoD sites. Fusion of<br />
these types of information will be accomplished by adopting a novel stable isotope fingerprinting<br />
technique and its seamless integration with state-of-the art forward and stochastic inverse<br />
modeling efforts. Through this integrative approach, contaminant plume response to DNAPL<br />
source zone architecture and depletion can be understood at the level that is beyond the<br />
capability of current technologies. Uncertainty can be quantified, which is vital to the selection<br />
of an aggressive active remediation or passive natural attenuation and bioremediation.<br />
G-125
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 84 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ASSESSMENT OF REACTIVE IRON PARTICLE DELIVERY APPROACHES FOR<br />
TREATMENT OF DNAPL SOURCE ZONES<br />
LINDA M. ABRIOLA, PH.D.<br />
Tufts University<br />
105 Anderson Hall, 200 College Avenue<br />
Medford, MA 02155<br />
(617) 627-3237<br />
linda.abriola@tufts.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Kurt D. Pennell, Ph.D. (Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory<br />
University); C. Andrew Ramsburg, Ph.D., Nicole D. Berge, Ph.D., and Yusong Li, Ph.D. (Tufts<br />
University); Jed Costanza, Ph.D. (Georgia Institute of Technology)<br />
T<br />
he application of reactive iron particles is being considered for treatment of Dense Non-<br />
Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) source zones. Although the success of iron-based<br />
technologies depends on both delivery and reactivity in the subsurface, few studies have<br />
investigated the transport of iron-laden suspensions in DNAPL source zones. In such zones,<br />
groundwater velocity and chemistry must be controlled to prevent unintended DNAPL<br />
mobilization or adverse changes in contaminant accessibility. Under <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1487,<br />
researchers are developing and evaluating delivery systems for application of iron-based<br />
technologies within DNAPL source zones.<br />
Efforts to assess subsurface deliverability of the commercially available product RNIP (Toda<br />
America, Inc.) have focused on obtaining baseline transport parameters and understanding<br />
transport mechanisms. Results from one-dimensional (1-D) column experiments indicate<br />
unmodified RNIP slurries move as a distinct iron bank through medium- to coarse-grained sands.<br />
The pressure head required to drive this RNIP bank through porous media increases with<br />
increasing particle concentration. An experiment conducted to evaluate the delivery and<br />
reactivity of RNIP in regions containing entrapped tetrachloroethene (PCE)-DNAPL suggests<br />
that RNIP may be introduced to DNAPL source zones with minimal unintended DNAPL<br />
mobilization. Although a fraction of the DNAPL was transformed to ethene (~4%) in this<br />
experiment, the majority of contaminant removal was attributed to dissolution (~75%).<br />
Encapsulation of the reactive particles within an oil-in-water emulsion is a novel approach which<br />
may permit targeting of DNAPL during iron particle delivery. Iron-containing emulsions were<br />
developed that have mean droplet diameters around 1 micrometer, remain kinetically-stable for<br />
greater than 1.5 hours and possess densities (0.996-1.00 g/mL at 22°C) and dynamic viscosities<br />
of less than 10 cP. Breakthrough curves and post-experiment extractions from column<br />
experiments conducted with medium- and fine-grained sands suggest emulsion droplets and iron<br />
particles are readily transported at modest pressure gradients. Numerical simulations were<br />
conducted to evaluate the DNAPL mobilization potential, reactivity, and transportability of<br />
different ZVI delivery approaches. A two-dimensional multiphase compositional simulator, the<br />
Michigan subsurface environmental remediation (MISER) model, was modified to incorporate<br />
iron-mediated reduction reactions within source zones. Preliminary simulations of several<br />
hypothetical remediation scenarios indicate that the efficiency of aqueous-based ZVI remediation<br />
technologies will depend upon interphase mass transfer (i.e., dissolution).<br />
G-126
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 85 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ITRC’S TECHNICAL AND REGULATORY GUIDANCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION<br />
OF CHLORINATED ETHENE DNAPLS<br />
I<br />
NAJI AKLADISS<br />
Maine Department of <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection<br />
66 Roberts Hill Road<br />
Topsham, ME 04086<br />
(207) 287-7709<br />
naji.n.akladiss@maine.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: R. Wymore (CDM); W. Clayton (Aquifer Solutions); M. DeFlaun,<br />
Eric Hood, and D. Major (Geosyntec); J. Farrell (Florida DEP); P. Hadley (California DTSC);<br />
E. Hausamann (New York DEC); S. Hill (RegTech, Inc./ITRC); J. Lisiecki (FTC&H);<br />
T. Macbeth (North Wind, Inc.); M.J. Ondrechen (Northeastern University); F. Payne<br />
(ARCADIS); J. Sechen (Massachusetts DEP); M. Sieczkowski and D. Smith (JRW<br />
Bioremediation); M. Smith (Vermont DEC); H. Stroo (HGL); L. Syverson (Virginia DEP)<br />
n 2004, the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) established a<br />
Bioremediation of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) Team. This team produced<br />
two initial documents and has just released the technical and regulatory guidance (Tech-Reg) In-<br />
Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones, with an associated Internetbased<br />
training. The first document reviewed the status of the technology, culminating in the 2005<br />
publication of a Technology Overview of In-Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene<br />
DNAPLs in Groundwater. Building on the Technology Overview, a Case Study Forum was held<br />
in March 2006 to document a thorough and critical review of six cutting edge DNAPL<br />
bioremediation projects by a panel of invited experts from industry, academia, and the regulatory<br />
community. A Case Study Document was published in April 2007 that presents all six case<br />
studies, comments from the expert panel, and conclusions of the panel. The recent guidance,<br />
available at www.itrcweb.org, presents a systematic description of the technical and regulatory<br />
considerations for ISB (in-situ bioremediation) of chlorinated ethene: DNAPL source zones.<br />
The Tech-Reg guidance on bioremediation of chlorinated ethene DNAPL source zones, provides<br />
state regulators and the environmental community in general with a reliable body of knowledge<br />
and a resource containing credible evidence that bioremediation can be a safe, cost effective<br />
remediation strategy for DNAPL source zones. The principle objectives of the technical and<br />
regulatory guidance are: (1) to affect technology transfer between the states; (2) to save state<br />
regulators valuable time and money when selecting and approving a remedial technology; and<br />
(3) to provide regulators with scientifically sound and credible evidence they may need to<br />
support, defend, and obtain authorization and approval for the use of ISB of DNAPL<br />
contaminated sites.<br />
The Tech-Reg provides guidance on setting realistic goals for bioremediation of source zones,<br />
and summarizes the current state of the technology, as updated from the 2005 technology<br />
overview document. It also provides recommendations on the data needs and site conceptual<br />
model elements that are unique to bioremediation of DNAPLs. Elements of concern to regulators<br />
and health and safety issues are addressed. Finally, the document provides guidance on selection,<br />
design, implementation, and optimization of bioremediation of chlorinated ethene DNAPLS.<br />
G-127
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 86 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CASE STUDY: USE OF REFRIGERATED CONDENSATION FOR SVE OFF-GAS<br />
R<br />
TREATMENT REMEDIATION FOR CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS<br />
LOWELL KESSEL<br />
G.E.O., Inc.<br />
836 Quail Meadows<br />
Irvine, CA 92603<br />
(714) 709-3683<br />
lkessel@geoinc.org<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Jeremy Squire (Haley & Aldrich, Inc.)<br />
emediation of recalcitrant compounds at sites with high concentrations of volatile organic<br />
compounds (VOCs) and or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) can present significant<br />
technical and financial (long term) risk for stake holders. The authors present two case studies<br />
for which refrigerated condensation, otherwise known as C3-Technology, was utilized in place<br />
of thermal oxidation or granular activated carbon for startup of soil vapor extraction (SVE)<br />
remediation activities at these chlorinated solvent impacted sites. The implementation of the<br />
remediation approach resulted in reduced cost, more rapid source removal and, what became<br />
evident later, more sustainable methodology.<br />
The case studies review the technical merits of the three off-gas treatment approaches (i.e.,<br />
granular activated carbon, thermal oxidation, and C3-Technology) and include evaluation of the<br />
physicochemical site conditions, the fully loaded costs associated with operating the systems,<br />
and the environmental impacts of operating the systems, including a carbon footprint estimate for<br />
each.<br />
The authors provide some key takeaways for consideration of off-gas treatment technologies<br />
from the perspective of feasibility, cost and sustainability.<br />
G-128
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 104 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
PRACTICAL COST-OPTIMIZATION OF CHARACTERIZATION AND<br />
REMEDIATION DECISIONS<br />
JACK PARKER<br />
University of Tennessee<br />
62 Perkins Hall<br />
Knoxville, TN 37996-2669<br />
(865) 974-7718<br />
jparker@utk.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Peter Kitanidis, Xiaoyi Liu, and Michael Cardiff (Stanford University);<br />
Ungtae Kim (University of Tennessee); Dave Becker (USACOE); Aleisa Bloom (ORNL);<br />
Kyle Gorder (Hill AFB)<br />
S<br />
ERDP Project ER-1611 focuses on the development of methods to optimize management of<br />
DNAPL-contaminated sites to reduce net cost. Computational tools are being developed to<br />
enable cost-optimized decision-making regarding remedial actions and associated site<br />
characterization efforts to meet specified remedial objectives with quantifiable uncertainty.<br />
Substantial uncertainty always exists in DNAPL source characteristics and other site parameters<br />
that complicate the selection and design of cleanup strategies. The proposed approach directly<br />
considers effects of uncertainty in performance projections on the decision-making process and<br />
identifies cost tradeoffs among remedial options, characterization efforts, and monitoring<br />
strategies.<br />
Models for dissolved solvent migration with time-dependent DNAPL sources are employed to<br />
simulate performance of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) and various strategies for source<br />
mass reduction and dissolved plume remediation. The simulation model is coupled with (1) a<br />
module to compute net present value cost to meet defined remediation criteria given unit<br />
monitoring, operating and capital costs and discount rates, (2) an inverse solution to estimate<br />
model parameters and their uncertainty from available site data, (3) an error analysis module to<br />
determine calibration-constrained (conditional) distributions of remediation performance and<br />
cost predictions, and (4) a management optimization code. The latter will determine the optimum<br />
remediation design considering prediction uncertainty predicated on currently available data, and<br />
will allow assessment of the value of additional characterization data in term of the potential<br />
reduction in expected net present value cost.<br />
Preliminary results are presented for a hypothetical problem involving remediation of a DNAPL<br />
site. A solution is described that considers DNAPL source depletion and biodecay within the<br />
source zone and the aqueous plume controlled by net electron donor availability. Model<br />
calibration is performed using limited ‘noisy’ synthetic monitoring and characterization data.<br />
The remediation strategy involves injection of a carbon source with amounts, locations and<br />
frequencies of carbon injection taken as design variables. In addition to capital, operating and<br />
monitoring costs, the potential for noncompliance with remediation goals is assumed to incur a<br />
“penalty cost” for implementation of a containment system. The potential benefits of reduced<br />
parameter uncertainty on cost uncertainty and expected cost are also investigated.<br />
G-129
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 105 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IMPACT OF SOURCE-ZONE ARCHITECTURE AND FLOW-FIELD<br />
HETEROGENEITY ON REDUCTIONS IN MASS-FLUX<br />
DR. MARK L. BRUSSEAU<br />
University of Arizona<br />
Department of Soil, Water and <strong>Environmental</strong> Science<br />
429 Shantz Building<br />
Tucson, AZ 85721<br />
(520) 626-4191<br />
brusseau@ag.arizona.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Erica L. DiFilippo and Dr. Kenneth C. Carroll (University of Arizona)<br />
A<br />
series of flow-cell experiments was conducted to investigate the impact of source-zone<br />
architecture and flow-field heterogeneity on the relationship between source-zone massremoval<br />
and reductions in contaminant mass-flux. The results showed that minimal reductions in<br />
mass-flux occurred for systems wherein immiscible liquid was present at residual saturation in<br />
regions that are hydraulically accessible. Conversely, significant reductions in mass-flux<br />
occurred for systems wherein immiscible liquid was present as both residual saturation and in<br />
high saturation pools. The systems with significant reductions in mass-flux exhibited multi-step<br />
behavior. Analysis of immiscible-liquid saturation data measured via imaging confirmed that the<br />
initial mass-flux reductions for these systems were associated with the removal of the sourcezone<br />
mass that was hydraulically accessible (within the matrix). Conversely, later reductions in<br />
flux were associated with mass-removal from the less hydraulically-accessible pools. The age of<br />
the source zone (time from initial spill to time of initial characterization) significantly impacted<br />
the observed mass-flux-reduction/mass-removal behavior. The results of this study illustrate the<br />
impact of both source-zone architecture and flow-field heterogeneity on mass-removal and massflux<br />
processes.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1614.<br />
G-130
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — DNAPL Source Zone Remediation<br />
Poster Number 106 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ASSESSMENT OF THE NATURAL ATTENUATION OF DNAPL SOURCE ZONES<br />
AND POST-TREATMENT DNAPL SOURCE ZONE RESIDUALS<br />
RYAN EKRE<br />
Arizona State University<br />
1711 S. Rural Road, ECG-252<br />
P.O. Box 875306<br />
Tempe, AZ 85287<br />
(480) 965-0055<br />
ryan.ekre@asu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown, Dr. Paul Dahlen, Dr. Bruce Rittman, and<br />
Dr. Paul C. Johnson (Arizona State University)<br />
T<br />
he selection of corrective action options at most DNAPL-impacted sites is a non-trivial<br />
exercise. One end-member of remediation options is source zone natural attenuation<br />
(SZNA). SZNA is often used as a basis for assessing the performance and relative benefits of<br />
engineered remediation and to define remediation end-points. SZNA is also an implicit<br />
component of engineered remediation schemes, providing the reduction of post-treatment<br />
residuals. While there is accepted guidance for assessing the natural attenuation of dissolved<br />
groundwater plumes, a well accepted and demonstrated approach for assessing DNAPL SZNA<br />
does not exist.<br />
This <strong>ESTCP</strong> project (ER-0705) will demonstrate the assessment of SZNA at a minimum of two<br />
sites and will produce illustrated guidance that will incorporate demonstration site results. The<br />
approach will provide answers to questions typically asked by decision-makers, including: (a) Is<br />
SZNA occurring, and if so, what natural processes contribute to it; (b) What is the current rate<br />
of source zone mass reduction associated with SZNA, and how might this change in the future;<br />
(c) What are the longer-term implications of SZNA for groundwater and vapor migration<br />
impacts at the site; (d) Are the SZNA processes and rates sustainable; and (e) What is the<br />
projected longevity of the DNAPL source zone (or post-treatment DNAPL residual)<br />
The data-driven approach utilized in this project was recently introduced for LNAPL sites and<br />
has been generalized for DNAPL sites. The approach includes three levels of data collection and<br />
reduction: <strong>Group</strong> I measurements provide evidence that SZNA is occurring; <strong>Group</strong> II<br />
measurements include information necessary to estimate current overall SZNA rates; and <strong>Group</strong><br />
III measurements focus on evaluating long-term implications of SZNA for temporal changes in<br />
source zone residual composition, source zone groundwater quality, and vapor migration<br />
impacts. This data-driven approach is consistent with NRC recommendations for “multiple lines<br />
of evidence” and “footprint” approaches, and is complementary to existing guidance for<br />
assessing the natural attenuation of dissolved plumes and the SZNA screening-level modeling<br />
tool development previously supported by DoD.<br />
To date, the protocol for the assessment of SZNA as it applies to DNAPL sites has been drafted,<br />
Site 45, MCRD Parris Island, South Carolina and the Sludge Drying Beds, Operable Unit A, Hill<br />
AFB, Utah have been identified as demonstration sites, and initial site assessments are underway.<br />
This presentation will provide details on the protocol for the assessment of SZNA, conceptual<br />
models for the demonstration sites, and data from the initial site investigations.<br />
G-131
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 27 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
TREATABILITY STUDY RESULTS FOR THE PEROXYGEN ISCO<br />
DEMONSTRATION/VALIDATION AT MCRS CHERRY POINT, SC<br />
DR. RICHARD WATTS<br />
Washington State University<br />
Box 2910<br />
Pullman, WA 99164-2910<br />
(509) 335-3761<br />
rjwatts@wsu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jeremiah Trnka, Robert E. Vaughan, and Amy L. Teel (Washington State<br />
University); Scott Huling and Ann Keely (EPA); Richard A. Brown (ERM);<br />
Phillip A. Block (FMC Corporation)<br />
R<br />
ecent advances in the use of activated peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide and persulfate) for insitu<br />
chemical oxidation (ISCO) hold promise for the rapid remediation contaminated soils<br />
and groundwater. These developments are being demonstrated and validated at MCRS Cherry<br />
Point under ER-0632. An initial task in this study was to perform a treatability study for<br />
activated perulfate and catalyzed H 2 O 2 propagations (CHP, i.e., modified Fenton’s reagent).<br />
The first objective was to evaluate heterogeneity of the samples relative to depth and area. The<br />
cores were collected down to 16 feet, and the sleeves were cut at intervals that ranged from<br />
18 – 26 inches. A subsample was collected from each core section and evaluated for peroxygen<br />
stability by four different methodologies: (1) gas evolution following the addition of H 2 O 2 ,<br />
(2) H 2 O 2 decomposition rates, (3) consumption of permanganate, and (4) visual inspection of the<br />
samples. After extensive evaluation of the cores, two distinctly different types of subsurface<br />
materials were found. The upper layer of subsurface solids (gs – 10 feet), which was lighter in<br />
color, had some clay and organic matter, and decomposed peroxygens relatively slowly. The<br />
deeper layer (10 – 16 feet bgs) was darker in color, had more clay and organic matter and<br />
decomposed peroxygens significantly more rapidly. Cores from both regions were composited<br />
for stability screening and contaminant destruction studies.<br />
The results obtained during the heterogeneity evaluations suggested that peroxygen longevity<br />
could be a potential limitation in the deployment of peroxygen ISCO at the site. Therefore, a<br />
significant effort was put into increasing the stability of hydrogen peroxide and persulfate using<br />
the stabilizers citrate, malonate, and phytate. Slurries containing 10 g of subsurface solids and 4<br />
ml of groundwater and peroxygen solution received stabilizers in concentrations ranging from 25<br />
to 300 mM. The addition of stabilizers had a significant effect on H 2 O 2 and persulfate stability.<br />
For example, under the optimum condition of 150 mM citrate, the half-life for H 2 O 2 was 16<br />
hours, a 2100% increase in stability compared to unstabilized H 2 O 2 .<br />
Samples were also investigated for contaminant degradation during peroxygen treatment.<br />
Destruction of PCE in citrate-stabilized CHP systems was approximately 80%. Base-activated<br />
persulfate destruction of PCE was 94% in the dark soil with no pH adjustment and 89% in the<br />
dark soil with a 2:1 molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to persulfate. Even higher degrees of<br />
contaminant destruction have been documented in the light soil. More detailed contaminant<br />
destruction studies are underway.<br />
G-132
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 28 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CHALLENGES WITH AN ISCO APPLICATION IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE<br />
E<br />
SUSANNE BORCHERT, P.G.<br />
CH2M HILL, Inc.<br />
2871 West Forest Road<br />
Freeport, IL 61032<br />
(815) 233-1051<br />
Susanne.Borchert@ch2m.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jessica Raphael and Lauren Tatar (CH2M HILL);<br />
Brian Kanzler (Reichhold Chemicals)<br />
xcavation and offsite disposal of contaminated soil is an effective technology for treating<br />
source area soil and has a high certainty of risk-reduction. In-situ remedies, however, can be<br />
more cost effective in treating soil depending on the site-specific characteristics. An evaluation<br />
of applicable in-situ technologies for source area soil was performed (including soil vapor<br />
extraction, electrical resistive heating, enhanced reductive dechlorination, and in-situ chemical<br />
oxidation [ISCO]), and ISCO was determined to have the highest potential of being a costeffective<br />
alternative for the chlorinated solvent-impacted soil in the unsaturated zone. Although<br />
ISCO has been used extensively to treat the saturated zone, treating the unsaturated soil is an<br />
innovative approach. The main contaminants in the source area are trichloroethene (TCE) and<br />
cis-1,2-dichloroethene. A pilot study using Na-permanganate was conducted to: (1) evaluate the<br />
feasibility of unsaturated zone saturation during oxidant delivery into the subsurface; and<br />
(2) determine the cost-effectiveness of oxidation on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<br />
The pilot study was conducted in Fall 2006 on a 16-ft by 18-ft area to a depth of 9 feet below<br />
ground surface (bgs). Groundwater was encountered between 9 and 10 feet bgs. The maximum<br />
concentration of TCE and cis-1,2-DCE were 66,000 µg/kg and 2,400 µg/kg, respectively. The<br />
sodium persulfate soil oxidant demand was < 0.1 g/kg to 0.9 g/kg, while the sodium<br />
permanganate demand ranged from about 3 to 17.1 g/kg.<br />
Permanganate was injected at 9 locations within the pilot study area. Immediately following the<br />
injection, six visual borings were advanced to 12-ft to assess oxidant distribution and level of<br />
saturation of the unsaturated zone. Where observed, the radius of influence ranged from 2.5 up to<br />
10-ft; however, several visual borings had limited evidence of permanganate. Performance<br />
monitoring was conducted on soil and groundwater 1 month post-injection (adjacent to the<br />
baseline locations) along with 10 additional visual borings. Permanganate concentrations in<br />
groundwater were measured post-injection using a spectrophotometer. Although little visual<br />
evidence of permanganate distribution was obtained, the TCE and cis-1,2-DCE concentrations in<br />
soil decreased between 44 and 93%, respectively, however, their concentrations in groundwater<br />
increased up to ten fold. Due to tight soil in the upper portion of the unsaturated source area, soil<br />
excavation was chosen as the main contaminant removal mechanism. Permanganate was then<br />
sprayed in the open pit to impact the remaining unsaturated soil and upper saturated zone.<br />
The presentation will discuss oxidant dosages, the flexible pilot study approach, injectant flow<br />
rates and pressures for optimizing distribution, challenges encountered during oxidant delivery,<br />
and performance monitoring results.<br />
G-133
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 29 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION FOR GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION:<br />
RESPONSES TO PROJECT MANAGERS—FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS<br />
DR. ROBERT SIEGRIST<br />
Colorado School of Mines<br />
1500 Illinois Street<br />
Golden, CO 80401<br />
(303) 384-2158<br />
siegrist@mines.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Michelle Crimi (Clarkson University); Ben Petri, Fritz Krembs, Junko<br />
Munakata Marr, and Tissa Illangasekare (Colorado School of Mines); Tom Simpkin,<br />
Tom Palaia, and Gene Ng (CH2M Hill); Michael Singletary (Naval Facilities Engineering<br />
Command Southeast Division)<br />
A<br />
mong the technologies available to remediate contaminated sites, in-situ chemical oxidation<br />
(ISCO) is often considered and utilized to clean up organic chemical contamination in<br />
source zones and/or associated groundwater plumes. A wide variety of organic contaminants in<br />
soil and groundwater have been addressed with the oxidants permanganate, catalyzed hydrogen<br />
peroxide propagations (CHP), activated persulfate (S 2 O - 8 ), ozone, peroxone, and percarbonate;<br />
which have been introduced through an assortment of delivery approaches. Full-scale ISCO<br />
deployment is accelerating, but care must be taken to achieve performance goals in a costeffective<br />
manner while avoiding unforeseen adverse effects.<br />
Toward advancing the standard-of-practice of ISCO to enable more predictable, cost-effective<br />
application, the development of an ISCO Technology Practices Manual (TPM) is in progress<br />
under <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0623. One element of the TPM is a Frequently Asked Questions<br />
(FAQs) document. The FAQ document provides a concise overview of current knowledge<br />
regarding ISCO applicability, design, implementation, and performance for groundwater<br />
remediation in the form of “FAQs.” The FAQs are those most commonly asked by and most<br />
useful to remedial project managers. Each question is addressed with a brief, focused response.<br />
Questions are categorized under the ISCO process headings “ISCO Screening,” “ISCO<br />
Conceptual Design,” “ISCO Implementation,” and “ISCO Monitoring.” The intended audience<br />
of the FAQ includes DoD Remedial Project Managers (RPMs); however, the document is also<br />
well-suited for site owners/managers in general. It is assumed that readers have a general<br />
understanding of site characterization/assessment and remediation technology selection and<br />
application (i.e., not intended for users new to the field of contaminated sites and remediation).<br />
Additional elements of the TPM include: (1) Principles of ISCO for Groundwater Remediation,<br />
which provides a detailed review of some of the broader issues covered in the FAQ; (2) a<br />
Database for ISCO, named DISCO, which presents a compilation and analysis of ISCO field site<br />
case histories that can be queried based on site-specific geology and contaminant features; and<br />
(3) an ISCO Protocol, which is a decision process with tools for screening, design, and<br />
implementation of ISCO. These components are directly interrelated. For example, the FAQ<br />
document refers to case history data and lessons learned through analysis of database<br />
information. Information is thus cross-linked throughout the individual components of the TPM.<br />
This poster will focus on responses to a selection of the more commonly asked FAQs.<br />
G-134
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 77 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
S<br />
SIMULATION OF LABORATORY IN SITU THERMAL DESORPTION OF<br />
DNAPLS<br />
DR. MYRON KUHLMAN<br />
MK Tech Solutions, Inc.<br />
12843 Covey Lane<br />
Houston, TX 77099<br />
(281) 564-8851<br />
mikuhlman@sbcglobal.net<br />
imulations of 2D-flume and large-tank heating and remediation experiments were conducted<br />
with the thermal simulator STARS. Both the temperature distribution in the containers and<br />
production rate of vaporized perchloroethylene (PCE) were modeled well. However, migration<br />
of the PCE from the lenses where it had been placed was not predicted well since flow of<br />
dissolved DNAPL countercurrent to upwardly flowing water is difficult if not impossible to<br />
model because the grid blocks in the simulations are just not small or heterogeneous enough.<br />
Capillary pressure and DNAPL relative permeability were the most important variables<br />
controlling heating of the containers and migration of the DNAPL in the experiments. The<br />
capillary pressures used are significantly lower than measured capillary pressures because<br />
numerical dispersion in simulations affects movement of fluids in the same way as capillary<br />
pressure does. In the tank experiments the aquifer-influx rate was also very important because<br />
high aquifer-influx rates force the DNAPL to migrate upward and horizontally both as a separate<br />
liquid or component dissolved in the water. Low aquifer-influx rates allow the DNAPL to<br />
migrate downward as both a free liquid and in the vapor phase or the DNAPL could condense<br />
from the vapor beyond the heated zone. In either case, DNAPL that migrates from the heated<br />
zone can only be recovered slowly at a low concentration. The predicted and actual ideal aquiferinflux<br />
rate for these experiments appeared to be 0.55 m/day (2 m 3 /day in a 6H6 meter tank). This<br />
prevented migration of the DNAPL and allowed ninety percent of the PCE to be recovered in<br />
two weeks from a large-tank remediation experiment. When higher rates were used the DNAPL<br />
quickly migrated outside of the heated zone and was recovered slowly.<br />
Migration of a DNAPL and the difficulty of recovering DNAPL that is flushed or condensed<br />
outside of the small heated zone in these experiments are artifacts of these experiments that are<br />
not important in field thermal-conduction-heating projects because the SVE wells are placed<br />
inside (not outside) the heaters in field projects. Moreover, migration of the DNAPL has<br />
occurred over years in the field and did not begin when the experiment started. Thus, this study<br />
shows that simulation is a versatile tool for modeling and explaining the phenomena that are<br />
important in actual thermal projects and how simulations can be modified to best predict<br />
movement of liquids and gases in In-Situ Thermal Desorption projects.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1423.<br />
G-135
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 101 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL APPROACHES FOR DEGRADATION<br />
OF 4-CHLOROANILINE AND ANILINE<br />
PROFESSOR DONNA FENNELL<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Department of <strong>Environmental</strong> Sciences<br />
14 College Farm Road<br />
New Brunswick, NJ 08901<br />
(732) 932-9800, Ext. 6204<br />
fennell@envsci.rutgers.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Yun Li and Weilin Huang (Rutgers University); Yongqing Zhang (South<br />
China University of Technology and Rutgers University); Elizabeth Erin Mack (DuPont<br />
Corporate Remediation <strong>Group</strong>)<br />
A<br />
niline and 4-chloroaniline (p-chloroaniline, PCA) are contaminants at DuPont<br />
Corporation’s Chambers Works in Deepwater, New Jersey. Although degradation of these<br />
compounds is well documented under aerobic conditions, their fate in reduced environments is<br />
less well understood. We are developing treatment methods for PCA and aniline that are<br />
compatible with treatment of co-mingled pollutants at the site. Biodegradation under different<br />
redox conditions and oxidation by persulfate were examined as potential methods for<br />
remediation of sediments contaminated with PCA and aniline. Sediments were obtained from<br />
contaminated and background (lightly contaminated) locations of a groundwater aquifer and a<br />
freshwater canal. In addition to aniline and PCA, the co-contaminants such as dyes, PAHs,<br />
benzene and chlorinated benzenes are present. Microcosms were established under denitrifying,<br />
Fe (III)-reducing, sulfidogenic and methanogenic conditions. Original microcosms were initially<br />
amended with 100 µM and then increased to 1 mM aniline or PCA.<br />
Aquifer microcosms showed loss of aniline under nitrate-reducing, Fe (III)-reducing and<br />
sulfidogenic conditions, and PCA loss under nitrate-reducing conditions. Microcosms from canal<br />
sediments showed loss of aniline under nitrate-reducing, Fe (III)-reducing and sulfidogenic<br />
conditions and slow loss of PCA under nitrate-reducing conditions. Since both aniline and PCA<br />
loss was observed under nitrate-reducing conditions, nitrate-reducing enrichment cultures were<br />
initiated by inoculating with 10% (vol/vol) of active sediment microcosms. Enrichments were<br />
incubated at 25°C and amended with 1 mM aniline or PCA. We also investigated the kinetics of<br />
heat-assisted persulfate oxidation rates of aniline and PCA at various pH, temperature, oxidant<br />
concentration and ionic strength levels. Future studies will examine the utility of combining<br />
these procedures. Additional tests to characterize aniline and PCA degradation pathways and<br />
rates and the microbial community in the enrichment cultures are ongoing.<br />
G-136
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 102 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
E<br />
DECISION FLOWCHART FOR THE USE OF MONITORED NATURAL<br />
ATTENUATION AND ENHANCED ATTENUATION—<br />
CHLORINATED ORGANICS<br />
KIMBERLY A. WILSON<br />
South Carolina Department of Health and <strong>Environmental</strong> Control<br />
2600 Bull Street<br />
Columbia, SC 29201<br />
(803) 896-4087<br />
wilsonka@dhec.sc.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Judie Kean (Florida DEP); John Doyon (New Jersey DEP)<br />
nhanced attenuation (EA) and enhanced bioremediation are terms being used at an<br />
increasing rate in the environmental field. While these remedial strategies are being used in<br />
combination with monitored natural attenuation (MNA), and remedial source zone approaches,<br />
there have been no definitions or guidance for implementation of these strategies at contaminated<br />
chlorinated sites. The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) Enhanced<br />
Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics (EACO) team has developed “second-generation”<br />
management tools/procedures that include defining EA and evaluating site conditions, through a<br />
decision process. This new management approach encourages energy efficiency and provides for<br />
the development of innovative solutions for the environment.<br />
The ITRC EACO team includes members from six state regulatory agencies, industry, federal<br />
agencies, including the Department of Energy (DOE) and EPA, academia, and stakeholders. The<br />
EACO team and the DOE MNA/EA for Chlorinated Solvents project team formed a partnership<br />
to develop the concept of EA and to provide regulators and the community with new, viable<br />
decision process for EA implementation. The ITRC team has published a technical guidance<br />
document to help determine how/when to use EA, developed a flow chart to and a Resource<br />
Guide that describes MNA and EA processes and provides references for additional technical<br />
information. The Decision Flowchart provides a clear and concise pathway that includes the<br />
evaluation of plume stability, decisions on the remedial path, and then the evaluation of<br />
enhancement options. It is anticipated that the Decision Flowchart will provide regulators and<br />
others with guidance in regards to the evaluation of the overall site conceptual model, and the<br />
incorporation of a phased-complete approach for site rehabilitation using new EA strategies.<br />
G-137
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Dissolved Phase Remediation<br />
Poster Number 103 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
VERIFICATION OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF<br />
MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION<br />
MARK WIDDOWSON<br />
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University<br />
Department of Civil & <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0105<br />
(540) 231-7153<br />
mwiddows@vt.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Francis Chapelle (U.S. Geological Survey); Jack Parker (University of<br />
Tennessee); John Novak (Virginia Tech); Carmen Lebrón (NAVFAC)<br />
U<br />
nder <strong>SERDP</strong> project ER-1349, Chapelle et al. (2007) developed a methodology for<br />
assessing MNA sustainability at chlorinated solvent sites. The methodology uses the<br />
comprehensive numerical model SEAM3D version 2.1 to assess sustainability by integrating<br />
effects of DNAPL source depletion, advection, dilution, dispersion, volatilization, abiotic<br />
reactions, and microbial transformations. At chloroethene sites, reductive dechlorination is<br />
typically the critical attenuation process in MNA-based remedial strategies. Sustainable<br />
reductive dechlorination is controlled by fluxes of electron acceptor and donor species from<br />
recharge, dispersion from upgradient groundwater, and dissolution of solid phase bioavailable<br />
organic carbon within the aquifer at sites where only indigenous carbon is present. Long-term<br />
MNA sustainability is determined by computing the net plume behavior in response to the<br />
stoichiometric balance between electron donors and acceptors and transport processes using<br />
SEAM3D. This proposed approach utilizes a simple but novel method to quantify the<br />
operationally defined BOC (Rectanus et al. 2007) and a field-scale source-zone depletion (SZD)<br />
function to estimate contaminant fluxes and remediation time-frame (Parker and Park 2004).<br />
The three main technical objectives of the proposed effort are to: (1) validate a methodology for<br />
calculating by establishing correlations with field-measured dissolved oxygen and chloroethene<br />
concentrations, concentrations of natural organic carbon compounds present in aquifer sediment,<br />
and rate and extent of reductive dechlorination; (2) verify the upscaled SZD function using site<br />
contaminant concentration data for a range of source zone geometries; and (3) demonstrate longterm<br />
MNA sustainability assessment using SEAM3D v.2.1. Initial results suggest that while<br />
BOC correlates positively with total organic carbon (TOC) of aquifer sediment, TOC alone is not<br />
a clear indicator of the rate and extent of reductive dechlorination. Concentrations of BOC in<br />
sediments from a variety of chlorinated ethene-contaminated sites correlate positively with<br />
amino acid concentrations. Because amino acids are known to be relatively bioavailable carbon<br />
compounds, this suggests that the sequential chemical extraction procedure used to measure<br />
BOC—a much simpler procedure than measuring concentrations of compounds such as amino<br />
acids—is a useful indicator of bioavailable carbon in soils and aquifer sediments.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0824.<br />
G-138
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 107 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
LABORATORY STUDIES ON APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT AMENDMENTS<br />
FOR PERCHLORATE DEGRADATION<br />
MARC DESHUSSES<br />
University of California, Riverside<br />
Duke University<br />
Civil and <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
Box 90287<br />
Durham, NC 27708<br />
(919) 660-5200<br />
marc.deshusses@duke.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Yue Wang and Mark R. Matsumoto (University of California, Riverside)<br />
I<br />
n the presence of a suitable electron donor, perchlorate can be degraded to non-toxic chloride,<br />
via either biotic or abiotic mechanisms. In this study, an array of laboratory microcosm<br />
experiments were conducted to evaluate the most effective amendments for future in-situ<br />
remediation of perchlorate in the source (vadose and saturated zones) and plume edge<br />
(biobarriers) at a large contaminated site. All experiments were conducted with actual<br />
contaminated soil and groundwater spiked with an appropriate concentration of perchlorate. Two<br />
amendments, emulsified oil substrate (EOS) and EHC, a treatment for surface soils and<br />
sediments, were selected as electron donor for biobarrier area application, and four amendments,<br />
EOS, glycerin, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), sodium acetate, were selected for source area<br />
application. For the biobarrier area, perchlorate concentration was spiked to about 500 µg/L.<br />
Both EOS and EHC supported the reduction of perchlorate to below 4 µg/L within a week.<br />
Addition of nutrients (1 g/L (NH4)2HPO4) shortened the lag time of perchlorate degradation in<br />
EOS microcosm but had little effect on the reduction rate. For source area, the perchlorate<br />
concentration was spiked to 68000 µg/L. Two different amendments concentration were tested.<br />
A faster rate of perchlorate reduction was obtained at a high concentration (5% (v:v)) of EOS<br />
compared to a low EOS concentration (1% (v:v)). In contrast, the concentration of either glycerin<br />
or acetate had no impact on perchlorate reduction. Addition of HFCS did not result in a<br />
successful treatment endpoint. The addition of nutrients accelerated the initiation of perchlorate<br />
reduction in all source area microcosms. The presence of nitrate in natural groundwater was<br />
found to compete with perchlorate reduction. The experiments will serve to determine the best<br />
field remediation strategy.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0636.<br />
G-139
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 108 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
E<br />
SEMI-PASSIVE ELECTRON DONOR ADDITION FOR ENHANCED IN SITU<br />
BIOREMEDIATION OF PERCHLORATE-IMPACTED GROUNDWATER<br />
THOMAS A. KRUG<br />
Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.<br />
130 Research Lane<br />
Guelph, ON N1G 5G3 CANADA<br />
(519) 822-2230<br />
tkrug@geosyntec.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Evan Cox and David Bertrand (Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.)<br />
nhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB) is being used at an ever increasing number of sites to<br />
treat perchlorate-impacted soils and groundwater. <strong>SERDP</strong>/<strong>ESTCP</strong> recently undertook to<br />
prepare a monograph providing information on implementation of EISB for perchlorateimpacted<br />
groundwater developed during a number of research projects funded by <strong>SERDP</strong>,<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> and other agencies. This poster provides a summary of one chapter of the monograph<br />
which provides information on semi-passive approaches for addition of electron donor for<br />
treatment of perchlorate-impacted groundwater.<br />
Semi-passive EISB involves groundwater recirculation and the addition of electron donor on a<br />
periodic basis to stimulate natural microbiological populations. The approach is similar to active<br />
recirculation EISB approaches, in that groundwater is recirculated between injection and<br />
extraction wells. However, with the semi-passive approach, groundwater is recirculated for an<br />
“active phase” of a limited duration to distribute the electron donor, and then the recirculation<br />
system is shut off for a “passive phase” of longer duration. The extraction and injection wells<br />
may be designed to create a biobarrier perpendicular to the direction of groundwater flow, or to<br />
distribute electron donor throughout source areas or other target treatment zones. This poster<br />
discusses when to consider this approach, advantages and limitations of the approach, and the<br />
design, operation and monitoring of systems using the semi-passive approach.<br />
This poster also includes a case study of a demonstration of semi-passive remediation conducted<br />
by Geosyntec at the Longhorn Army Ammunitions Plant (LHAAP) in northeast Texas with<br />
funding from <strong>ESTCP</strong> (Project ER-0219). In this case, the approach used at the LHAAP site<br />
involved periodic addition of electron donors over a period of 3 weeks every 6 to 10 months. The<br />
approach is significantly less expensive than active recirculation systems but avoids the negative<br />
impacts on water quality resulting from passive systems where very large quantities of electron<br />
donor are added at one time in order to maintain reducing conditions for several years. The data<br />
from the demonstration show that significant reductions in perchlorate concentrations can be<br />
achieved using the semi-passive biobarrier system for EISB of perchlorate without having<br />
significant impacts on secondary water quality characteristics.<br />
G-140
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 109 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A TIERED APPROACH FOR EVALUATING PERCHLORATE<br />
NATURAL ATTENUATION<br />
MS. SHERI L. KNOX, P.E.<br />
Solutions-IES, Inc.<br />
1101 Nowell Road<br />
Raleigh, NC 27607<br />
(919) 873-1060<br />
sknox@solutions-ies.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: M. Tony Lieberman (Solutions-IES, Inc.); Robert C. Borden, P.E., Ph.D.<br />
(North Carolina State University); Mark B. Yeaton (Naval Facilities Command Indian Head);<br />
Richard Zambito, P.E. (Alliant Techsystems, Inc.)<br />
P<br />
erchlorate can and does naturally attenuate in the subsurface. However, it can be difficult to<br />
document monitored natural attenuation at many sites. <strong>ESTCP</strong> has recently released a draft<br />
protocol for demonstrating monitored natural attenuation (MNA) of perchlorate using a tiered<br />
approach: Tier 1 - determine the spatial and temporal distribution of perchlorate; Tier 2 -<br />
characterize the suitability of bio-geochemical conditions for perchlorate biodegradation; and<br />
Tier 3 - confirm microbiological indicators of perchlorate biodegradation. With funding from<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong>, Solutions-IES has documented the MNA of perchlorate at two sites using this tiered<br />
approach.<br />
At the Naval Support Facility in Indian Head, MD, elevated perchlorate concentrations (~24,000<br />
µg/L) from a former rocket motor hog-out facility gradually decline as the plume migrates<br />
toward Mattawoman Creek, a tidal stream 400 feet downgradient from the source. Tier 1 and<br />
Tier 2 activities supported further investigation into using MNA as a remedial alternative.<br />
Perchlorate declined by 3 orders-of-magnitude during migration through the intertidal zone,<br />
resulting in residual perchlorate (3.4 to 6 µg/L) in the shallow groundwater beneath the creek and<br />
no detectable impact to the creek. Some of the decline in perchlorate concentration may be due<br />
to dilution and intertidal mixing. However, the overall decline is much greater than would be<br />
expected based on dilution alone indicating that perchlorate is biodegrading. Columns were<br />
installed in the stream bed to provide a direct measure of in-situ biodegradation (Tier 3).<br />
Measured first-order biodegradation rates were between 24 to 61 per year due to high levels of<br />
organic carbon in the intertidal sediments.<br />
At an Alliant Techsystems (ATK) manufacturing facility, Tier 1 and Tier 2 activities provided<br />
evidence for MNA of perchlorate. To supplement existing lines of evidence, in-situ columns<br />
were installed at ATK approximately 70 ft from the stream edge, and were used to measure<br />
perchlorate biodegradation in shallow sediments just prior to discharge to the stream. Perchlorate<br />
decreased from 133 µg/L to below detection over a six month monitoring period. First-order<br />
biodegradation rates were between 7 to 9 per year. The tiered approach offers a systematic<br />
process to evaluate perchlorate MNA at complex sites. This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project<br />
ER-0428.<br />
G-141
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 110 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CONTINUOUS AND SEQUENCING BATCH OPERATIONS OF A HYDROGEN<br />
BASED MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR TO ACHIEVE VERY LOW<br />
EFFLUENT PERCHLORATE CONCENTRATIONS<br />
EBERHARD MORGENROTH<br />
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<br />
Department of Civil and <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
205 North Mathews Avenue<br />
Urbana, IL 61801<br />
(217) 333-6965<br />
emorgenr@uiuc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jin Woo Lee, Sanghyung Lee, and Lance Schideman<br />
(University of Illinois); Byung J. Kim (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center,<br />
Champaign, IL)<br />
P<br />
erchlorate (ClO - 4 ) is used as an oxidant in rocket fuels and in explosives and has now<br />
become a widespread groundwater contaminant. Nine states in the U.S. have recently<br />
defined state perchlorate advisory levels ranging from 1 to 18 µg/L for drinking water.<br />
Perchlorate can be reduced biologically using either organic compounds (e.g., acetate) or<br />
hydrogen as electron donors. We evaluated a hydrogen-fed moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)<br />
to treat concentrated perchlorate streams (10 to 1,000 mg/L) to achieve effluent concentrations<br />
below the detection limit (4 µg/L). Completely mixed conditions in the MBBR are beneficial to<br />
avoid problem often observed in fixed bed biofilm reactors such as biomass stratification,<br />
clogging, and short-circuiting. But completely mixed conditions in the MBBR can provide a<br />
challenge when the target is to remove perchlorate down to the detection limit. These kinetic<br />
challenges can be overcome when operating the MBBR as a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)<br />
taking advantage of higher conversion rates due to higher bulk phase concentrations during most<br />
of the cycle while, at the end of the cycle, achieving perchlorate concentrations below the<br />
detection limit. The specific purpose of this study was to evaluate the pros and cons of SBR<br />
operation and to compare them with continuous MBBR operation. A 10 L bench scale MBBR<br />
was operated for more than a year as a continuous flow reactor or as an SBR. Hydrogen gas was<br />
introduced at the bottom of the reactor and recirculated from the head space to provide hydrogen<br />
transfer and mixing of the reactor. Effluent concentrations below the detection limit could be<br />
achieved both with continuous and SBR operation. But continuous operation required long<br />
hydraulic retention times (> 60 hours) for complete perchlorate removal while complete removal<br />
with SBR operation was achieved with 12-hour hydraulic retention times and loading rates up to<br />
2 g ClO - 4 /(Ld). Biofilm accumulation and kinetics were monitored throughout the reactor<br />
operation and removal kinetics were evaluated. Operating the MBBR as a SBR reactor can be<br />
advantageous for the treatment of concentrated waste streams with requirements for very low<br />
effluent concentrations. Ongoing work is evaluating the application of the SBR MBBR also for<br />
lower influent perchlorate concentrations and for combined perchlorate and RDX removal.<br />
G-142
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 125 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DETERMINING THE ORIGIN OF PERCHLORATE USING STABLE ISOTOPE<br />
ANALYSIS<br />
PAUL HATZINGER, PH.D.<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
17 Princess Road<br />
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648<br />
(609) 895-5356<br />
paul.hatzinger@shawgrp.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: N. Sturchio, Ph.D. and A. Beloso, Jr. (University of Illinois at Chicago);<br />
J.K. Böhlke, Ph.D. (USGS); B. Gu, Ph.D. (ORNL); W. A. Jackson, Ph.D. (Texas Tech<br />
University); G. Harvey, (USAF)<br />
P<br />
erchlorate (ClO - 4 ) has both natural and synthetic sources. Perchlorate has long been known<br />
to co-occur with nitrate and other anions in caliche deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile.<br />
These deposits were widely imported in the United States during the first half of the 20th century<br />
as an agricultural fertilizer. In addition to Chilean caliche, natural perchlorate has now been<br />
detected in mineral deposits and in surface soils throughout arid regions of the western United<br />
States. The key objective of this <strong>ESTCP</strong>-funded project (ER-0509) is to distinguish natural from<br />
man-made perchlorate using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, as well as to understand the extent<br />
and origin of variations in the isotopic compositions of synthetic and natural perchlorate.<br />
Techniques have been developed to collect, purify, and measure the isotopic composition of<br />
perchlorate (d 37 Cl, d 18 O, and D 17 O) in both source materials and environmental samples.<br />
Consistent differences have been observed between natural perchlorate derived from Chilean<br />
caliche (and fertilizers prepared from this material) and all synthetic sources tested to date. The<br />
d 37 Cl values in the synthetic samples average 12 ‰ higher than the Chilean perchlorate, while<br />
the d 18 O values average 11‰ lower. The natural perchlorate is also characterized by a distinctive<br />
17 O excess (D 17 O ≈ 10‰) that readily differentiates it from man-made perchlorate (D 17 O ≈ 0‰),<br />
and suggests an atmospheric origin with ozone as a reactant.<br />
Isotopic analyses of perchlorate in groundwater have been performed at locations across the<br />
U.S., and both synthetic and natural signatures have been observed, as have signatures indicating<br />
local mixtures of these sources. The data suggest that perchlorate originating from past<br />
agricultural practices contributes significantly to groundwater contamination in some regions,<br />
including southern California and Long Island, New York. Interestingly, stable isotope ratios of<br />
naturally-occurring perchlorate in groundwater at several sites in the western U.S. (including<br />
Texas, New Mexico, and Oregon) deviate from those of Chilean derived perchlorate, indicating<br />
that such perchlorate was formed by a different mechanism or that it may have been modified by<br />
biological, physical, or geochemical processes after deposition. Additional studies are ongoing to<br />
explain the genesis of isotopic variations in natural perchlorate.<br />
G-143
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 126 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
COMPARISON OF GENES INVOLVED IN PERCHLORATE BIODEGRADATION<br />
DR. MARTINA M. EDERER<br />
University of Idaho<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Biotechnology Institute<br />
860 W. Idaho Street<br />
Moscow, ID 83844<br />
(208) 885-5979<br />
mederer@uidaho.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Reema Bansal, Jenni Crawford, Dr. Andrzej Paszczynski, Dr. Tom Hess,<br />
and Dr. Ronald Crawford (University of Idaho)<br />
P<br />
erchlorate compounds have been used in the United States for more than 50 years, and<br />
estimates are that more than 15.9 million kg of perchlorate salts have been discharged into<br />
the U.S. environment since the 1950s. There are a number of methods to remediate perchlorate<br />
contamination in the environment; however, most non-biological methods are either not very<br />
cost effective or produce high volumes of secondary wastes. Bioremediation presents an<br />
attractive alternative to traditional perchlorate cleanup technologies. A number of<br />
microorganisms have been isolated that grow by anaerobic reductive dissimilation of chlorate<br />
and/or perchlorate. The reduction pathway consists of two enzymes: perchlorate reductase and<br />
chlorite dismutase, encoded by the pcrABCD operon and cld gene, respectively. We have cloned,<br />
sequenced, and compared the cld genes from four different organisms (Pseudomonas stutzeri,<br />
Pseudomonas chloritidismutans, Dechloromonas hortensis and Dechlorosoma sp.) as well as the<br />
complete pcr operon of Dechlorosoma sp. We found that the cld genes from all four organisms<br />
are more closely related to each other than to previously published cld sequences. Both, the<br />
sequences for cld and pcr that we determined were most closely related to equivalent loci in the<br />
Dechloromonas aromatica genome (NC 007298). Further, we subcloned the cld genes from P.<br />
chloritidismutans and Dechlorosoma sp. into expression vectors and determined activity of the<br />
enzymes their new hosts by monitoring disappearance of chlorite by mass-spectrometry (MS),<br />
which proved to be a fast and easy assay method. The enzyme from either organism is actively<br />
expressed in log phase E. coli cells, but not in Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021. As reported<br />
by others, expression was not sensitive to oxygen. We have also cloned the entire pcr operon and<br />
linked cld gene from Dechlorosoma sp. in pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). We are in the process of<br />
subcloning this complete set of genes into an expression vector and characterizing expression of<br />
the pathway in E. coli by monitoring disappearance of perchlorate using MS. Further studies will<br />
focus on the cloning and expression of additional perchlorate degradation genes from novel<br />
enrichment cultures that we have obtained, and expression of all our cloned genes in diverse<br />
bacterial species and ultimately in naturally-occurring bacterial biofilms to facilitate in-situ<br />
bioremediation of perchlorate. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1562.<br />
G-144
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 127 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
L<br />
FIELD-SCALE BIOREMEDIATION OF PERCHLORATE IN GROUNDWATER<br />
UTILIZING AN ACTIVE-PASSIVE TREATMENT APPROACH<br />
DAVID LIPPINCOTT, P.G.<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
17 Princess Road<br />
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648<br />
(609) 895-5380<br />
david.lippincott@shawgrp.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Paul B. Hatzinger, Ph.D. and Charles Schaefer, Ph.D.<br />
(Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.); John Cullinane Jr., Ph.D. (U.S. Army Engineer Research and<br />
Development Center)<br />
aboratory studies suggest that in-situ treatment of perchlorate in groundwater can be a<br />
successful remedial option at many sites. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria are naturallyoccurring<br />
in groundwater and can often be stimulated to biodegrade perchlorate through the<br />
addition of various electron donors. However, for full-scale treatment to be effective, an electron<br />
donor must be successfully mixed with the perchlorate-contaminated groundwater, often in a<br />
very heterogeneous aquifer. The primary approaches to deliver electron donor to the subsurface<br />
include: (1) groundwater extraction-reinjection systems that actively mix soluble donors into<br />
groundwater, and (2) passive systems employing slow-release organic substrates that utilize<br />
natural groundwater flow for distribution. Each of these approaches is generally effective for<br />
perchlorate treatment. However, active treatment systems often have significant operation and<br />
maintenance (O&M) issues due to biofouling of injection wells, and passive systems frequently<br />
produce and/or mobilize significant secondary groundwater contaminants including iron,<br />
manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and sometimes arsenic. This field project utilized a hybrid “activepassive”<br />
approach for electron donor addition. This system employs intermittent groundwater<br />
extraction-reinjection to establish a recirculation zone and mix electron donor within a treatment<br />
area, then allows natural groundwater flow to further distribute the donor.<br />
The active-passive system was installed at the former Whittaker-Bermite Facility in Santa<br />
Clarita, CA, after extensive site investigation and groundwater modeling. A pair of extraction<br />
wells were installed approximately 20 meters apart and perpendicular to groundwater flow, and a<br />
single injection well was placed between the two extraction wells. A network of 11 monitoring<br />
wells was used to assess system performance. Citric acid was added as the electron donor in 5<br />
active treatment phases. During these phases (1-3 weeks each), the extraction wells were<br />
operated at 6-10 gpm total flow and citric acid was added in large pulses, generally followed by<br />
chlorine dioxide to prevent well fouling. The system was shut down between the active events<br />
(passive mode). Perchlorate concentrations in five of the monitoring wells (of 8 in the treatment<br />
zone) declined from ~ 300 µg/L to < 2.5 µ/L during the 7-month demonstration, and<br />
concentrations in 2/3 remaining wells declined to < 50 µg/L. Nitrate levels in each of these wells<br />
also declined significantly, from > 15 mg/L to < 0.2 mg/L. Iron and manganese levels increased<br />
in some of the monitoring wells, but mobilization of arsenic was not observed. Significant<br />
biofouling was not observed during the course of the demonstration. The pilot test shows that an<br />
active-passive design can be used to effectively mix electron donor into groundwater for<br />
perchlorate treatment with minimal O&M due to well biofouling.<br />
G-145
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 128 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
USING PERCHLORATE REDUCTASE FROM DECHLOROMONAS AGITATA STR<br />
CKB TO DETECT PERCHLORATE IN THE PPB RANGE<br />
R<br />
JOHN COATES<br />
University of California, Berkeley<br />
271 Koshland Hall<br />
Berkeley, CA 94720<br />
(510) 643 8455<br />
jcoates@nature.berkeley.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mark Heinnickel, Stephen Smith, and Jonathon Koo<br />
(University of California, Berkeley)<br />
ecognition of perchlorate as a widespread contaminant across the United States posing an<br />
adverse health threat has influenced its placement on the contaminant candidate list. Current<br />
methods of detection require use of expensive and time-consuming ion chromatographic<br />
equipment that requires highly trained personnel. Our studies have focused on the development<br />
of an alternative mechanism for perchlorate determination. The goal of these studies is to<br />
develop a simple, highly sensitive, specific bioassay for perchlorate that can be performed on the<br />
benchtop with basic equipment. Our bioassay takes advantage of the unique biochemistry of the<br />
perchlorate reductase enzyme (PCR) purified from the perchlorate reducer, Dechloromonas<br />
agitata strain CKB. Our results indicated that the biochemical electron donor, NADH, combined<br />
with the dye N-methylphenazinium methosulfate (PMS) provided the optimum mechanism for<br />
supplying electrons to the PCR to reduce perchlorate. Monitoring NADH concentrations by<br />
absorbance at 340 nm revealed a strong reproducible correlation between the perchlorate reduced<br />
and the NADH oxidized by PCR under anaerobic conditions. A similar correlation was observed<br />
when the assay was conducted aerobically on a benchtop underneath mineral oil. To bring the<br />
detection limit to below California regulatory limits, a perchlorate concentration step was added<br />
to the protocol. In our procedure, modified from a protocol published by the U.S. Army Corp of<br />
Engineers, the perchlorate sample is loaded on styrene-divinyl benzene columns pre-conditioned<br />
with DTAB and eluted using MOPs buffer. Interfering ions, such as nitrate or chlorate, are<br />
differentially eluted to avoid false positives. These combined techniques quantitatively detected<br />
perchlorate in samples that have concentrations less than 1 ppb. More importantly, the developed<br />
bioassay, detected perchlorate in 6 different groundwater and soil samples and the results were<br />
verified with excellent accuracy using ion chromatography. From an economical aspect, each<br />
sample requires only $0.43 worth of chemicals and materials per measurement. This is far less<br />
than the cost per sample analyzed by ion chromatography. Furthermore, the only equipment<br />
necessary for this analysis were pippets, quartz cuvettes, and a handheld spectrophotometer. The<br />
cost of cuvettes and a handheld spectrophotometer can be as low as $500, significantly cheaper<br />
than an ion chromatography system ($25,000). These studies have resulted in the successful<br />
development of a highly sensitive and robust colorimetric biossay for the specific determination<br />
of perchlorate concentrations. This assay has proven to be cheap and accurate and has already<br />
been reliably applied to the determination of perchlorate contamination in diverse environmental<br />
groundwater and soil samples. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1530.<br />
G-146
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Perchlorate<br />
Poster Number 129 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
NOVEL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF<br />
PERCHLORATE IN WASTE WATER<br />
YUEHE LIN<br />
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory<br />
902 Battelle Boulevard<br />
P.O. Box 999<br />
Richland, WA 99352<br />
(509) 371-6241<br />
Yuehe.lin@pnl.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dawon Cho, Jagan Bontha, and Jun Wang (Pacific Northwest National<br />
Laboratory)<br />
T<br />
he objective of this project is to develop an innovative and cost-effective technology for the<br />
treatment of perchlorate from wastewaters generated by treatment processes. The technology<br />
is based on electroactive ion exchange technique combined with nanostructured electroactive ion<br />
exchange materials. The technology will be sufficiently safe as to be easily extended for the<br />
treatment of drinking water because the perchlorate uptake step is essentially an ion exchange at<br />
open circuit, thus no pretreatment of drinking waters is required. Since the ion<br />
adsorption/desorption is controlled electrically without generating a secondary waste, this<br />
electrically active ion exchange process is a green process technology that will greatly reduce the<br />
operating costs.<br />
We have developed a direct electrochemical approach to synthesize novel hybrid material<br />
composed of a conducting polypyrrole (PPY) matrix on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).<br />
We found that a porous CNT matrix improves the redox switching stability of PPy films greatly.<br />
The feasibility and potential applications of PPy/CNT for removing perchlorate from aqueous<br />
solutions through electrically switched anion exchange have been demonstrated. The high<br />
surface area of carbon nanotubes and ion exchange properties of PPy provide the composite film<br />
with a high capacity and stability for anion uptake and elution. The selectivity of PPy films for<br />
the perchlorate ion is demonstrated through cyclic voltammetric measurements. Furthermore, the<br />
functionality of PPy can be easily achieved by introducing a new functional group; therefore, the<br />
selectivity and capacity can be further improved. Such a novel and stable hybrid material<br />
promises a new route to develop a practical process for removing perchlorate through electrically<br />
switched ion exchange. Recent progress on technology development will be presented. This<br />
work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1433.<br />
G-147
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
Poster Number 132 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IMPACT OF DISSOLVED SI ON UPTAKE OF AS(III) BY FES-COATED SAND<br />
UNDER ANOXIC CONDITIONS<br />
YOUNG-SOO HAN<br />
The University of Michigan<br />
Department of Civil and <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
1351 Beal Avenue<br />
Ann Arbor, MI 48105<br />
(734) 846-5705<br />
hankr@umich.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Avery H. Demond and Dr. Kim F. Hayes (The University of Michigan)<br />
A<br />
s part of <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1375, FeS-coated sand is being evaluated for removal of<br />
As(III) from groundwater under anoxic conditions. When FeS-coated sand is contacted by<br />
water as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) material, dissolved Si is present. Dissolved Si has<br />
been noted to reduce the sorption of arsenic using sorbents targeted to remove arsenic under oxic<br />
conditions, (e.g., iron oxides and activated carbon; Roberts et al. 2004, Gu et al., 2005).<br />
However, it has yet to be demonstrated whether dissolved Si hinders the removal of As(III) by<br />
FeS under anoxic conditions. This study reports on the impact of dissolved Si on As(III) uptake<br />
by FeS.<br />
The effect of dissolved Si on As(III) sorption was tested in 0.5 g/L FeS suspensions over a range<br />
of concentrations at pH 5, 7 and 9. The results show that dissolved Si has a negligible impact on<br />
As(III) at all the tested conditions. At pH 7, in the absence of dissolved Si, 0.5g/L FeS removed<br />
0.112 mM (84%) and 0.012 mM (90%) of As(III) out of the total added of 0.133 mM and 0.0133<br />
mM, respectively. When 0.35 mM of sodium meta silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) (10 ppm) was added to the<br />
system at pH 7, the same amounts of As(III) were removed (i.e., 0.110 mM and 0.012 mM<br />
As(III), respectively). At pH 9, As(III) removal was not affected by the presence of dissolved<br />
silicate, even though the As(III) removal efficiency was about 10% of the pH 7 results. At pH 5,<br />
conditions under which the highest As(III) uptake is achieved, dissolved Si also had a negligible<br />
impact. As(III) removal was 100% for total As(III) concentrations over the range of 0.0133 mM<br />
to 1.33 mM, and 84% at the highest total As(III) concentration of 2.667 mM. These results<br />
indicate the removal of As(III) by FeS-coated sands under anoxic conditions is not impacted by<br />
the inhibitory effects of dissolved Si observed for iron oxide based sorbents used for As removal.<br />
References:<br />
Roberts, L.C., Hug, S.J., and Ruettimann, T., et al. (2004) “Arsenic removal with iron(II) and iron(III) waters with<br />
high silicate and phosphate concentrations.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 307-315.<br />
Gu, Z.M., Fang, J. and Deng, B.L. (2005) “Preparation and evaluation of GAC-based iron-containing adsorbents for<br />
arsenic removal.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 3833-3843.<br />
G-148
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
Poster Number 133 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
P<br />
INTERACTION OF FES AND ZVI PRBS WITH CALCIUM, CARBONATE,<br />
AND NITRATE<br />
ANDREW HENDERSON<br />
University of Michigan, Department of Civil & <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
EWRE<br />
1351 Beal Avenue<br />
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125<br />
(734) 615-5903<br />
henderad@umich.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Dr. Avery H. Demond (University of Michigan)<br />
ermeable reactive barriers (PRBs) with zero-valent iron (ZVI) have effectively treated<br />
groundwater at many sites worldwide (ITRC, 2005). Yet performance issues remain; for<br />
example, the PRB at Monticello, UT, failed due to the buildup of CaCO 3 (s) (Mushovic et al.,<br />
2006). In a statistical review of PRB performance performed as part of this project (<strong>SERDP</strong><br />
Project ER-1375) (Henderson and Demond, 2007), it was found that alkalinity and nitrate were<br />
both correlated with increased risk of PRB failure.<br />
Currently, iron sulfide-coated sand is being investigated as an alternative PRB medium for the<br />
removal of heavy metals. As a source of sulfide, FeS may sequester heavy metals through<br />
sorption or the formation of highly insoluble metal sulfide phases. Work performed as part of<br />
this project has shown that, under anaerobic conditions, the removal of As(III) by FeS is greater<br />
than that reported for ZVI (e.g., Lackovic et al., 2000).<br />
For the successful application of FeS-coated sand in PRBs, understanding the geochemical<br />
interactions of FeS with natural groundwaters is crucial, especially in cases where experience<br />
with ZVI indicates that the dissolved solids may lead to permeability losses. A combination of<br />
experimental and geochemical modeling approaches is being used to investigate permeability<br />
loss due to calcium carbonate formation in FeS and ZVI systems in the presence and absence of<br />
nitrate. Column tests with deoxygenated water, 7 mM calcium and carbonate and 1.6 mM nitrate<br />
have been conducted. In the absence of nitrate, pH and calcium measurements have indicated<br />
little precipitation in FeS columns; in contrast, a modest pH increase was observed in the ZVI<br />
column. With nitrate present, pH increases in both media were greater. The mineralogy of the<br />
precipitates formed in these columns is being assessed using XRD, XPS, and SEM.<br />
The formation of solids in anaerobic FeS and ZVI systems, with and without nitrate present has<br />
also been investigated using geochemical modeling. The modeling has shown that the mass of<br />
solids formed is greater in the ZVI systems than in the FeS systems, with greater quantities<br />
formed in both media in the presence of nitrate. Thus, the potential for solids formation in FeS is<br />
less than that in ZVI, suggesting a smaller loss of permeability over time.<br />
1. Henderson. A.D., Demond, A.H., <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering Science 24, 401-423.<br />
2. Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC). 2005. Report PRB-4. PRB Team, Washington, D.C.<br />
3. Lackovic, J.A., et al. 2000. <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering Science 17: 29-39.<br />
4. Mushovic, P.T., et al. 2006. Technology News and Trends 23: 1-3.<br />
G-149
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
Poster Number 134 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF ARSENIC SEQUESTRATION<br />
DR. MARY F. DeFLAUN<br />
Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.<br />
3131 Princeton Pike<br />
Building 1B, Suite 205<br />
Lawrenceville, NJ 08540<br />
(609) 895-1400<br />
mdeflaun@geosyntec.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jackie Lanzon, M.S. and Mike Lodato (Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.);<br />
T.C. Onstott, Ph.D. and Eric Chan (Princeton University)<br />
he precipitation of dissolved metals in groundwater under anaerobic conditions has been the<br />
subject of numerous studies, but there has been very limited research on the mineralogy and<br />
the stability of these precipitates under variable geochemical conditions. Examining the<br />
mineralogy and establishing the rate of dissolution of these precipitates under aerobic conditions<br />
is the subject of this <strong>SERDP</strong>-supported research (Project ER-1373). A field research site was<br />
established at Site No. ST-65, a former refueling area at the Avon Park Air Force Range in<br />
Florida. Sediment and groundwater were collected from the area with the highest concentration<br />
of arsenic (As) in groundwater (1800 ppb) and were used to construct four flow-through<br />
columns. In these experiments indigenous sulfate reducing bacteria were stimulated with<br />
injections of lactate, ethanol, ferrous iron and sulfate over a period of several months under<br />
strictly anaerobic conditions. Naturally-occurring arsenic in the groundwater as well as spikes of<br />
arsenic added to the groundwater was removed in the columns. Speciation by XANES<br />
spectroscopy of column sediments detected primarily As-bearing sulfides, including orpiment,<br />
arsenopyrite and realgar. Aerobic water was then passed through one of these columns for a<br />
period of five months. The results of the column studies demonstrated that we can successfully<br />
sequester As under anaerobic, sulfate-reducing conditions, and that the precipitated As sulfide is<br />
resistant to dissolution under aerobic conditions. Less than 3% of the precipitated arsenic was<br />
released over 5 months with the addition of fully-oxygenated water. A small-scale field pilot<br />
demonstration is currently being conducted at ST-65. The field plot is approximately 30’ H 30’<br />
and a recirculation system is being used to distribute amendments throughout the test plot. There<br />
are six wells: an injection well, a recovery well, and four monitoring wells. Sediment-filled bags<br />
were hung in all of the monitoring wells and one of these is collected periodically to assess the<br />
precipitates formed. Geochemical data indicate that sulfate reduction is occurring. Analytical<br />
data indicate that the amendments are well distributed, and arsenic is being removed from the<br />
groundwater in the test plot.<br />
G-150
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
Poster Number 135 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
E<br />
SOIL METAL BIOAVAILABILITY ADJUSTMENT<br />
AMY L. HAWKINS<br />
NAVFAC ESC<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93030<br />
(805) 982-4890<br />
amy.hawkins@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Mark Barnett (Auburn University); Dr. Nick Basta, Dr. Elizabeth<br />
Dayton and Dr. Roman Lanno (The Ohio State University); Dr Stan Casteel (University of<br />
Missouri); Dr. Philip Jardine and Tonia Mehlhorn (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)<br />
STCP Project ER-0517 is in the process of demonstrating how soil properties can be<br />
incorporated into a screening tool to predict bioavailability and toxicity of As(V), Cd, Cr,<br />
and Pb in contaminated DoD soils, and that in vitro methods can be used for risk assessment<br />
(RA) of toxic metals in soil by cross-correlating in vitro and in vivo studies.<br />
An initial project workshop was held, resulting in numerous suggestions towards accomplishing<br />
project goals. The workshop concluded that significantly more complete and coupled data sets<br />
are needed that link in vivo and in vitro bioavailability with soil characterization and metal<br />
speciation data. Site selection was drawn from DoD sites including 40+ soil sites previously<br />
studied under <strong>SERDP</strong> ER-1166 (Barnett / Jardine) and ER-1210 (Basta / Lanno).<br />
Twelve soils are being used for ecological bioassays and in vitro studies. In vitro studies will<br />
also use many of the soils from ER-1166 and ER-1210). The study includes one contaminated<br />
soil and one control sample from each site. Swine dosing is being done on four of the soils.<br />
The study encompasses multiple soil types. Use both existing and new data to create more robust<br />
data sets for cross-correlation and model validation.<br />
Measures of metal bioavailability can be used to eliminate sites or portions of sites from further<br />
risk assessment. Two types of approaches could be used:<br />
1. Where background data on the site such as total metal levels and soil properties are<br />
available, direct application of the models developed from ER-1166 and ER-1210 would<br />
provide estimates of the hazard posed by metals at the site;<br />
2. For sites where little information is available, chemical data such as an in vitro GI<br />
extraction for human risk or a weak salt extraction for ecological risk would be<br />
meaningful for making a decision regarding the site.<br />
These values would be compared to screening criteria to determine whether any further<br />
assessment is warranted.<br />
G-151
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
Poster Number 136 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
L<br />
EFFECTIVENESS OF GRASSES TO STABILIZE METAL TRANSPORT FROM<br />
SMALL ARM TARGET BERMS<br />
AFRACHANNA BUTLER<br />
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center<br />
3909 Halls Ferry Road<br />
Vicksburg, MS 39180<br />
(601) 634-3575<br />
Afrachanna.D.Butler@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Steven L. Larson and Dr. Victor Medina (U.S. Army ERDC);<br />
Milton Beverly (<strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development); David Carter and<br />
Anthony McCarty (Alcorn State University); Eric Holland (Mississippi State University);<br />
Scott May (University of Mississippi)<br />
ive fire testing and training on small arms ranges is essential to the U.S. Armed Forces.<br />
During range training, bullets are continuously fired into target berms depositing metal into<br />
the soil. Berms often lack vegetation, and frequently suffer from soil erosion and heavy metal<br />
(ex. lead-Pb) transport in surface water and, more rarely, into groundwater.<br />
A large-scale study is being conducted to determine the effectiveness of grasses to reduce the<br />
migration of heavy metals from a target berm into surface and subsurface water. The study<br />
consists of a soil from a southeastern United States site. Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda) and<br />
Eremochloa Buse (Centipede) grasses, which are both native to the Southeast, were planted in<br />
clean soil. Following grass maturity, M-16 lead rounds were fired weekly for ten weeks into<br />
unplanted and planted soil berms. Live-fire events were immediately followed by a rain<br />
simulation procedure to create runoff and leachate. Data obtained from the weekly runoff and<br />
leachate analyses will determine if Pb and other metals migrating from the impacted berm are<br />
stabilized and reduced in a planted environment. Plant tissue and soil will be analyzed at the<br />
termination of the experiment to investigate possible bioaccumulation of metals. These results<br />
will be presented at the conference.<br />
G-152
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Heavy Metals<br />
Poster Number 137 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ATTENUATION PROCESSES FOR METALS AND RADIONUCLIDES: A SURVEY<br />
OF STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATORS AND STAKEHOLDERS<br />
DIBAKAR GOSWAMI<br />
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council<br />
Attenuation Processes for Metals and Radionuclides Team<br />
444 North Capitol Street, NW<br />
Suite 445<br />
Washington, DC 20001<br />
(509) 372-7902<br />
dgos461@ecy.wa.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Carl Spreng (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment);<br />
Karen Vangelas (Savannah River National Laboratory); Smita Siddhanti (EnDyna, Inc.);<br />
Ann Charles (New Jersey Department of <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection); Natalie Pheasant<br />
(Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation); Kenda Neil (NAVFAC Engineering<br />
Service Center); Anna Butler (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers);<br />
Peter Strauss (PM Strauss & Associates); Jeff Short (Stakeholder)<br />
A<br />
number of Department of Energy (DOE) sites, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)<br />
sites, and many Superfund and Department of Defense (DoD) sites are contaminated with<br />
radionuclides and/or metals. One of the remedial approaches could use attenuation-based<br />
processes that rely primarily on immobilization of contaminants as stable and/or nontoxic<br />
species. Until the recent publication of the <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection Agency’s (EPA) threevolume<br />
Technical Report Series: Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in<br />
Groundwater, there were no regulatory compliance guidance documents that specifically<br />
addressed the use of attenuation-based remedies for metal- and radionuclide-contaminated<br />
groundwater. This lack of guidance has contributed to inconsistent approaches and application of<br />
attenuation-based remedies and generally discouraged consideration of such remedies. The net<br />
result is that many sites face intractable closure problems. The Interstate Technology and<br />
Regulatory Council (ITRC) Attenuation Processes for Metals and Radionuclides Team is in a<br />
unique position to develop guidelines that will facilitate the use of this new EPA guidance. An<br />
initial step in deciding on the specific approach of the ITRC product is determining the existing<br />
state of regulatory acceptability regarding the concept of the attenuation process and its<br />
deployment. To assess this, ITRC developed a web-based survey of regulators and stakeholders<br />
in conjunction with ongoing research at EPA and DOE national laboratories. The findings of the<br />
survey are presented in three parts, each with specific objectives. Part A gathered information<br />
that will help assess the extent to which monitored natural attenuation (MNA) and other<br />
attenuation-based remedies have been implemented at sites contaminated with metals and/or<br />
radionuclides and factors contributing to that implementation. The data collected in Part B will<br />
help direct future research and policy development to support the evaluation, implementation,<br />
and monitoring of attenuation-based remedies. Part C provides additional detail regarding<br />
specific contaminants.<br />
G-153
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 130 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
NANOPARTICLES-BASED IMMUNOSENSORS FOR SENSITIVE DETECTION OF<br />
EXPLOSIVES, PCB, AND PAHS<br />
T<br />
YUEHE LIN<br />
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory<br />
902 Battelle Boulevard<br />
Richland, WA 99352<br />
(509) 371-6241<br />
Yuehe.lin@pnl.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Jun Wang (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)<br />
he emergence of nanotechnology is opening new horizons for highly sensitive<br />
electrochemical assays of environmental pollutants such as explosives, PCB, and PAH. In<br />
this presentation we will describe the development of novel electrochemical immunosensors for<br />
detection of TNT, PCB, and PAHs based on the functionalized nanoparticles label. The analogs,<br />
modified with poly(guanine)–functionalized NPs, are attached on the magnetic beads via<br />
immnoreaction and then displaced into solution by analytes. The resulting solution was separated<br />
and transferred to electrode surface for electrochemical measurements. The sensitive assay of<br />
TNT, PAHs, and PCB is realized by dual signal amplifications: (1) a large amount of guanine<br />
residues is introduced in the solution through the displacement and poly(guanine)-functionalized<br />
silica NP label; (2) Ru(bpy) 2+ 3 -induced catalytic oxidation of guanine, which results in great<br />
enhancement of anodic current. The performance of the electrochemical immunosensor was<br />
evaluated and some experiment parameters were optimized. The immunosensor based on the<br />
poly[guanine]-functionalized silica NP label offers great promise for rapid, simple, cost-effective<br />
detection of explosives, PCB, and PAHs.<br />
References:<br />
1. J. Wang, G. Liu, H. Wu, and Y. Lin. “Sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for 2,4,6-<br />
trinitrotoluene based on functionalized silica nanoparticle labels.” Analytica Chimica<br />
Acta, 2008, 610, 112-118.<br />
2. Y.Y. Lin, G. Liu, C.M. Wai, and Y. Lin. “Bioelectrochemical Immunoassay of<br />
Polychlorinated Biphenyl.” Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008, 612, 23-28.<br />
3. Y.Y. Lin, G. Liu, C.M. Wai, and Y. Lin. “Magnetic Beads-based Bioelectrochemical<br />
Immunoassay of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Electrochemistry Communications<br />
2007, 9, 1547-1552.<br />
G-154
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 131 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ADAPTIVE LONG-TERM MONITORING AT<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION SITES<br />
KARLA HARRE<br />
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-1609<br />
karla.harre@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Tanwir Chaudhry (NAVFAC ESC/SBAR, Inc.); Robert Greenwald and<br />
Weiwei Jian (GeoTrans, Inc.); Charles B. Davis, Ph.D. (EnviroStat); Matthew Zavislak and<br />
Barbara S. Minsker, Ph.D. (Summit Envirosolutions, Inc.)<br />
T<br />
he objective of this project is to demonstrate and validate the recently developed Summit<br />
monitoring tools by applying the software at three sites. The software is intended to reduce<br />
costs and improve effectiveness of long-term monitoring, while achieving remediation goals.<br />
Two major modules comprise the Summit software: Sampling Optimizer and Data Tracker. The<br />
purpose of Sampling Optimizer is to identify redundant sampling locations and/or frequencies in<br />
historical data. The purpose of Data Tracker is to assist users in comparing current monitoring<br />
data with historical data to identify cases where current data deviate from expectations based on<br />
historical values and patterns. Model Builder, an additional component primarily used by<br />
Sampling Optimizer, has two sections: one for model fitting, visualization, and analysis, and<br />
another for visualizing relative uncertainty. The Summit monitoring tools have been applied by<br />
GeoTrans, representing a typical Department of Defense (DoD) contractor, at three sites: Camp<br />
Allen Landfill Norfolk Naval Base, (Norfolk, VA); the Former George Air Force Base<br />
(Victorville, CA); and the Former Nebraska Ordnance Plant (Mead, NE). Results include the<br />
following:<br />
• Kriging using quantile transformation qualitatively provided the best representation of the<br />
measured data, relative to other combinations of interpolation technique (inverse distance<br />
weighting) and data transformation (log or none) options.<br />
• Sampling Optimizer provided useful trade-off curves of sampling cost versus the error<br />
that results from removing samples. These tradeoff curves allow the user to identify<br />
optimal monitoring plans that represent significant reductions in the number of samples<br />
with acceptable loss of information. The software allows the user to select a monitoring<br />
plan along the tradeoff curve and view a map of the plume generated with the full data set<br />
versus the plume generated with the optimized number of samples. The user determines<br />
visually if that plan provides an adequate representation of the plume, and if not, the user<br />
can select other plans along the tradeoff curve.<br />
• Data Tracker quickly identified many situations in which current data deviate<br />
significantly from historical values and patterns and provided useful displays of<br />
concentration versus time for further evaluation and reporting.<br />
The software was found to be easy to learn and use for a typical DoD analyst/contractor. In<br />
addition to documenting software functions and capabilities, GeoTrans recorded the time and<br />
effort required to prepare and import the data and execute the various software functions.<br />
G-155
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 138 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
SUSTAINABILITY TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION<br />
CHARLES J. NEWELL, PH.D., P.E., D.E.E.<br />
GSI <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
2211 Norfolk, Suite 1000<br />
Houston, TX 77098<br />
(713) 522-6300<br />
cjnewell@gsi-net.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Tiffany N. Swann, Lila M. Beckley, and Dr. Ata U. Rahman (GSI<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.); Erica Becvar (Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment);<br />
Douglas Ruppel, Gerry Moore, and David Woodward (Earth Tech AECOM)<br />
W<br />
ith greater awareness of the size of the “footprint” of environmental remediation, there is<br />
need to develop a simple tool to compare various remediation technologies holistically so<br />
that remediation professionals can incorporate sustainability concepts into the decision making<br />
process. At present, remediation designs are generally based on cost, risk reduction and<br />
compliance with existing laws and regulations. The sustainability tool incorporates several<br />
sustainability criteria, such as carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and impacts on<br />
ecosystem service for land and/or groundwater.<br />
This initiative is sponsored by the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment<br />
(AFCEE) for incorporation of sustainability concepts into U.S. Air Force remediation projects.<br />
The sustainability tool is intended to be used as a planning tool for implementation of<br />
remediation technologies at new sites, as well as for evaluation and optimization of existing<br />
remediation technology systems. Specifically, the tool will allow users to estimate sustainability<br />
metrics for the following technologies: (1) Soil Vapor Extraction, (2) Excavation, (3) Enhanced<br />
Bioremediation, and (4) Pump and Treat. Additional technologies will be added at a later date.<br />
The tool is Microsoft Excel-based and consists of two tiers. Tier 1 calculations are based on<br />
rules-of-thumb that are widely used in the environmental remediation industry. Tier 2<br />
calculations are more detailed and allow the user greater control of the input values. The tool<br />
consists of the following sections: User Input, Design and Materials and Consumables, and<br />
Sustainability Metrics Output. In the Design and Materials and Consumables sections, users can<br />
either select default values or can input site-specific values.<br />
The output section of the tool displays the carbon dioxide emissions, energy use, economic cost,<br />
safety/accident risk, and change in resource service for land and groundwater for each<br />
technology. The tool provides several innovative features for evaluation of the output metrics.<br />
These are: (1) scenario planning (e.g., consideration of different futures for carbon offset costs);<br />
(2) reporting of metrics in traditional units (e.g., tons of CO 2 emissions) as well as values<br />
converted into a common unit for easier comparison; and (3) using a consensus-building virtual<br />
meeting room where stakeholders can weigh the importance of different sustainability metrics. A<br />
case study will be presented to depict the tool’s functionalities, including these innovative<br />
features. By combining sustainability metrics with the traditional selection criteria in an easy-touse<br />
tool, the sustainability tool allows remediation professionals to compare various technologies<br />
holistically to maximize the overall environmental benefit of cleanup actions.<br />
G-156
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 139 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
GEOPHYSICAL IMAGING FOR INVESTIGATING THE DELIVERY AND<br />
DISTRIBUTION OF AMENDMENTS IN THE HETEROGENEOUS SUBSURFACE<br />
OF THE F.E. WARREN AFB<br />
A<br />
ROBERT KELLEY<br />
Regenesis<br />
1011 Calle Sombra<br />
San Clemente, CA 92673<br />
(815) 230-3516<br />
bkelley@regenesis.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Susan Hubbard, Ph.D. and Jonathan Ajo-Franklin, Ph.D. (Lawrence<br />
Berkley National Laboratory); Belinda Butler-Veytia (URS Corporation)<br />
common goal in within the in-situ remediation practice is to achieve better delivery of<br />
amendments to subsurface aquifer systems. Recent projects have explored the combination<br />
of innovative emplacement techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing, and amendment monitoring<br />
techniques to better understand delivery methods and long-term amendment distribution.<br />
Uncertainties associated with the site conceptual model and/or amendment delivery can lead to<br />
increased project costs due to uncertainty in overall remedial performance (e.g., use of safety<br />
factors). By reducing uncertainty in amendment delivery, remedial design safety factors have the<br />
potential to more closely match actual remedial performance, thus reducing overall project costs.<br />
This <strong>ESTCP</strong> project (ER-0834) has been designed to focus on the installation of sand fractures<br />
with Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC ® ) via hydraulic fracturing for biostimulation. Soil<br />
borings have been used to understand the propagation of sand fractures and distribution of the<br />
HRC ® within the aquifer. Significant interpretation between data points is required to estimate<br />
the size of installed fractures and the impact of emplaced HRC ® , resulting in design uncertainty<br />
and use of safety factors to ensure treatment.<br />
Geophysical imaging in combination with hydraulic fracturing has the potential to reduce<br />
uncertainty during the remedial design phase, and following implementation, during performance<br />
monitoring. If geophysical imaging can be cost effective in comparison to monitoring tools<br />
currently used and provide data to support a reduction in remedial design uncertainty, it is<br />
anticipated that its use will result in significant decreases in overall project costs and will be<br />
widely applicable.<br />
Multiple geophysical methods (seismic, radar, electrical) will be evaluated to monitor and detect<br />
the distribution of amendments introduced via hydraulic fracturing. In addition to responding to<br />
lithologic heterogeneities, three additional classes of geophysical responses are expected to be<br />
associated with the fracture amendment delivery strategy: those associated with the initial<br />
hydraulic fracturing, those related to the properties of the amendment, and those associated with<br />
biogeochemical transformations (such as gas generation or variations in total dissolved solids).<br />
The first phase of work will be presented including ongoing laboratory experiments, where<br />
geophysical attributes and/or petrophysical relationships are being evaluated to provide a unique<br />
signature of the context of fracture installation.<br />
G-157
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 140 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ADAPTIVE RISK ASSESSMENT MODELING SYSTEM:<br />
EVALUATION AND TECH TRANSFER<br />
DR. SMITA SIDDHANTI<br />
EnDyna, Inc.<br />
7925 Jones Branch Drive, Suite 5300<br />
McLean, VA 22102<br />
(703) 848-8840<br />
siddhanti@endyna.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Brian Espy (Alabama Dept. of <strong>Environmental</strong> Management);<br />
Stephen DiZio and Fran Collier (CalEPA, Dept. of Toxic Substances); Ligia Mora-Applegate<br />
(Florida Dept. of <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection); Scott Hill (U.S. Army <strong>Environmental</strong> Center)<br />
T<br />
he Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) Risk Assessment Resources Team,<br />
in its pursuit of exploring methods and tools to assist with risk management of waste sites,<br />
collaborated with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), developers of a new<br />
risk assessment model called the Adaptive Risk Assessment Modeling System (ARAMS). The<br />
ITRC Team developed a paper that summarizes the ITRC Risk Team’s evaluation of ARAMS<br />
Version 1.3. In order to validate and improve ARAMS, the team used the modeling system to<br />
assess risk of real-world sites. These results were compared and contrasted with other accepted<br />
methods such as SADA (Spatial Analysis and Decision Assistance), EPA’s RAGS (Risk<br />
Assessment Guidance from EPA Superfund), and select State paradigms.<br />
ARAMS uses existing databases and models for exposure, intake/uptake, and effects (health<br />
impacts), incorporating them into a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) framework. ARAMS allows<br />
the user to visually specify multimedia pathways and risk scenarios with objects. The user is free<br />
to select the particular model or database of interest for each object. Thus, ARAMS is adaptable<br />
for assessing different risk scenarios. The core of ARAMS is the object-oriented CSM. It is<br />
created using RAGS Part D format. Overall, ARAMS is based on a widely accepted risk<br />
paradigm that integrates exposure and toxicity to characterize risk.<br />
The objective of this paper is to inform the main target audience (the Army <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Quality Technology Program (EQT), developers of ARAMS, and the Risk Assessment<br />
Resources Team) about the ease or difficulty in using ARAMS. A secondary objective is the<br />
provision of recommendations for improving the ARAMS usability and acceptability among<br />
consultants, regulators and other stakeholders. The sections detail the following topics: the model<br />
overview, pros/cons of this modeling system, lessons learned by the team about ARAMS,<br />
potential regulatory and institutional hurdles, obvious technical gaps, and<br />
conclusions/recommendations.<br />
In addition, the ITRC Risk Assessment Resource Team is hosting the ARAMS/SADA<br />
Technology Transfer Workshop on 6-8 October, 2008 in Kennebunkport, Maine. This Workshop<br />
is designed to increase awareness of available risk assessment tools. Workshop participants will<br />
learn to use two of these available tools: ARAMS (Adaptive Risk Assessment Modeling<br />
System) and SADA (Spatial Analysis and Decision Assistance) including hands-on applications<br />
of case study scenarios.<br />
G-158
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 141 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
AN EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR GROUNDWATER<br />
CONTAMINANT MASS FLUX MEASUREMENT METHODS<br />
PROFESSOR MARK N. GOLTZ<br />
Air Force Institute of Technology<br />
2950 Hobson Way, Building 640<br />
AFIT/ENV<br />
Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7765<br />
(937) 255-2998<br />
mark.goltz@afit.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Maj. Jack G. Wheeldon (WPAFB); C1C Anthony E. Hylko (USAFA);<br />
Dr. Michael Brooks and Dr. A. Lynn Wood (EPA); Dr. Alfred E. Thal Jr. (AFIT);<br />
Maj. Sonia Leach (HQ AAFES)<br />
R<br />
ecent studies have shown that contaminant mass flux is an important parameter to quantify<br />
in order to assist remediation decision making at sites with contaminated groundwater. Mass<br />
flux measurements may be used to: (1) prioritize sites for remediation, (2) evaluate the<br />
effectiveness of source removal technologies or natural attenuation processes, and (3) define a<br />
source term for groundwater contaminant transport modeling. The purpose of this study is to<br />
critically review the methods currently available and under development to measure groundwater<br />
contaminant flux, and provide guidelines for the implementation and use of those methods in the<br />
field. The study considers various factors that need to be evaluated by a remediation project<br />
manager in order to decide which flux measurement technology to use, and how best to apply the<br />
technology. A multi-attribute decision tree was developed to assist in this evaluation. It is<br />
anticipated that the information in this study, along with the decision tree, will help facilitate<br />
implementation of the innovative groundwater flux measurement technologies currently in<br />
development.<br />
This study looks at the conventional transect method (TM), and the newer passive flux meter<br />
(PFM), modified integral pumping test (MIPT), and tandem circulating well (TCW) methods of<br />
measuring contaminant mass flux. In order to facilitate transfer and application of these<br />
innovative technologies, it is essential that potential technology users have access to credible<br />
information that addresses technology capabilities, limitations, and costs. This study provides<br />
such information on each of the methods by reviewing implementation practices and comparing<br />
the costs of applying the methods at 16 standardized “template” sites. The results of the analysis<br />
are consolidated into a decision tree that can be used to determine which measurement method<br />
would be most effective, from cost and performance standpoints, in meeting management<br />
objectives at a given site.<br />
The study found that, in general: (1) the point methods (i.e., the TM and PFM) were less<br />
expensive to use to characterize smaller areas of contamination while the pumping methods (the<br />
MIPT and TCW) would be more economical for larger areas; (2) the pumping methods are not<br />
capable of high resolution sampling, which may be required to characterize heterogeneous<br />
systems or to design remediation technologies; and (3) when high resolution is required, the<br />
PFM is more economical than the TM. Finally, the study demonstrated that, arguably, the newer<br />
methods are as accurate as the traditionally used TM. This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project<br />
ER-0318.<br />
G-159
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Process Optimization<br />
Poster Number 166 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
INTEGRATED COMPLIANCE MODEL FOR PREDICTING WATER QUALITY<br />
STANDARDS FOR COPPER COMPLIANCE IN DOD HARBORS –<br />
COMPLEMENTING A FATE AND EFFECTS MODEL WITH A<br />
BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL FOR SEAWATER<br />
DR. BART CHADWICK<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Sciences and Applied Systems Branch, Code 71750<br />
53475 Strothe Road<br />
San Diego, CA 92152-6325<br />
(619) 553-5333<br />
bart.chadwick@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Ignacio Rivera-Duarte, Gunther Rosen, and Dr. P.F. Wang (SSC-<br />
Pac); Paul Paquin, Dr. Adam Ryan, Robert Santore, and Dr. Sasha Hafner (HydroQual, Inc.);<br />
Dr. WooHee Choi (CSC)<br />
ntegration of a fate & transport model with a toxicity model provides an efficient tool for<br />
development of site-specific Water Quality Standards (WQS) in DoD harbors. Development<br />
of WQS in DoD harbors is desirable as the national criterion for regulation of copper in marine<br />
waters (WQC) proposed by the <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection Agency (EPA) tends to underestimate<br />
the natural attenuation of copper toxicity in harbors. Application of overly conservative national<br />
WQC at DoD facilities has led to difficulties in compliance with discharge permits, and<br />
disproportionate cost requirements for containment and/or treatment systems. Site-specific WQS<br />
provide the level of protection intended by the WQC, while allowing realistic regulations to<br />
DoD. However, development of site-specific WQS involves a long-term and expensive effort in<br />
order to collect, test and analyze samples. The <strong>Environmental</strong> Security Technology Certification<br />
Program is supporting Project ER-0523 for the demonstration of an integrated modeling system<br />
that provides improved methodology for achieving copper compliance in harbors, which is<br />
consistent with the current regulatory framework based on the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) for<br />
freshwater (EPA, 2007). The integrated model has two components, the seawater-BLM<br />
(developed as part of this project), and the existing hydrodynamic transport & fate algorithm<br />
Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in Three Dimensions model (CH3D). The model is applied at a<br />
harbor-wide scale, and accounts for the natural physical, chemical, biological and toxicological<br />
characteristics of the harbor to achieve more scientifically based, cost-effective compliance. The<br />
integrated model is also a management tool for the optimization of efforts on source control, as it<br />
is robust enough for forecasting effects on copper concentration and toxicity in the harbor as<br />
results of these controls. The integrated model was demonstrated in San Diego Bay and Pearl<br />
Harbor. In both harbors the spatial and temporal distributions of copper species, toxic effects and<br />
Water-Effect Ratio predicted by the integrated model are comparable to previously measured<br />
data. These results substantiate the support by EPA for future incorporation of the seawater-BLM<br />
in a full-strength seawater criterion. In San Diego Bay, the integrated model estimates that there<br />
is a safety factor of two between the actual copper concentrations and the predicted site-specific<br />
WQS, indicating that application of the predicted site-specific WQS will result in achievable<br />
discharge limits while still providing the level of protection intended by the Clean Water Act.<br />
G-160
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 142 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
THE GENES FOR BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF RDX ARE ON A PLASMID<br />
S<br />
DR. STUART STRAND<br />
University of Washington<br />
167 Wilcox Hall<br />
Seattle, WA 98195<br />
(206) 543-5350<br />
sstrand@u.washington.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Peter Andeer and Dr. David Stahl (University of Washington);<br />
Dr. Neil Bruce and Dr. Elizabeth Rylott (University of York)<br />
everal degradation pathways for RDX have been hypothesized based on metabolite analysis,<br />
however only one gene has been directly linked to RDX degradation, xplA. The xplA gene<br />
was first located in the RDX degrading isolate, isolated from Southern England and subsequently<br />
in 22 other isolates of the Corynebacteriae. We have since isolated a Microbacterium sp.,<br />
Microbacterium sp. Strain MA1, from RDX contaminated soil from Milan, TN, which can grow<br />
using RDX as sole source of nitrogen. The xplA gene is located on a plasmid in Microbacterium<br />
sp. and R. rhodochrous 11Y. Analysis of sequence from the Microbacterium plasmid in the<br />
vicinity of the xplA gene provides insight to a possible method for lateral transfer of xplA as well<br />
as identification of other genes relevant to RDX uptake and metabolism. This information may<br />
prove valuable in remediating RDX contaminated soil by stimulating native xplA harboring<br />
microbes in situ or promoting the transfer of the gene to and within indigenous populations.<br />
Stable isotope probing (SIP) of communities from the Milan, TN soil samples using 15N-RDX<br />
were conducted to identify populations utilizing RDX as a nitrogen source. These studies were<br />
used to look at if, and under what conditions, xplA bearing isolates would be involved in the<br />
aerobic degradation of RDX in situ.<br />
This research is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1504.<br />
G-161
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 143 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
FEASIBILITY OF USING FORAGE GRASSES FOR THE CONTAINMENT OF<br />
2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE AND 1,3,5-TRINITRO-1,3,5-<br />
TRIAZACYCLOHEXANE AT EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA<br />
LAURA B. BRENTNER<br />
The University of Iowa<br />
Department of Civil & <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
4105 Seamans Center<br />
Iowa City, IA 52242<br />
(319) 335-6454<br />
lbrentne@engineering.uiowa.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Jerald L. Schnoor, Ph.D., P.E. (University of Iowa)<br />
model, greenhouse-scale study is conducted using two different native soils collected from<br />
Eglin Air Force Base (EAFB), FL, to assess the environmental and physiological factors<br />
contributing to the success of phytoremediation of TNT by non-invasive grass species at the<br />
testing range site. The environmental factors include physical-chemical soil properties,<br />
contaminant aging in soils, and microbial populations present in native soils. These factors are<br />
assessed by comparing performance in a potted plant study. Two different native soil types with<br />
very different physical-chemical characteristics, which have either been aged with or freshly<br />
contaminated with [U 14 C]-TNT, are compared. Comparisons are also made between unplanted<br />
pots and pots containing Populus trichocarpa cuttings or a grass mixture of Popsalum notatum<br />
Pensacola (bahiagrass) and Panicum vigratum Alamo (switchgrass). Concentrations of TNT are<br />
monitored by extracting TNT from soil and plant tissue samples and analyzing them using a<br />
liquid scintillation counter and high-performance liquid chromatography to determine<br />
contaminant removal and detoxification potential. Plant performance is further explored by<br />
analyzing toxicity and uptake of contaminants using autoradiography methods. The resulting<br />
data, including soil characteristics and microbial concentration estimates, will be used to test a<br />
mass-balance mathematical model, adapted from Sung et al. (2004), for predicting TNT<br />
concentrations in soils in a phytoremediation system. Possible molecular detoxification methods<br />
are also investigated to provide an additional line of evidence for the treatment capacity of the<br />
plants. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1499.<br />
G-162
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 144 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ENGINEERING TRANSGENIC GRASSES FOR IN SITU TREATMENT OF<br />
RDX AND TNT<br />
NEIL C. BRUCE<br />
University of York<br />
Centre for Novel Agricultural Products<br />
Heslington, Kent YO10 5YW UNITED KINGDOM<br />
+44 1904 328777<br />
ncb5@york.ac.uk<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: George Zhang, Sharon Doty, and Stuart E. Strand (University of<br />
Washington); Antonio J. Palazzo (ERDC-CRREL); Elizabeth L. Rylott (University of York)<br />
D<br />
ecades of military activity on live fire training ranges has resulted in severe contamination<br />
of land and groundwater by recalcitrant high explosives. The explosive RDX is a major<br />
concern, because of its high mobility through soils and subsequent contamination of ground<br />
water. The objective of this <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded project (ER-1498) is to engineer plants to contain<br />
and degrade TNT and RDX in the root zone of explosives contaminated soil. To achieve this<br />
goal we are investigating the introduction of microbial genes discovered for RDX degradation<br />
and TNT phytotoxicity resistance into grasses that can be used on training ranges.<br />
We had previously demonstrated that expression of the rhodococcal gene xplA in the model plant<br />
system Arabidopsis confers the ability to tolerate and degrade high concentrations of RDX.<br />
Furthermore, we had also demonstrated that expression of the bacterial nitroreductase nfsI gene<br />
in Arabidopsis confers resistance to toxic levels of TNT and that the nitroreductase TNT<br />
transformation products are conjugated to sugars as part of the detoxification process in plants.<br />
We have now demonstrated that expression of these bacterial genes in creepingbent grass<br />
enables the transgenic grass lines to tolerate and detoxify high concentrations of RDX and TNT<br />
respectively. Transgenic creeping bent grass expressing xplA were also observed to efficiently<br />
remove RDX from liquid media and to utilize RDX-derived nitrogen for growth. As a model<br />
system for RDX phytoremediation in the field, creeping bent grass expressing xplA and nfsI are<br />
currently being evaluated in RDX and TNT contaminated soil.<br />
We have selected three robust species of wheatgrass to engineer and potentially use in the field,<br />
western (Agropyron smithii), slender (A.trachycaulum) and Siberian (A.fragile), two of which are<br />
native. The wheatgrasses have broad applicability in a wide geographic range that includes 42<br />
military facilities in the Intermountain West, they are not invasive, and they have been shown to<br />
germinate and establish more rapidly. Western wheatgrass is a rhizomatous and relatively low<br />
growing native plant that is less likely to carry a fire and is also more resilient to training<br />
activities.<br />
G-163
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 161 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
OPEN BURN/OPEN DETONATION (OB/OD) MANAGEMENT USING LIME<br />
FOR EXPLOSIVES TRANSFORMATION<br />
ANDY MARTIN<br />
USACE-ERDC<br />
3909 Halls Ferry Road<br />
Vicksburg, MS 39180<br />
(601) 634-3710<br />
andy.martin@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Steven Larson, Dr. Jeffery Davis, and Debbie Felt (USACE-ERDC);<br />
Gene Fabian (Aberdeen Test Center); Gregory O’Connor (ARDEC)<br />
M<br />
unitions must be destroyed or demilitarized depending on their lifespan, stability (i.e.,<br />
unexploded ordnance), and/or specific legal requirements (i.e., international treaties). Two<br />
of the common technologies used are either Open Burn or Open Detonation (OB/OD) operations<br />
to demilitarize or destroy the munitions. The use of the OB/OD areas can release munitions<br />
constituents such as residual RDX, TNT, and associated metals used in the munitions casings.<br />
Once released in the OB/OD area the contaminants can be transported into the environment by<br />
surface water, ground water, and wind erosion.<br />
This <strong>ESTCP</strong> project (ER-0742) will develop a technology that will address the reduction of RDX<br />
and TNT munitions constituents at an active OD range via the application of lime to induce<br />
alkaline hydrolysis. The lime addition will also immobilize the metals associated with common<br />
munitions. Minor erosion control measures will be established to reduce the surface water<br />
transport of sediments off range through earthen berms.<br />
Building on the observations from <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0216, the proposed technology will reduce<br />
the RDX/TNT being released into the surface water and ground water in the area of the OD<br />
range, will immobilize the metals on site, and reduce soil erosion from the range. The potential<br />
cost savings to an installation includes a reduced or potentially no-cost associated with off-site<br />
cleanup of surface water and groundwater. In addition, the in-situ degradation of RDX and TNT<br />
will reduce the overall source zone munitions constituents loading and in the long term reduce<br />
future on-site clean up costs. This work is funded under <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0742.<br />
G-164
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 162 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
S<br />
REDUCING TRANSPORT OF ENERGETIC COMPOUNDS<br />
AT LIVE FIRE RANGES<br />
DR. MARK E. FULLER<br />
Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.<br />
17 Princess Road<br />
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648<br />
(609) 895-5348<br />
mark.fuller@shawgrp.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Charles E. Schaefer and Dr. Robert J. Steffan<br />
(Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.)<br />
oil, sediment, and groundwater at many DoD installations have become contaminated with<br />
various military-related chemicals. Our <strong>SERDP</strong> and <strong>ESTCP</strong> research projects (ER-1229,<br />
ER-0434) have been examining low-cost, readily available materials that can be applied to live<br />
fire ranges to prevent the migration and/or promote the degradation and immobilization of TNT,<br />
RDX and HMX.<br />
A combination of Sphagnum peat moss and crude soybean oil (PMSO) is being examined.<br />
Laboratory data from batch and column experiments allowed development of a reactive transport<br />
and fate model which allowed predictions of the flux (loading) of explosives to the subsurface<br />
and groundwater. The model simulations indicated that the loading would be reduced by the soil<br />
treatments by a combination of sorption and biodegradation.<br />
A field evaluation of the technology was performed employing outdoor ex-situ soil plots. The<br />
study was directed at measuring the reduction in the flux of explosive compounds (i.e., RDX,<br />
HMX, TNT) from freshly deposited Composition B detonation residues into the underlying soil.<br />
Over a 1 year period, the PMSO treatment layer reduced the average flux of RDX at<br />
approximately 30 cm below the soil surface by between 5- and 500-fold compared to control<br />
plots. The maximum RDX flux at a depth of 30 cm below the soil surface in the control plots<br />
was 4 H 10 -3 mg/cm 2 /d, compared to
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 163 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
BIOREMEDIATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION OF RDX AND HMX<br />
IN TROPICAL SOILS<br />
DR. ROGER BABCOCK, JR.<br />
University of Hawaii<br />
Holmes Hall 383<br />
2540 Dole Street<br />
Honolulu, HI 96822<br />
(808) 956-7298<br />
rbabcock@hawaii.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Stephen Turnbull (Schofield Barracks DPW <strong>Environmental</strong>);<br />
Dr. Susan Schenk (Hawaii Agricultural Research Center)<br />
he Makua Military Reservation (MMR) on Oahu has been in operation since the 1940s and<br />
currently contains the only combined-arms live fire (CALFAX) training range available in<br />
the State of Hawaii. The energetic compounds hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX),<br />
and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7 tetrazine (HMX) have been detected in Open<br />
Burning/Open Detonation area (OB/OD) soils and vadose zone pore water at concentrations<br />
above EPA Region IX Preliminary Remediation Goals. This <strong>ESTCP</strong> project (ER-0631) is<br />
investigating an inexpensive method to lower RDX and HMX concentrations within the<br />
subsurface, and thereby reduce the potential for off-site migration.<br />
Two remedial technologies are being deployed in tropical soils for this study: phytoremediation<br />
and biodegradation. Phytoremediation will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of plants at<br />
reducing residual energetic contamination within the root zone. Biodegradation will evaluate the<br />
effectiveness of in-situ enhanced aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation of RDX and HMX<br />
dissolved in vadose zone pore water beyond the root zone. Neither of these technologies have<br />
been rigorously tested for their effectiveness in the unique tropical soils of Oahu Hawaii.<br />
This project has two parts, (1) a greenhouse treatability study, and (2) a phytoremediation and<br />
bioremediation field demonstration. The treatability study was conducted to determine needs of<br />
and optimal conditions for the field demonstration. The 12-month phytoremediation field<br />
demonstration will be conducted to validate the greenhouse degradation rates from plant uptake<br />
and biodegradation in several test plots at MMR. The concentration of energetic compounds in<br />
the soil, leachate, plant root and plant shoot will be monitored throughout the duration of the<br />
field demonstration study. The treatability study was undertaken to measure the degradation of<br />
the energetic compounds under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. Soil from the MMR was<br />
excavated, sieved, placed in 54 4-gallon pots with 6 different treatments, inoculated with RDX<br />
and HMX, and located in a greenhouse with controlled irrigation. Completed between February<br />
and June 2008, the treatability study found that RDX was degraded within 30 days in treatments<br />
supplemented with molasses and those with Guinea grass. There was little removal in controls.<br />
Small amounts of HMX were not degraded. Low concentrations of RDX degradation products<br />
(DNX, TNX, and MNX) were detected in leachate samples. Several distinct bacteria isolates<br />
capable of degrading RDX as sole carbon source were isolated from the soils. The treatability<br />
study included two doses of molasses (1:20 dilution and 1:40 dilution) and found that the lower<br />
dose was effective and will be used in the field demonstration.<br />
G-166
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 164 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
USE OF THE JAPANESE QUAIL EMBRYO TO STUDY THE DEVELOPMENTAL<br />
TOXICITY OF NITROGLYCERIN (NG)<br />
N<br />
GHALIB K. BARDAI, MSC.<br />
McGill University<br />
Department Pharmacology & Therapeutics<br />
3655 Prom. Sir-William-Osler<br />
Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6 CANADA<br />
(514) 283-6447<br />
ghalib.bardai@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca; ghalib.bardai@mail.mcgill.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Barbara F. Hales (McGill University);<br />
Geoffrey I. Sunahara (Biotechnology Research Institute)<br />
itro based compounds are used by the military in the manufacture of explosives and in solid<br />
propellants. This use has led to widespread environmental release. Human and wildlife<br />
exposure to nitro compounds occurs through multiple pathways. Transformation of nitro<br />
compounds in vivo results in the release of nitrite, an important intracellular signalling molecule.<br />
We have shown previously that exposure to CL-20, a polynitro explosive, resulted in embryo<br />
developmental malformations. Based on these data, and the current literature of nitrite signalling<br />
specificity, we hypothesize that nitro-based compounds exert their embyrotoxic effects via nitrite<br />
formation. We have used nitroglycerin (NG) as a model nitro compound and quail embryos<br />
(Coturnix coturnix japonica) as a model species to investigate the mechanisms underlying the<br />
developmental toxicity of nitro compounds. NG (0, 1, 10 or 100 µg/µl, in corn oil) was injected<br />
in ovo (n=10-11/group) at 0, 33 and 72 hours of embryonic development. There was a dose<br />
dependent increase in embryolethality, with non-specific malformations. In the survivors, an<br />
increased incidence of microphthalmia (small eye) was observed which peaked in the 33 hour<br />
treatment group (1 µg/µl: 20%; 10 µg/µl: 40%), decreasing at 72 h to 22% in the 10 µg/µl group.<br />
Histological examination of ocular tissue from affected embryos showed a thin and highly<br />
disorganized retinal pigment epithelium and retina, a thin neural retina and the absence of an<br />
optic nerve. TUNEL positive apoptotic cells were found in a well-defined region of the<br />
microphthalmic eye. Alcian blue staining revealed the presence of an abnormal distribution of<br />
the extracellular matrix. To localize the effects of NG, filter papers soaked with NG were placed<br />
on the developing eye in ex ovo studies. The control eye developed normally whereas<br />
development of the NG exposed eye was arrested.<br />
Thus, NG exposure induced microphthalmia in quail embryos. These studies validate the use of<br />
NG as a model teratogen in quail embryos to elucidate the developmental cell-signalling<br />
pathways disrupted by nitro based compounds. This project was supported by FRSQ studentship<br />
to G.Bardai and <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1416.<br />
G-167
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 165 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
TOXICITY OF NITROGLYCERIN AND SELECTED AMINODINITROTOLUENES<br />
TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS<br />
SYLVIE ROCHELEAU<br />
Biotechnology Research Institute<br />
6100 Royalmount Avenue<br />
Montreal, QC H4P 2R2 CANADA<br />
(514) 283-6447<br />
sylvie.rocheleau@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Roman G. Kuperman, Ph.D., Michael Simini, Ph.D., and<br />
Ronald T. Checkai, Ph.D. (U.S. Army, ECBC); Myrianne Joly, B.Sc., Louise Paquet, B.Sc.,<br />
Jalal Hawari, Ph.D., and Geoffrey I. Sunahara, Ph.D. (BRI); Guy Ampleman, Ph.D. and<br />
Sonia Thiboutot, Ph.D. (DRDC-Valcartier)<br />
W<br />
e assessed individual phytotoxicities of 1,2,3-trinitroglycerin (NG), 2-amino-4,6-<br />
dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), using one<br />
dicotyledonous species (alfalfa Medicago sativa) and two monocotyledonous species (Japanese<br />
millet Echinochloa crusgalli and perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne). We designed our studies to<br />
develop toxicity data for deriving Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs; U.S. EPA, 2005)<br />
using Sassafras sandy loam (SSL) soil that supports high relative bioavailability of energetic<br />
materials (EMs). Plants were exposed to individual EMs either freshly amended or<br />
independently weathered-and-aged in soil for one month (NG) or three months (ADNTs).<br />
Definitive toxicity tests were performed according to ASTM and U.S. EPA standard protocols.<br />
Analytical determinations of EMs in soil were done using a modified U.S. EPA Method 8330B.<br />
Toxicity data were analyzed using nonlinear regression models to determine NG, 2-ADNT or 4-<br />
ADNT concentrations in soil producing a specified percent effect (ECp and corresponding 95%<br />
Confidence Intervals; CI) on the plant growth endpoints.<br />
Preliminary results for NG freshly amended in SSL soil yielded the EC20 and 95% CI values for<br />
shoot growth (dry mass) of 1 (0-2) mg/kg for ryegrass, and 92 (9-175) mg/kg for alfalfa.<br />
Weathering-and-aging of NG in SSL soil significantly decreased the toxicity for ryegrass shoot<br />
growth, with an EC20 value of 26 (12-41) mg/kg but did not affect alfalfa shoot growth, based<br />
on the EC20 value of 83 (25-141) mg/kg compared to the phytotoxicities of NG in freshly<br />
amended SSL soil. Preliminary results for 2-ADNT freshly amended in SSL soil yielded EC20<br />
values for shoot growth (dry mass) of 22 (4-41) mg/kg for ryegrass, 0.002 (0-0.1) mg/kg for<br />
alfalfa, and 83 (5-160) mg/kg for Japanese millet. Weathering-and-aging of 2-ADNT in SSL soil<br />
significantly decreased the toxicity to ryegrass and alfalfa, based on the respective EC20 values<br />
for shoot growth of 64 (42-86) and 36 (0-134) mg/kg. In contrast, weathering-and-aging of 2-<br />
ADNT in SSL soil significantly increased the toxicity to Japanese millet, based on the EC20<br />
values for shoot growth of 0.04 (0-0.28) mg/kg. Results of the ongoing investigations with 4-<br />
ADNT will be presented in the poster. This work was funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1416.<br />
G-168
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 168 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ASSESSING THE BIOACCUMULATION POTENTIAL OF RDX AND HMX IN<br />
B<br />
SOIL INVERTEBRATES AND PLANTS<br />
GEOFFREY I. SUNAHARA, PH.D.<br />
Biotechnology Research Institute<br />
6100 Royalmount Avenue<br />
Montreal, QC H4P 2R2 CANADA<br />
(514) 496-8030<br />
geoffrey.sunahara@nrc.gc.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Sabine G. Dodard, Manon Sarrazin, Kathleen Savard, Myrianne Joly,<br />
Pierre Yves Robidoux, and Jalal Hawari (Biotechnology Research Institute);<br />
Sonia Thiboutot and Guy Ampleman (DRDC-Valcartier); Ronald T. Checkai and<br />
Roman G. Kuperman (U.S. Army, ECBC)<br />
ioaccumulation of cyclic nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)<br />
and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) from soil can impact the higher<br />
trophic-level receptors through the food chain transfer. We investigated accumulation of these<br />
explosives by plants and earthworms from Sassafras sandy loam (SSL) soil having physicochemical<br />
properties (including low pH, clay and organic matter contents) that support high<br />
relative bioavailability of energetic materials (EMs). Earthworms Eisenia andrei were exposed in<br />
separate studies to unlabelled or 14 C-labeled RDX or HMX in soil for up to 14 days. Following<br />
the uptake phase in the studies with 14 C-labeled compounds, earthworms were transferred to soil<br />
without EMs to determine the elimination kinetics. Concentrations of each EM in the<br />
earthworms and soil were determined using a modified U.S. EPA Method 8330B.<br />
Bioaccumulation factors were determined using either the steady-state-based approach by<br />
estimating tissue-to-soil distribution coefficient (BAF), or the kinetic approach (BAF K ) by<br />
estimating the ratios of the uptake and elimination rate constants. The phytoconcentration<br />
potentials for either RDX or HMX were investigated using ryegrass Lolium perenne. Plants were<br />
grown from seed in freshly amended soil up to 35 days. Harvested tissues (roots or shoots) were<br />
extracted to quantify concentrations of each EM using a modified U.S. EPA Method 8330B. The<br />
uptake of each EM was determined using the steady-state-based BAF approach.<br />
Preliminary results for RDX established the BAF values of 6-7 based on the earthworm<br />
exposures to soil RDX concentration 10 mg/kg. Earthworms accumulated HMX to a lesser<br />
extent compared to RDX based on the interim BAF value of less than 1 estimated from exposure<br />
to HMX concentration 10 mg/kg. Ryegrass accumulated RDX and HMX in the shoots. The<br />
interim BCF values of 54 and 21 were determined for RDX and HMX, respectively, based on the<br />
results of plant exposures to either EM soil concentration of 10 mg/kg. These results are<br />
consistent with previous ecotoxicological studies which showed greater accumulation of RDX in<br />
plants and earthworms compared with HMX. This work was supported by the <strong>Strategic</strong><br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development Program (<strong>SERDP</strong> ER-1416).<br />
G-169
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 169 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
TOXICITY OF NITROGLYCERIN AND AMINODINITROTOLUENES TO<br />
POTWORM ENCHYTRAEUS CRYPTICUS IN A SANDY LOAM SOIL<br />
DR. ROMAN KUPERMAN<br />
U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center<br />
5183 Blackhawk Road<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424<br />
(410) 436-4697<br />
roman.kuperman@us.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Ronald T. Checkai, Dr. Michael Simini, and Mr. Carlton T. Phillips<br />
(ECBC); Dr. Geoffrey I. Sunahara, Dr. Jalal Hawari, and Ms. Sylvie Rocheleau (Biotechnology<br />
Research Institute)<br />
W<br />
e are investigating the effects of N-based organic explosives 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene<br />
(2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and 1,2,3-trinitroglycerin (NG) on soil<br />
invertebrates. We designed our studies to develop toxicity benchmark values for deriving<br />
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs; U.S. EPA, 2005), for ecological risk assessment of<br />
energetic materials (EMs) at contaminated sites. We conducted toxicity tests under conditions<br />
that maximize compliance with Eco-SSL evaluation criteria, using a Sassafras sandy loam soil<br />
that supports high relative bioavailability of EMs. In this phase of investigation, we adapted the<br />
standardized toxicity test for the soil invertebrate potworm Enchytraeus crypticus<br />
(ISO/16387:2005) to establish toxicity benchmark data for 2-A-DNT, 4-A-DNT, and NG,<br />
independently weathered-and-aged in SSL soil, from one (NG) to three (ADNTs) months.<br />
Preliminary results for 2-ADNT yielded bounded NOEC and LOEC values 120 and 314 mg/kg,<br />
respectively, for adult survival; 76 and 90 mg/kg, respectively, for juvenile production by E.<br />
crypticus. Nonlinear regression analyses (Gompertz model) of toxicity data yielded respective<br />
interim EC20 and EC50 values for 2-ADNT of 332 and 878 mg/kg for adult survival; 76 and 103<br />
mg/kg for juvenile production. NG treatments did not impact the numbers of surviving adult E.<br />
crypticus, yielding results not significantly (p>0.05) different among acetone control and all<br />
positive treatments tested. These results established an unbounded NOEC for adult survival of<br />
122 mg/kg for NG. Juvenile production was significantly (p
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 170 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
M<br />
IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF MULTI-INCREMENT SAMPLING<br />
AND METHOD 8330B<br />
ALAN D. HEWITT<br />
U.S. Army ERDC-CRREL<br />
72 Lyme Road<br />
Hanover, NH 03755<br />
(603) 646-4388<br />
Alan.D.Hewitt@erdc.usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Marianne E. Walsh, Michael R. Walsh, and Susan R. Bigl<br />
(U.S. Army ERDC-CRREL)<br />
ethod 8330B (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/new-meth.htm#8330B) was<br />
posted on the U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection Agency (EPA) web page in November of<br />
2006. This revised method was based on experiences gained through more than 30 training range<br />
studies conducted by ERDC-CRREL and others under the <strong>SERDP</strong> (ER-1155 and ER-1481), U.S.<br />
Army Garrison Alaska soil and water, and Corps of Engineers Distributed Source programs.<br />
Protocols recommended in EPA Method 8330B allow scientifically defendable project data<br />
quality objectives to be achieved. Prior to publication of this revised method, very little guidance<br />
was available for site characterization activities addressing the concentration and mass of<br />
energetic residues in military training range soils. The <strong>ESTCP</strong> (ER-0628) demonstration program<br />
established that some of the more common practices such as splitting samples in the field and<br />
inadequate sample processing typically results in data that are not representative of the sampling<br />
location, and only relevant to the subsample extracted and analyzed. To promote conformity<br />
among various government agencies, <strong>ESTCP</strong> held several workshops and two field<br />
demonstration projects and has supported numerous conference presentations and invited<br />
presentations to various governmental agencies. In addition, to help promote the use of method<br />
8330B prior to commercial availability, ERDC-CRREL provided sample-processing services to<br />
a few projects. Today, several commercial laboratories are equipped to pulverize large samples<br />
so that they can be representatively subsampled. These commercial services recently supported<br />
projects for the Military Munitions Response Program at Formerly Used Defense sites (MMRP-<br />
FUDs). Additional use of the multi-increment sampling (MIS) strategy is anticipated, as well as<br />
use of Method 8330B, when applicable, based on an increasing awareness within State<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Agencies and EPA Regions. This presentation will summarize the government<br />
agencies that recommend use of MIS and Method 8330B, and the programs and projects that<br />
implemented these two procedures.<br />
G-171
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 177 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CAPACITIES OF CANDIDATE HERBACEOUS PLANTS FOR<br />
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL-BASED TNT AND RDX ON RANGES<br />
ELLY P.H. BEST<br />
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, <strong>Environmental</strong> Laboratory<br />
3909 Halls Ferry Road<br />
Vicksburg, MS 39180<br />
(601) 634-4246<br />
elly.p.best@usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Thomas Smith and Frank L. Hagen (U.S. Army ERDC, Construction and<br />
Engineering Laboratory); Dr. Jeffrey O. Dawson (University of Illinois);<br />
Alan J. Torrey (ERDC-EL)<br />
E<br />
xplosives, including TNT and RDX have been released from military operations into the<br />
environment. The long-term environmental impacts of exposure to elevated levels of these<br />
compounds are of concern. The U.S. Department of Defense recognizes the need for information<br />
on the environmental impact of explosives and related compounds, and is involved in studies<br />
aimed at minimizing their environmental effects. Promising in-situ technologies for<br />
contaminated soils include phytoextraction—the use of plants to take up (accumulate) and<br />
remove contaminants from the soil—and phytostabilization—the use of both plants and soil<br />
amendments to prevent the contaminants from migrating from the source area. Either<br />
phytoextraction or phytostabilization or a combination of both might be a cost-effective and<br />
ecologically compatible means of energetic contaminant management.<br />
A study was conducted to quantify the phytoextraction and phytostabilization capacities of TNT<br />
and RDX from spiked soil in selected herbaceous species. Dose-response experiments formed<br />
the basis for evaluating the uptake and tentative in-plant degradation of the soil-based energetics<br />
and biomass characteristics of the plants. In these experiments, plants were exposed for periods<br />
ranging from 55 to 83 days in the greenhouse. Biomass and evapotranspiration characteristics<br />
were determined, and residues of explosives parent compounds and metabolites were analyzed<br />
using HPLC techniques. Of the ten plant species tested, two grasses and four forbs were<br />
classified as TNT-tolerant. Total TNT-loss from soil by processes other than plant TNT uptake<br />
ranged from 18.4 to 33.2 kg TNT ha -1 in grasses and forbs, respectively. Plant TNT uptake<br />
ranged from 0.2 kg ha -1 in grasses to close to none in forbs. Four grasses took up and<br />
metabolized TNT and one forb showed some potential for TNT uptake and metabolism. All plant<br />
species were classified as RDX tolerant. Total RDX-loss from soil by processes other than plant<br />
RDX uptake ranged from 8.2 to 437 kg RDX ha -1 in grasses and forbs, respectively. Plant RDX<br />
uptake ranged from 3.4 kg ha -1 in grasses to 6.4 kg ha -1 in forbs. Four grasses and one forb<br />
metabolized RDX. Based on the results of this study, two plant species were recommended for<br />
further exploration of their phytoextraction/plant-assisted phytoremediation capacity, i.e.,<br />
Sorghastrum nutans and Amaranthus retroflexus, both species being classified as uptakers and/or<br />
degraders. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1500.<br />
G-172
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 178 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE FIBEROPTIC SURFACE ENHANCED<br />
RAMAN SENSOR<br />
DR. BAOHUA GU<br />
Oak Ridge National Laboratory<br />
P.O. Box 2008, MS-6036<br />
Oak Ridge, TN 37831<br />
(865) 574-7286<br />
gub1@ornl.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Pamela A. Mosier-Boss (Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center<br />
Pacific); Dr. Paul Hatzinger (Shaw <strong>Environmental</strong>, Inc.)<br />
R<br />
apid, in-situ field monitoring technologies are needed to identify potential areas of<br />
groundwater contamination with energetics at DoD sites. Current techniques for monitoring<br />
groundwater are expensive, and analytical results often are not available for several weeks after<br />
samples are collected. The goal of this project is to develop a new, cost-effective technique for<br />
in-situ quantification and monitoring of energetics such as perchlorate (ClO - 4 ), 2,4,6-<br />
trinitrotoluene (TNT), and N-trinitro-triazacyclohexane (RDX) in groundwater via fiberoptic<br />
surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Our specific objectives are to develop and<br />
fabricate sensitive and selective SERS substrates that can be used for detection of trace quantities<br />
of energetics, to construct a prototype fiberoptic SERS sensor that can be interfaced with a handheld<br />
Raman spectrometer, and ultimately to determine the performance and cost effectiveness of<br />
SERS technique for in-situ field screening and monitoring of contaminant energetics. To date,<br />
we have fabricated highly ordered SERS substrates using electron beam lithographic techniques<br />
as well as wet chemical synthesis techniques. These SERS substrates were found to be sensitive<br />
to detect TNT at concentrations as low as about 10-8 M (~2.3 µg/L) and about 10-9 M (~0.1<br />
µg/L) for perchlorate by using wet-chemical self-assembly techniques. A SERS probe is also<br />
constructed and being interfaced with a portable Raman spectrometer for initial laboratory<br />
testing. This project builds upon recent advances in large-scale nanofabrication of highly ordered<br />
SERS substrates and our understanding of surface modifications for improved selectivity and<br />
sensitivity of SERS. The technology has the potential to significantly reduce the cost for longterm<br />
monitoring at DoD sites due to decreased labor and analytical costs. This work is funded by<br />
<strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1602.<br />
G-173
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 179 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IMPRINTED NANOPOROUS ORGANOSILICAS FOR SELECTIVE ADSORPTION<br />
OF NITROENERGETIC TARGETS<br />
M<br />
DR. BRANDY J. WHITE<br />
Naval Research Laboratory<br />
Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering<br />
4555 Overlook Avenue, SW<br />
Washington, DC 20375<br />
(202) 404-6100<br />
brandy.white@nrl.navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Paul T. Charles (Naval Research Laboratory)<br />
aterials for the concentration of nitroenergetic targets from groundwater are sought for<br />
monitoring and remediation applications. For this work, periodic mesoporous<br />
organosilicas incorporating diethylbenzene bridges in their pore walls were applied for the<br />
adsorption of nitroenegetic targets from aqueous solution. The materials were synthesized by cocondensing<br />
1,4-bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene (DEB) with 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane to<br />
improve structural characteristics. Molecular imprinting of the pore surfaces was employed<br />
through the use of a novel target-like surfactant to further enhance selectivity for targets of<br />
interest (tri- and dinitrotoluenes) over targets of similar structure (p-cresol and p-nitrophenol).<br />
The head group of the commonly used alkylene oxide surfactant Brij®76 was modified by<br />
esterification with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride. This provided a target analog which was readily<br />
miscible with the Brij®76 surfactant micelles used to direct a material’s mesopore structure. The<br />
impact of variations in precursor ratios and amounts of imprint molecule was evaluated. The use<br />
of 12.5% of the modified Brij surfactant with a co-condensate employing 30% DEB was found<br />
to provide the best compromise between total capacity and selectivity for nitroenergetic targets.<br />
These results were applied in the development of organosilica materials possessing organization<br />
on both the meso and macro scales. The incorporation of macropores provides a material with<br />
enhanced flow through characteristics, thereby reducing back pressure when used in column<br />
formats. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1604.<br />
G-174
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 184 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
DEPOSITION OF NITROGLYCERINE FROM THE LIVE FIRING OF<br />
M72 A5 66-MM ROCKETS<br />
SONIA THIBOUTOT<br />
Defence Research and Development - Valcartier<br />
2459 Pie XI Blvd North<br />
Québec, QC G3J 1X5 CANADA<br />
(418) 844-4000, Ext. 4283<br />
sonia.thiboutot@drdc-rddc.gc.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Guy Ampleman, Mr. André Marois, Ms. Annie Gagnon, and<br />
Major Denis Gilbert (DRDC-Valcartier)<br />
his study is part of a larger effort undertaken in the context of sustaining operational military<br />
activities. The Armed Forces need to be informed about the environmental impacts of<br />
activities such as live firing. This is critical to ensure that training can be conducted on a<br />
sustainable basis, with minimal adverse impacts. Live fire training range characterizations<br />
demonstrated that propellant residues reached levels of concern at the firing positions. At these<br />
locations, the propellant included in the cartridge is ignited to propel the projectile toward the<br />
impact zone, and unburned propellant is deposited in the firing area. This study was aimed at<br />
measuring the deposition of propellant residues both from the rearward and front blast of 66-mm<br />
M72 antitank rockets, a weapon that is frequently fired in Canadian ranges. The 66-mm<br />
recoilless rocket consists of an open tube that propels an explosive warhead with a flat and short<br />
trajectory upon ignition of the propellant charge. DRDC-Valcartier participated in a live firing<br />
exercise of the 22nd Canadian regiment to sample the residues generated by the firing of ninetyeight<br />
M72 66-mm rounds. Samples were collected using particle traps up to 10 m in front and 30<br />
m behind the weapons. The area available for sample collection was relatively limited due to site<br />
constraints. The samples are presently processed and the poster will present the results obtained<br />
for the dispersion rate of nitroglycerine from antitank M72 66-mm rockets. This work was<br />
supported by the Sustain Thrust of DRDC, and the <strong>Strategic</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Research and<br />
Development Program (<strong>SERDP</strong> ER-1481, follow-on), Washington, D.C. USA.<br />
G-175
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 185 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
A<br />
ASSESSMENT OF GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE PROPELLANT RESIDUES<br />
RESULTING FROM SMALL ARMS LIVE FIRING<br />
DR. SYLVIE BROCHU<br />
Defence Research and Development Canada - Valcartier<br />
2459, Pie XI North<br />
Quebec, QC G3J 1X5 CANADA<br />
(418) 844-4000, Ext. 4333<br />
sylvie.brochu@drdc-rddc.gc.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Isabelle Poulin and Dominic Faucher (DRDC-Valcartier);<br />
Michael R. Walsh (U.S. Army ERDC-CRREL)<br />
large number of small arms ranges have been characterized in Canada and the U.S. to<br />
assess propellant residue accumulation in near-surface soils at firing point areas. From<br />
range characterization data, the evaluation of the extent of contamination associated with the use<br />
of a specific ammunition/weapon system is impossible (none is used for a single type of<br />
munitions, historic information is limited, and soil is often contaminated from past activities).<br />
Not only is there a lack of information on the buildup of propellant residues on the ground, but<br />
also there is little information on the gaseous emissions resulting from the live firings. In order to<br />
properly advise the U.S. and Canadian Forces to sustain military training, and to help design<br />
alternative gun propellant formulations with better combustion properties than current ones, there<br />
is a need to better understand the gun propellant combustion and the parameters having an<br />
influence on the propellant efficiency. A study was thus undertaken to estimate the amount of<br />
unburned energetic residues deposited per round fired for 15 different caliber/weapon systems<br />
involving 9 mm, 7.62 mm, 5.56 mm, .50 cal, and .338 cal. For all trials, samples were collected<br />
in aluminum plates strategically located in front of the gun. To identify the most common air<br />
contaminants and their concentrations, air samples were also collected for the three most<br />
commonly used systems using pumps and enclosure bags to optimize sampling. All samples<br />
were analyzed for nitroglycerin (NG) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Also, gas samples were analyzed<br />
for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total cyanides, the BTEX suite, aldehydes, and nitric acid.<br />
The percentage of unburned NG per round was found to vary between 0.001% and 3.90%, and<br />
up to 2.03 mg NG per round was deposited, depending on the caliber/weapon used. This makes<br />
the burning efficiency of most small arms better than mortars, but worse than some artillery<br />
rounds. Although the amount of dispersed NG per round seems low, the large amount of small<br />
caliber ammunition fired in military training as compared to medium and large caliber<br />
ammunition can lead to the rapid accumulation on the surface of the soil. Moreover, the small<br />
arms residues accumulate in a much smaller area than those of mortars and artillery, leading to a<br />
higher concentration buildup. This work was supported by the Sustain Thrust of DRDC, Canada<br />
and the <strong>Strategic</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> Research and Development Program (<strong>SERDP</strong> ER-1481),<br />
Washington D.C., USA.<br />
G-176
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Energetics<br />
Poster Number 186 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY DATA FOR MUNITION COMPOUNDS TO<br />
SUPPORT TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUE DERIVATIONS FOR WILDLIFE<br />
DR. MARK S. JOHNSON<br />
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion<br />
and Preventive Medicine<br />
5158 Blackhawk Road<br />
ATTN: MCHB-TS-THE<br />
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403<br />
(410) 436-5081<br />
Mark.S.Johnson@us.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Craig A. McFarland, Michael J. Quinn, Jr., Matthew J. Bazar, Emily May<br />
LaFiandra, and Larry G. Talent (Oklahoma State University); Amy L. Hawkins (NFESC);<br />
Ronald C. Porter (Noblis, Inc.); Robert M. Gogal, Jr. (Virginia Tech)<br />
T<br />
he DoD is the steward of extensive land holdings, many of which encompass land uses such<br />
as training (e.g., firing ranges), munition manufacturing, and demilitarization operations.<br />
Due to the large size of these areas, their relative habitat value, and the occurrence of munition<br />
compounds found in the soil, sediment, and surface water at these installations, it is important<br />
that the DoD can address issues associated with exposures to these substances to valued wildlife<br />
species. This work (<strong>SERDP</strong>-funded project ER-1420) represents a tiered approach to provide the<br />
needed data for the most prevalent munition compounds and constituents for wildlife to aid in a<br />
risk assessment. Wildlife laboratory models were developed and exposed to various munition<br />
compounds in a controlled regime and investigated for adverse effects. From these data, safe<br />
thresholds for exposure are determined for RDX, TNT, DNT, and amino-dinitotoluenes for birds,<br />
mammals, reptiles and amphibians.<br />
G-177
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 167 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
REVIEW OF ENHANCED MONITORED NATURAL RECOVERY AT<br />
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT SITES<br />
DR. BART CHADWICK<br />
U.S. Navy-SPAWAR-SSC, <strong>Environmental</strong> Sciences Branch<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego, Code 2375<br />
53560 Hull Street<br />
San Diego, CA 92152-5001<br />
(619) 553-5333<br />
bart.chadwick@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Ms. Victoria Kirtay (Navy); Dr. Victor Magar and Dr. Jason M. Conder<br />
(ENVIRON); Dr. Marc Greenberg (EPA); Dr. Gui Lotufo (U.S. Army Engineer Research &<br />
Development Center); Dr. J. Germano (Germano & Associates, Inc.)<br />
E<br />
nvironmental restoration of active and abandoned military installations poses a major<br />
challenge for the United States Department of Defense (DoD) due to the sheer number and<br />
diversity of facilities and past activities that have released contaminants into the environment.<br />
Contaminated sediment issues can be significant for DoD installations located near ecologicallysensitive<br />
aquatic environments, with costs totaling over one-billion dollars for remedies that<br />
utilize traditional dredging and capping techniques. This presentation examines sediment<br />
management projects that have employed Enhanced Monitored Natural Recovery (EMNR), also<br />
know as thin layer capping (TLC). Although TLCs are generally much thinner than isolation<br />
caps (e.g., only 6-12 inches thick), TLCs serve many of the same purposes as isolation caps,<br />
namely, creating a clean sediment surface, reducing sediment scour potential, and increasing the<br />
physical barrier between contaminated sediment and the ecological environment. Additionally,<br />
TLCs accelerate natural recovery processes by rapidly providing a cleaner sediment surface and<br />
benthic environment. In addition to several ongoing applications at minor sites, the presentation<br />
reviews EMNR remedial applications at Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site in Bainbridge<br />
Island (WA), Ketchikan Pulp Company Site in Ketchikan (AK), and Bremerton Naval Complex<br />
in Bremerton (WA). The variety of sites at which EMNR has been applied underscore EMNR’s<br />
applicability in addressing a variety of Remedial Action Objectives related to several different<br />
contaminants of concern in a variety of hydrological conditions. Accurate and precise placement<br />
of TLCs at the sites, as well as the verification of remedial design, remains a challenge. In terms<br />
of cap placement, results highlight the fact that significant water depth, bottom slope, and<br />
organic-enrichment of the sediment do not necessarily preclude the placement of a stable and<br />
successful thin layer cap. Verifying TLC thickness to address achievement of design<br />
specifications and monitoring stability over time can be difficult (e.g., when TLC material is<br />
similar to underlying sediment). Source control is a critical issue for remedial success. In cases<br />
where ongoing sources are expected, monitoring should focus on resolving chemical deposition<br />
from the water column from mixing of the TLC with underlying sediment. Whereas all sites<br />
reviewed demonstrated considerable improvements in surface sediment concentrations following<br />
EMNR implementation, not all applications can be said to have equally achieved the projects’<br />
stated remedial goals, although shortcomings are more due to source control issues rather than<br />
failure of EMNR itself.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0827.<br />
G-178
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 180 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
MONITORING PLAN DESIGN FOR VALIDATION OF ENHANCED<br />
MONITORED NATURAL RECOVERY OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT<br />
DR. BART CHADWICK<br />
U.S. Navy-SPAWAR-SSC, <strong>Environmental</strong> Sciences Branch<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego, Code 2375<br />
53560 Hull Street<br />
San Diego, CA 92152-5001<br />
(619) 553-5333<br />
bart.chadwick@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Ms. Victoria Kirtay (Navy); Dr. Victor Magar and Dr. Jason M. Conder<br />
(ENVIRON); Dr. Marc Greenberg (EPA); Dr. Gui Lotufo (U.S. Army Engineer Research &<br />
Development Center); Dr. J. Germano (Germano & Associates, Inc.)<br />
W<br />
ell defined remediation goals and performance criteria are critical for developing<br />
successful long-term monitoring programs following implementation of remedies that<br />
leave contaminated sediments in place. This is especially true since detailed monitoring<br />
frameworks are lacking, little is known about the long-term efficacy of previously implemented<br />
sediment remediation efforts, and costs involved in implementation of remedial actions and postmonitoring<br />
can be elevated. We will present a remedy-specific monitoring approach designed to<br />
evaluate the performance of Enhanced Monitored Natural Recovery (EMNR) at a DoD sediment<br />
site (Quantico Marine Corps Base, Virginia to promote a broader understanding of EMNR while<br />
developing a set of tools for long-term monitoring.<br />
The site where the EMNR remedy is being implemented is Quantico Embayment, a semi-circular<br />
inlet of the Potomac River at the Quantico Marine Corps Base (MCB), Virginia. Covering 190<br />
acres, the Embayment is adjacent to the Quantico MCB Site 4 Old Landfill that was operational<br />
until 1971. In 2002, analyses of surface sediment grab samples, subsurface sediment core<br />
samples and biological samples collected within the Embayment revealed that DDT and daughter<br />
compounds were elevated to be of concern for piscivorous birds. Habitat enhancement capping<br />
with monitored natural recovery was found to be the preferred alternative, involving the<br />
placement of a thin layer (6-9 inches) of clean sediment within a remedial footprint delineation.<br />
This layer facilitates recovery by providing an initial foothold for benthic biota and creating a<br />
positive chain reaction where surface sediment concentration reductions promote additional<br />
colonization and recovery. As the clean sediment layer mixes with underlying sediments,<br />
recovery extends to deeper layers and ultimately results in ecosystem recovery at higher trophic<br />
levels.<br />
This presentation will detail the various monitoring approaches to assess the physical stability of<br />
thin layer caps (TLC), the rate and extent to which TLC material is mixed into the sediment bed<br />
and the rate and extent of benthic community recovery following TLC application. The effect of<br />
EMNR in reducing surface contaminant of concern (COC) concentration, toxicity and<br />
bioaccumulation will also be addressed.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0827.<br />
G-179
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 181 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
GUIDANCE FOR MONITORED NATURAL RECOVERY AT<br />
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT SITES<br />
DR. VICTOR MAGAR<br />
ENVIRON International Corporation<br />
123 N. Wacker Drive, Suite 250<br />
Chicago, IL 60606<br />
(312) 288-3840<br />
vmagar@environcorp.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. D. Bart Chadwick (U.S. Navy-SPAWAR-SSC); Dr. Jason M. Conder<br />
(ENVIRON); Dr. Tim Dekker (LimnoTech); Dr. Jeff A. Steevens and Dr. Todd Bridges<br />
(U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center); Dr. Marc Mills (U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Protection Agency, ORD-NRMRL)<br />
E<br />
nvironmental restoration of active and abandoned military installations poses a major<br />
challenge for the United States Department of Defense (DoD) due to the sheer number and<br />
diversity of facilities and past activities that have released contaminants into the environment.<br />
Contaminated sediment issues can be significant for DoD installations located near ecologicallysensitive<br />
aquatic environments, with costs totaling over one-billion dollars for remedies that<br />
utilize traditional dredging and capping techniques. A multi-disciplinary team of experts from<br />
industry, DoD, including U.S. Navy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Protection Agency have drafted a guidance to facilitate the understanding and application of<br />
monitored natural recovery (MNR) at DoD sites with contaminated sediments. MNR involves<br />
leaving contaminated sediments in place while monitoring the performance of the natural<br />
physical, chemical, and biological processes that physically isolate, transform, and/or reduce the<br />
bioavailability and mobility of the contaminants. Although MNR usually requires a much more<br />
intensive monitoring program than capping or dredging, MNR avoids construction costs while<br />
retaining the potential to achieve remedial action objective at many sites, resulting in potential<br />
DoD cost savings of hundreds of millions of dollars. This presentation will provide a brief<br />
overview of each of the MNR guidance topics, including: (1) key definitions, processes,<br />
objectives, and considerations for MNR; (2) conceptual site models that highlight natural<br />
recovery processes; (3) lines of evidence used to investigate the feasibility of MNR as a potential<br />
remedy during the remedial investigation/feasibility study process; (4) the application of<br />
quantitative modeling to predict natural recovery performance and interpret natural recovery<br />
monitoring results; and (5) goal-focused frameworks for long-term MNR monitoring designs.<br />
The technical and strategic topics of the guidance are presented to assist site managers and<br />
remedial project managers in assessing the feasibility of MNR as a remedy and implementing<br />
successful MNR monitoring plans.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0622.<br />
G-180
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 182 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
I<br />
USING PERFORMANCE REFERENCE COMPOUNDS TO CALIBRATE<br />
POLYETHYLENE PASSIVE SAMPLERS FOR MEASURING MIXTURES OF<br />
HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (HOCS)<br />
IN SEDIMENT POREWATERS<br />
PHILIP GSCHWEND<br />
Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />
77 Massachusetts Avenue<br />
48-216<br />
Cambridge, MA 02139<br />
(617) 253-1638<br />
pmgschwe@mit.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Loretta Fernandez, John MacFarlane, and Kathleen Fleming<br />
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)<br />
n order to make the polyethylene (PE) passive sampling methodology useful for a wide range<br />
of HOCs (e.g., PCB congeners, alkylated PAHs) for which performance reference compounds<br />
(PRCs) are not readily available, we have sought to extend the method for cases in which the<br />
PRCs could not be assumed the same as the target compounds of interest in key mass transfer<br />
properties. The method requires that diffusivity of the target compound in PE be known, as well<br />
as its PE-water partition coefficient, K PEW , and the site-specific sediment-water sorption<br />
coefficient, K d . PE diffusivities of several alkylated PAHs and PCBs were measured, and a<br />
method to estimate PE diffusivity from chemical structure was developed. A mass transfer model<br />
and observations of PRC losses in specific sediments were used to estimate K d for target<br />
chemicals. These parameters, along with K PEW values, measured or estimated from structure,<br />
allowed us to deduce the freely-dissolved porewater concentrations of alkylated PAHs and PCBs<br />
in a sediment sample from a coal tar contaminated site. The PE-deduced concentrations were<br />
compared to concentrations measured in porewaters that had been physically separated from the<br />
sediments and corrected for colloid-associated fractions.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1496.<br />
G-181
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 183 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
D<br />
INTEGRATED FORENSICS APPROACH TO FINGERPRINT PCB SOURCES<br />
USING RAPID SCREENING CHARACTERIZATION AND ADVANCED<br />
CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING<br />
JIM LEATHER<br />
Navy Spawar Systems Center<br />
53475 Strothe Road<br />
San Diego, CA 92152<br />
(619) 553-6240<br />
jim.leather@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Greg Durell (Battelle); Glenn Johnson (University of Utah);<br />
Marc Mills (EPA); Keith Forman (NAVFAC)<br />
etermining the original source of contamination for a heterogeneous matrix such as<br />
sediments is a requirement for both cleanup and compliance programs within the military.<br />
The technology to be demonstrated includes two primary components: (1) rapid sediment<br />
characterization (RSC) screening technologies that provide for wide spatial and temporal<br />
coverage to delineate sediment contaminant heterogeneity in a cost-effective manner and<br />
(2) advanced chemical fingerprinting (ACF) on a selected subset of these samples to develop<br />
fingerprints and delineate sources. The techniques for the RSC of polychlorinated biphenyls<br />
(PCBs) in sediments have been adapted from methods developed for use in soils. The techniques<br />
are modifications of the current standard immunoassay methods described under EPA Method<br />
4020 (Screening for PCBs by Immunoassay) that have been adapted to work on the wet, organic<br />
rich matrix found in many sediments. ACF has evolved into state-of-the-art PCB analytical<br />
methods using high-resolution gas chromatography and low-resolution mass spectrometry<br />
operating in selected ion monitoring mode (HRGC/LRM-SIM) that are highly cost-effective and<br />
provide detailed, high-quality data. The methods employ components of EPA Method 680<br />
(HRGC/LRMS PCB homologue and total PCB method) and Method 1668a (HRGC/HRMS PCB<br />
congener method). The base methods have been modified to include many nonstandard,<br />
environmentally important, and diagnostic PCB congeners that will permit data analysis for<br />
differentiating potential sources. PCB forensics data reduction and analysis include various types<br />
of statistical and other numerical analyses, including the application of sophisticated receptor<br />
modeling methods to help tease out source relationships. The overall objective of the project is to<br />
provide guidance on integrating chemical techniques into a cost-effective forensics program to<br />
apportion regulatory costs among principal responsible parties (PRPs) and/or ensure all<br />
contaminant sources have been identified prior to mitigation efforts.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0826.<br />
G-182
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 196 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
BENTHIC COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO SEDIMENT AMENDMENTS<br />
DR. Y. MERIAH ARIAS-THODE<br />
SPAWAR Systems Center, Pacific<br />
Code 7175<br />
53475 Strothe Road<br />
San Diego, CA 92152-6375<br />
(619) 553-2671<br />
yolandam@spawar.navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Gunther Rosen and Dr. Jim Leather (SPAWAR PAC); Dr. Jinjun Kan,<br />
Dr. Anna Obraztsova, Yanbing Wang, and Dr. Kenneth Nealson (University of Southern<br />
California); Dr. Kirk Scheckel (EPA Ohio)<br />
T<br />
he amendments apatite, organoclay, acetate, chitin, and geotextile reactive mats containing<br />
apatite and apatite and organoclay are currently under examination for remediation of<br />
contaminated sediments. The objective of this research is to evaluate toxicity to several estuarine<br />
and marine benthic community surrogates exposed to the amendments singly, and in<br />
combination. Amphipods (Eohaustorius estuarius), polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata),<br />
sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), and purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus<br />
purpuratus) were exposed to the various amendments (at concentrations up to 5% by weight) in<br />
uncontaminated sediment for up to 28 days in the laboratory. Bacterial counts and basic<br />
microbiology were performed in the overlying water column. The geotextile mats had no<br />
observable effects on any of the organisms except bacterial growth. Although not statistically<br />
significant, there was an increase in sea urchin fertilization success observed in all treatments<br />
that included loosely mixed apatite. Acetate treatments resulted in reduced polychaete survival in<br />
some beakers, as well as reduced minnow growth. Polychaete mortality was attributed to a<br />
temporary, but sharp, decline in dissolved oxygen concentration (to 1.3 mg/L) that was observed<br />
on Day 5 of the exposure. Enhanced growth of N. arenaceodenatata relative to controls,<br />
however, was observed in acetate treatments. Chitin treatments resulted in overlying water and<br />
pore water ammonia concentrations substantially higher than any of the other treatments.<br />
Microbial activities play critical roles in remediation in natural environments. Results indicate<br />
that bacterial cell counts (~ 2 H 10 5 cell mL -1 ) in the overlying water did not change significantly<br />
over time for treatments, except those containing acetate, chitin, and apatite. By day 28, cell<br />
counts in the presence of acetate increased by three orders of magnitude, while counts in chitin<br />
treatments increased one order of magnitude. It was concluded by the authors that there was no<br />
inherent toxicity associated with the amendments. Toxicity to the macro benthic community<br />
from acetate and chitin likely resulted from the increase in bacterial growth and the subsequent<br />
impairment of water quality.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1551.<br />
G-183
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 197 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
E<br />
GEOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON METAL<br />
ACCUMULATION IN DEPOSIT-FEEDING POLYCHAETES<br />
NICHOLAS FISHER<br />
Marine Sciences Research Center<br />
Stony Brook University<br />
Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000<br />
(631) 632-8649<br />
nfisher@notes.cc.sunysb.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Zofia Turek (Stony Brook University);<br />
Gregory Cutter (Old Dominion University)<br />
stuarine sediments in industrialized and urbanized areas are enriched in potentially toxic<br />
contaminants, among them Cd, As, Cr, and Pb and can be a significant source of these<br />
metals for benthic organisms. Benthic animals are exposed to metals via two routes: aqueous,<br />
and from ingested sediment. In order to evaluate the risks associated with contaminated<br />
sediments, it is necessary to assess the extent to which contaminants bound to sediments are<br />
available for uptake and assimilation in resident organisms. The overall goal of this research is to<br />
explain bioaccumulation of sediment-associated Cd, As, Cr and Pb in the ubiquitous depositfeeding<br />
polychaete Nereis succinea, by addressing three questions: (1) What is the geochemical<br />
fate of metal(loid)s within natural sediment, and how does it change over time; (2) How does a<br />
metal’s association with a particular sediment fraction (e.g., iron oxides or the organic fraction)<br />
influence its assimilation in this worm and how efficient is the gut fluid of these worms in<br />
extracting metals from the sediment; and (3) How does bioaccumulation of metal from ingested<br />
sediment compare to uptake from pore water Answers to those questions provide a mechanistic<br />
understanding of processes underlying metal bioaccumulation and may enable quantitative<br />
predictions of metal bioaccumulation in polychaetes on a site-specific basis. Experiments<br />
addressing these questions employed gamma-emitting radioisotopes to measure metal uptake and<br />
retention using environmentally realistic metal concentrations. The assimilability and solubility<br />
in the gut fluid of metal bound to natural sediments was contrasted with that from specific pure<br />
phases comprising the sediments; thus metal assimilation from organic phases was compared to<br />
that in iron oxide or sulfide phases. Aqueous uptake was also assessed. The relative importance<br />
of dietary vs. aqueous sources of metal for polychaetes was compared. The assimilation<br />
efficiency (AE) of ingested metal(loid)s in N. succinea were generally higher from sediments<br />
enriched with phytodetritus than from natural sediments; AEs decreased significantly with<br />
sediment aging. The AEs of Cd and As bound to Norfolk Harbor sediment ranged from 40-70%<br />
for freshly labeled sediment, in contrast to that of Cr which was 99% of all metals is obtained from ingested sediment.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1494.<br />
G-184
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 198 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
ASSESSING BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOACCUMULATION<br />
WITH FIELD DEPLOYABLE SPME<br />
DR. DANNY REIBLE<br />
University of Texas<br />
1 University Station C1786<br />
Austin, TX 78712<br />
(512) 471-4642<br />
reible@mail.utexas.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: David Lampert and XiaoXia Lu (University of Texas)<br />
he ultimate sink for many hydrophobic organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic<br />
hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is often sediments. Recent<br />
studies have indicated that the bioavailable fraction of these contaminants, as indicated by the<br />
fraction leading to toxicity and bioaccumulation, is indicated by the interstitial or pore water<br />
concentrations even if the route of uptake is ingestion. Direct analysis of pore water<br />
concentrations is often impossible due to the hydrophobic nature of PAHs and PCBs. Solid phase<br />
microextraction (SPME) provides a means of quantifying pore water concentrations at the parts<br />
per trillion level. Previously, laboratory efforts to characterize the kinetics and equilibrium<br />
uptake on fibers were reported as well as studies confirming the ability of fiber uptake to indicate<br />
bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. A field SPME sampling device was also developed for<br />
quantifying pore water profiles in situ. The current poster will report on efforts to extend and<br />
confirm these studies both in the laboratory and in the field. The emphasis will be on the<br />
application of the field deployable SPME sampling device and comparison of the results of field<br />
bioassays to porewater concentration measurements. This device was deployed at several sites<br />
with simultaneous deployment of caged benthic organisms. This poster summarizes the findings<br />
to date.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0624.<br />
G-185
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 199 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
IN SITU-BASED MONITORING APPROACH FOR IMPROVED RISK<br />
ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS<br />
DR. G. ALLEN BURTON<br />
University of Michigan<br />
Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research<br />
440 Church Street<br />
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041<br />
(734) 763-3010<br />
burtonal@umich.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Gunther Rosen and Dr. D. Bart Chadwick (SPAWAR Systems Center<br />
Pacific); Dr. Marc Greenberg (EPA <strong>Environmental</strong> Response Team)<br />
raditional laboratory-based aqueous and sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation testing have<br />
been extensively evaluated and have their merits, but concern remains with respect to their<br />
relevance as accurate measures of exposure and effects in the field. Among the inherent<br />
limitations of laboratory-based tools are the possibility of altered exposure in the lab via sample<br />
manipulation, and in some cases, loss of the exposure source (e.g., upwelling contaminated<br />
groundwater or episodic exposure associated with storm events). Two novel in-situ-based<br />
monitoring tools are described for potentially improving the assessment of ecological risk and<br />
recovery at contaminated, or previously contaminated, sediment sites: (1) Toxicity screening on<br />
in-situ collected interstitial water samples for rapid mapping of “hot spots”; and (2) deployment<br />
of multi-parameter in-situ platforms. The Trident probe is a multi-sensor sediment probe device<br />
that samples pore water in-situ and has been field tested at multiple Superfund sites. Its use has<br />
been modified to provide samples for chemical and toxicological analyses; reducing artifacts<br />
associated with collection of interstitial water using ex-situ processes. Several short-term, small<br />
volume, standard and novel bioassays were compared for use as cost effective, rapid mapping<br />
tools. Task 1 identified an optimal suite of assays and exposure designs comparing sensitivity to<br />
toxicants, temperature, salinity, currents and field deployments. For in-situ toxicity and<br />
bioaccumulation testing, a platform was developed that houses various exposure chamber<br />
designs, allowing for simple deployment in shallow environments and diver-supported<br />
deployments at depth. Different compartments of exposure (i.e., water column, sediment-water<br />
interface, surficial sediment) were assessed over 48 hours, or more, using multi-parameter<br />
sensors and a variety of estuarine/marine amphipods, polychaetes, mussels, and mysid shrimp.<br />
The platform also included biomimetics (solid phase microextraction [SPME] fibers and<br />
diffusion gradient in thin-films [DGTs]) for potentially simpler assessments of exposure. Task 2<br />
deployments in San Diego Bay, CA were successful, with 48 hour exposures of all assays and<br />
supplemental comparisons to SPME, mussel and polychaete uptake at 21 days. Toxicity<br />
responses varied between species (42 to 100% survival) and stations. Results revealed that some<br />
in-situ assay exposures were not practical for routine use. Since chemical exposure and<br />
biological effects are assessed together in-situ, potentially more accurate, multiple-line-ofevidence-based<br />
risk assessments can be performed. The timely results allow for decisions on site<br />
ranking and second tiered testing needs more effectively than current approaches.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1550.<br />
G-186
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 200 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
THE DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC<br />
HYDROCARBON (PAH) BIOAVAILABILITY USING DIRECT PORE WATER<br />
ANALYSIS BY SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION (SPME)<br />
DR. DAVID NAKLES<br />
ENSR<br />
4075 Monroeville Blvd., Corporate One Office Park, Building II, Suite 400<br />
Monroeville, PA 15146<br />
(412) 380-0140<br />
dnakles@ensr.aecom.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Amy Hawkins (Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center);<br />
Steven Hawthorne (Energy and Environment Research Center); Todd Bridges and J. Daniel<br />
Farrar (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center); Upal Ghosh (University of<br />
Maryland Baltimore County); David Thal (Test America)<br />
R<br />
ecent data have shown that PAHs in sediments from urban and industrial sites are often<br />
much less toxic than is generally assumed by generic bulk sediment screening values, and<br />
toxicity is often not related to the concentration of total extractable PAHs using EPA standard<br />
methods. To increase the scientific understanding of what governs chemical exposure in<br />
sediments and how to measure it, the Sediment Contaminant Bioavailability Alliance (SCBA)<br />
initiated a program to develop a comprehensive database evaluating the bioavailability of<br />
hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic sediments.<br />
To date, the SCBA has completed 16 case studies, with measurements of PAH bioavailability on<br />
over 200 sediment samples. In a recent publication, the SCBA demonstrated that 73 of 97 (75%)<br />
of sediment samples analyzed exceeded the probable effect concentration (PEC) value for total<br />
PAHs (22.8 mg/kg); however, only 23 (32%) resulted in reduced survival to the aquatic<br />
amphipod Hyalella azteca.<br />
Concurrent with this effort, the SCBA has supported the development of a new analytical<br />
technique for estimating PAH bioavailability that involves the measurement of dissolved PAHs<br />
in sediment pore water using solid phase microextraction (SPME). ASTM and EPA (Office of<br />
Solid Waste and Office of Water) approval of this method is being pursued with the conduct of<br />
interlaboratory validation studies. To date, a provisional ASTM standard (D7363 – 07) and an<br />
EPA method (SW846 Method SW-8272) are already in place.<br />
<strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0709 used the SCBA methodology to assess the bioavailability of PAHs in<br />
sediments from the Anacostia River, proximate to the Washington Navy Yard. The results of this<br />
case study indicated that the use of PAH sediment screening levels, as well as the EPA<br />
Equilibrium Partitioning Method, did not adequately predict toxicity and non-toxicity to a<br />
benthic test organism (Hyalella azteca), and that their use would vastly overstate the volume of<br />
sediment requiring further action. The direct measurement of PAHs in sediment porewater<br />
corresponded to toxicity to H. azteca, and provided an accurate assessment of the potential effect<br />
of sediment PAHs on toxicity to benthic organisms.<br />
G-187
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 201 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
EVALUATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL AMENDMENTS FOR<br />
SIMULTANEOUS BIOAVAILABILITY REDUCTION OF<br />
PCBS AND HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT<br />
UPAL GHOSH<br />
University of Maryland Baltimore County<br />
1000 Hilltop Circle<br />
Baltimore, MD 21250<br />
(410) 455-8665<br />
ughosh@umbc.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Seokjoon Kwon, Jeff Thomas, and Brian E. Reed (University of Maryland<br />
Baltimore County); Laura Levine and Victor Magar (ENVIRON);<br />
Cynthia Gilmour (Smithsonian <strong>Environmental</strong> Research Center); Todd Bridges and<br />
Daniel Farrar (U.S. Army ERDC)<br />
I<br />
n-situ sediment remediation techniques that are less energy-intensive, cost effective, and less<br />
destructive to the ecosystem are attractive due to limitations of conventional risk management<br />
strategies such as dredging and capping. Recent studies found that the addition of activated<br />
carbon (AC) effectively stabilized polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments by reducing<br />
porewater concentrations and contaminant biouptake in benthic organisms. However,<br />
contaminated sediment sites often contain complex mixtures of organics and metals that require<br />
simultaneous remediation. Therefore, multifunctional or multiple amendments are needed to<br />
address the remediation of such complex sites.<br />
In this study several sorbents were tested for the stabilization of heavy metal contaminants in<br />
sediments. The selection procedure for heavy metal amendments included: (1) a literature<br />
review; (2) a series of aqueous phase sorption studies; (3) toxicity studies; and (4) laboratory<br />
biouptake measurements using a freshwater oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus) and a<br />
freshwater clam (Corbicula flumineae). The literature study followed by the sorption study<br />
allowed the selection of several promising engineered metal sorbents. Biouptake reduction of Cd,<br />
Pb, and Hg was most effective when sediment was amended with a mixture of AC and thiol<br />
group functionalized mesoporous silica (Th-SAMM). Laboratory scale mesocosms were also<br />
conducted using field sediment contaminated by both mercury and PCBs. Individual sorbents<br />
and sorbent mixtures were amended to field sediment and allowed to equilibrate for a month<br />
before conducting bioaccumulation and leaching tests. Field sediment amended with 3% AC and<br />
Th-SAMMS demonstrated 90% reduction in PCB biouptake in the freshwater oligochaete.<br />
Detailed analysis for mercury, methyl mercury, and sorptive properties among treated and<br />
untreated field sediments are ongoing and will be presented in this poster.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1491.<br />
G-188
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 202 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
QUANTIFYING ENHANCED MICROBIAL DEHALOGENATION IMPACTING<br />
THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANOHALIDE MIXTURES IN<br />
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS<br />
PROFESSOR MAX HAGGBLOM<br />
Rutgers University<br />
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology<br />
76 Lipman Drive<br />
New Brunswick, NJ 08901<br />
(732) 932-9763<br />
haggblom@aesop.rutgres.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Joong-Wook Park, Young-Beom Ahn, Hui Liu, Donna E. Fennell,<br />
Valdis Krumins, Fang Liu, Lisa Rodenburg, and Lee J. Kerkhof (Rutgers University);<br />
Kevin Sowers, Birthe Kjellerup, and Kate Gillespie (University of Maryland Biotechnology<br />
Institute)<br />
A<br />
quatic sediments are ultimate receptors of many halogenated contaminants, including<br />
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans<br />
(PCDD/Fs), and chlorinated pesticides. Sediment treatment is currently limited primarily to<br />
dredging with ex-situ treatment or sequestration and new methods are needed for in-situ<br />
containment and degradation of contaminants. Although microbially mediated reductive<br />
dehalogenation of organohalides is well established, methods for treating aquatic sediments<br />
contaminated with organohalide mixtures are not yet readily available. The overall objective of<br />
this project is to stimulate anaerobic biological dechlorination, which offers the most promising<br />
approach towards eventual detoxification and complete degradation of halogenated contaminant<br />
mixtures. Our results from micro- and mesocosm experiments indicate that the Anacostia River,<br />
Kearny Marsh, and Kymijoki River sediments contain a diverse population of dehalogenating<br />
microorganisms. We have refined and optimized a suite of molecular tools for rapid highthroughput<br />
detection, enumeration and diversity characterization of bacterial populations that<br />
reductively dehalogenate the target organohalides. Active dechlorinating populations are present<br />
in these sediments and biostimulation may enhance the activity of both native Dehalococcoides<br />
and bioaugmented Dehalococcoides species. We provide evidence for a combined<br />
bioaugmentation/biostimulation approach to the bioremediation of sediments contaminated with<br />
chlorinated biphenyls, diphenyl ethers, dibenzo-p-dioxins and/or dibenzofurans. The addition of<br />
halogenated coamendments might be one tool to enhance dechlorination of PCBs and PCDD/Fs<br />
in historically contaminated sediments and the halogenated amendments are potentially useful<br />
for producing exogenous dehalogenating biomass for bioaugmentation. The anticipated endresult<br />
is an understanding of the microbial in-sediment processes involved in biodegradation of<br />
organohalide mixtures. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1492.<br />
G-189
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 203 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
SUSTAINED ENHANCEMENT OF DECHLORINATOR POPULATIONS AND<br />
REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION ACTIVITY IN PCB- AND CHLORINATED<br />
W<br />
PESTICIDE-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT<br />
DR. VALDIS KRUMINS<br />
Rutgers University<br />
14 College Farm Road<br />
New Brunswick, NJ 08901<br />
(732) 932-9800, Ext. 6122<br />
krumins@envsci.rutgers.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Joong-Wook Park, Dr. Max M. Häggblom, Dr. Lee J. Kerhkof,<br />
Dr. Lisa A. Rodenburg, and Dr. Donna E. Fennell (Rutgers University)<br />
e investigated potential enhancements to reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated<br />
biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides in sediments from two contaminated sites:<br />
the Anacostia River, a tidal freshwater waterway in Washington, D.C. containing 2.1 mg/kg total<br />
PCBs, and from Kearny Marsh, a freshwater impoundment in the New Jersey Meadowlands with<br />
1.2 mg/kg total PCBs, along with various chlorinated pesticides including p,p'-DDT. Sediment<br />
microcosms (200 mL) were amended with electron acceptors, haloprimers (tetrachlorobenzene<br />
or pentachloronitrobenzene), and/or Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195. These treatments<br />
were evaluated as a means to increase dechlorinator populations and dechlorination activity for<br />
in-situ bioremediation. To determine if the enhancements were sustained over time, subcultures<br />
were taken after approximately 14 months of incubation, and dechlorination potential was tested<br />
by spiking subcultures with PCB116 and observing subsequent dechlorination rates.<br />
Treatment effectiveness was assessed by examining changes in the chlorination level of the preexisting<br />
PCBs and pesticides in the sediment, and by tracking DNA-based markers of<br />
dechlorinating bacteria. Nested polymerase chain reaction targeting Chloroflexi coupled to<br />
DGGE showed that biostimulation with haloprimers increased the incidence of a native species<br />
with 16S rRNA gene sequence identical to Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1. D. ethenogenes<br />
strain 195 was detected only in microcosms bioaugmented with that strain. Twelve primer sets<br />
were also developed from published reductive dehalogenase (rdh) gene sequences. Several rdh<br />
genes were detected in unamended sediment from both sites, and biostimulation increased<br />
incidence of a subset of these.<br />
Bioaugmentation with D. ethenogenes strain 195 and biostimulation with<br />
pentachloronitrobenzene both significantly (p
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 204 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ANAEROBIC DECHLORINATION<br />
OF POLYCHLORINATED COMPOUNDS<br />
JOONG-WOOK PARK<br />
Rutgers University<br />
76 Lipman Drive, Room 222<br />
New Brunswick, NJ 08901<br />
(732) 932-9763, Ext. 222<br />
JWPark@aesop.rutgers.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. V. Krumins, Dr. D.E. Fennell, Dr. L.J. Kerkhof, Dr. L.A. Rodenburg,<br />
and Dr. M.M. Häggblom (Rutgers University); Dr. B.V. Kjellerup, K.M. Gillespie, and<br />
Dr. K.R. Sowers (University of Maryland)<br />
P<br />
olychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs)<br />
are of concern because of their high toxicity and wide distribution. Both PCDD/Fs and PCBs<br />
with multiple chlorine substituents are more stable and thus resistant to biodegradation; however,<br />
the compounds’ toxicity depends on the number and position of chlorination. Therefore,<br />
microbial dechlorination may play an important role in detoxification of environmental PCDD/F<br />
and PCB contamination. Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 has been shown to<br />
dechlorinate PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1 has been shown to<br />
dechlorinate PCDDs. In addition to these Dehalococcoides species, other dechlorinating<br />
Chloroflexi have also been shown to either directly dechlorinate PCBs or to be likely candidates<br />
for PCDD/F and PCB dechlorination. Several sets of putative dechlorinating Chloroflexi-specific<br />
PCR primers were developed and optimized for broad range detection of putative dechlorinating<br />
Chloroflexi species by using nested PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).<br />
Nested PCR-DGGE analysis could detect various putative dechlorinating Chloroflexi species,<br />
most of which could not be detected by conventional DGGE or terminal restriction fragment<br />
length polymorphism (tRFLP) analysis, in several sediments. Twenty-three bands from nested<br />
PCR-DGGE were randomly selected and DNA was sequenced, all showed high similarity with<br />
known Chloroflexi species. With this nested PCR-DGGE, we analyzed 135 day samples from<br />
microcosms prepared with Anacostia River sediment containing 2.1 mg PCBs/kg dry weight. D.<br />
ethenogenes strain 195 was detected in bioaugmented microcosms, but not in any other<br />
microcosms. Certain native Chloroflexi species were detected only in haloprimer-treated<br />
microcosms, whose partial 16S rRNA gene sequences (128 bp) were identical to group of<br />
Dehalococcoides species including Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1. Gas chromatography -<br />
electron capture detection (GC-ECD) analysis demonstrated enhanced dechlorination of PCBs<br />
only in microcosms where D. ethenogenes strain 195 and/or native Dehalococcoides were<br />
detected by nested PCR-DGGE analysis. Putative dechlorinating Chloroflexi-specific PCR<br />
primers developed here were also applied to setup: (1) tRFLP and (2) nested PCR denaturing<br />
high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) analyses.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1492.<br />
G-191
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 205 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
M<br />
MERCURY BIOACCUMULATION AND TROPHIC TRANSFER IN<br />
RESIDENT ESTUARINE FOOD WEBS<br />
DR. CELIA CHEN<br />
Dartmouth College<br />
Department of Biological Sciences<br />
HB 6044<br />
Hanover, NH 03755<br />
(603) 646-2376<br />
celia.chen@dartmouth.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mr. Jason Williams and Dr. Vivien Taylor (Dartmouth College)<br />
eHg is a global pollutant known to be a potent neurotoxin to which humans are exposed<br />
largely through the consumption of marine fish and shellfish. Estuarine sediments are<br />
known repositories of metal contaminants and may be important sites of biotransfer of metals to<br />
estuarine food webs. Mercury concentrations in estuarine biota depend in part on<br />
bioaccumulation and trophic transfer patterns within estuarine food webs. We analyzed food web<br />
structure and organism total Hg and MeHg burden in six resident estuarine food webs in sites<br />
(4 in the Gulf of Maine, 2 in Naragansset Bay) spanning a gradient of sediment Hg<br />
contamination. Our goal was to identify sediment and food web characteristics which predict<br />
metal concentrations in biota. Benthic infauna and epifauna including snails, crabs, mussels,<br />
polychaetes, and fish were collected at each site and analyzed for inorganic Hg and MeHg, and<br />
stable isotopes (delta 15N and 13C). Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for total Hg<br />
and % total organic carbon (%TOC). Across sites, sediment %TOC showed a negative<br />
relationship with taxa sediment bioaccumulation factors, suggesting organic carbon regulates the<br />
bioavailability of total Hg. Although food web structures differed between sites, both 13C and<br />
15N signatures were related to Hg in biota across sites. Taxa mean 13C values showed a<br />
significant negative relationship with taxa mean MeHg burdens, indicating MeHg burden is<br />
higher for taxa with more pelagic 13C signatures. In addition, mean taxa %MeHg had a<br />
significant positive relationship with mean taxa 15N signature (adjusted for site differences),<br />
indicating %MeHg increases with trophic level across sites. The results of this study show the<br />
importance of food web characteristics in determining the fate of metals such as mercury in the<br />
marine environment. This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1503.<br />
G-192
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 213 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF ECOSYSTEM RISK AND RECOVERY FOR<br />
IN SITU TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS<br />
DR. RICHARD G. LUTHY<br />
Stanford University, Department of Civil and <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
473 Via Ortega, 313B<br />
Stanford, CA 94305<br />
(650) 723-3921<br />
luthy@stanford.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Yeo Myoung Cho, Jeanne Tomaszewski, Sungwoo Ahn, and Elisabeth<br />
Janssen (Stanford University); Amy Oen (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute); Janet Thompson<br />
and Samuel Luoma (USGS, Menlo Park)<br />
S<br />
ERDP Project ER-1552 addresses strategies to assess the ecological recovery of a<br />
contaminated site after in-situ treatment by activated carbon amendment, as at Hunters Point,<br />
San Francisco Bay, CA. A biodynamic modeling approach is being developed to predict the<br />
uptake of PCBs by three important classes of benthic organisms with different feeding strategies.<br />
Once the species-specific physiological coefficients have been defined, the applicability of the<br />
biodynamic model will be demonstrated in the field. Three regional surveys will determine the<br />
benthic species recruitment pool for the Hunters Point area at locations with similar physical<br />
habitats. Biodynamic modeling will result in a general predictive ecosystem recovery model that<br />
is directly applicable to any contaminated sediment site, given some knowledge of the local<br />
recruitment pool and basic information about taxa-specific biodynamics for the contaminants of<br />
interest. Rapid assessment tools to measure PCB sediment pore water concentrations are being<br />
tested to correlate aqueous concentrations of PCBs with reduced bioavailability. Polyethylene<br />
sampling devices (PEDs) and a PCB immunoassay technique are being tested in the laboratory<br />
and validated in the field, and the results correlated with those obtained using conventional<br />
methods. Further work with thin polyoxymethylene (POM) sampling devices will demonstrate<br />
the utility of this method to measure the vertical pore water profile in the sediment. These data<br />
will compare the variation with depth in pore water concentration with the variation in black<br />
carbon content.<br />
We are developing a new method to assess pore water movement within the tidal mud flat. We<br />
employ a novel approach based on temperature probes and heat transfer modeling. A mass<br />
transfer model to estimate PCB uptake by activated carbon could then incorporate sediment pore<br />
water movement and heterogeneous activated carbon distribution.<br />
Establishing correlations between conventional and alternative measurement tools (passive<br />
sampling) in the field will allow members of the scientific community and DoD users to<br />
confidently use the rapid, inexpensive tools in the future to assess the status of a contaminated<br />
sediment site after treatment or during a monitored natural recovery. Ideally, future researchers<br />
and DoD users will need only to measure contaminant pore water concentrations and collect<br />
information concerning the benthic organism recruitment pool to predict the extent of ecosystem<br />
recovery following remediation. Related studies point to the need for continued work on in-situ,<br />
contaminant mass transfer models to assess the efficacy and long term benefits of in-situ<br />
treatments to sequester persistent contaminants in sediments.<br />
G-193
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 214 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
APPLICATION OF TOOLS TO MEASURE PCB MICROBIAL<br />
DECHLORINATION AND FLUX INTO WATER DURING IN-SITU<br />
TREATMENT OF SEDIMENTS<br />
JOEL BAKER<br />
University of Washington, Tacoma<br />
1900 Commerce Street<br />
Tacoma, WA 98402-3100<br />
(253) 692-5659<br />
jebaker@u.washington.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Andrew Chang (University of Maryland Center for <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Science); Upal Ghosh, Sonja Fagervold, and Piuly Paul (University of Maryland Baltimore<br />
County); Birthe Kjellerup and Kevin R. Sowers (University of Maryland Biotechnology<br />
Institute)<br />
his <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded research project (ER-1502) is quantifying the two most important longterm<br />
loss processes of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments: (1) microbial<br />
degradation and (2) diffusive and re-suspension related losses to the water column. Based on this<br />
the following questions are addressed: (a) how is natural PCB microbial degradation activity in<br />
sediment affected by activated carbon sequestration and (b) how is addition of activated carbon<br />
altering the PCB mobility The laboratory findings will be integrated into a model developed in<br />
the current project describing the sediment-water exchange.<br />
High throughput molecular and activity analyses of Grasse River sediment showed an in-situ<br />
enriched microbial population consisting of Dehalococcoides phylotypes with a high<br />
dechlorination potential and a high concentration of congeners containing unflanked chlorine<br />
substitutions. In microcosms spiked with Aroclor 1260 congeners were reductively dechlorinated<br />
in all samples independent of GAC sequestration. The dominant dechlorination products formed<br />
in GAC treated samples were mono and di-chlorinated congeners. In untreated samples the main<br />
products were tetra-chlorinated congeners. Aerobic slurries of the sediment showed a significant<br />
decrease in the mass of di, tri, and tetrachlorobiphenyls as compared to an abiotic control after 60<br />
days of incubation. Activated carbon amended sediment showed slower biodegradation and also<br />
a decrease in the volatilization of PCBs. Studies on the effect of GAC on dechlorination of<br />
weathered PCBs are ongoing.<br />
The potential impact of activated carbon addition on both the erodibility of the sediments and the<br />
PCB desorption rates is being explored with a sediment-water exchange model. Dynamic<br />
partitioning to sediment particles ranging in size from 2 to 1,000 microns suspended in the water<br />
and in surficial (0.1 cm) and consolidated (0.1-5 cm) sediments is modeled. A unique feature of<br />
this model is that the particles form aggregates and diffusion-controlled exchange of PCBs from<br />
these flocs to the surrounding water is simulated. Activated carbon is currently being added as a<br />
state variable to this model.<br />
This poster will present results from the first 2 years of this study, including the initial sediment<br />
characterization, initiation of microbial dehalogenation incubations, and model development.<br />
G-194
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 215 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE LIFE SPAN OF BIOPOLYMERS USED FOR<br />
B<br />
CONTAMINANT SEQUESTRATION AND EROSION CONTROL<br />
DR. ANNA S. KNOX<br />
Savannah River National Laboratory<br />
Savannah River Site<br />
773-42A, Room 231<br />
Aiken, SC 29808<br />
(803) 725-7021<br />
anna.knox@srnl.doe.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Charles E. Turick and Michael H. Paller<br />
(Savannah River National Laboratory)<br />
iopolymers are high molecular weight compounds with repeated sequences that may<br />
become multiple reactive sites with high opportunity for chemical interaction with other<br />
compounds. Research suggests that cross-linked biopolymers are stable in soil/sediment, and that<br />
stability may increase over time, sometimes resulting in the entrapment of contaminants in stable<br />
geopolymers. However, the stability of biopolymers and their life span may be affected by<br />
environmental conditions indicating a need for further evaluation before this technology is<br />
deployed for remediation.<br />
Commercially available biopolymers were treated with cross-linking agents to produce crosslinked<br />
biopolymers that stabilize contaminants in soil/sediment while improving soil/sediment<br />
structure to reduce physical processes (e.g., erosion) that result in contaminant dispersal. The<br />
cross-linked biopolymers were evaluated alone and in combination with soil/sediment for<br />
stability of these materials over time. Specific research included evaluation of the stability of<br />
cross-linked biopolymers at elevated temperatures and moisture levels to simulate accelerated<br />
weathering, microbial effects on the properties of cross-linked biopolymers, and the long-term<br />
effects of cross-linked biopolymers on the mobility and retention of contaminants in soil and<br />
sediment. Biopolymer biodegradability was measured at two temperatures with a soil inoculum<br />
and a basal salts growth medium employing the biopolymers as sole sources of carbon.<br />
Microbial activity was measured as CO 2 release using GC/MS biweekly for eight weeks.<br />
Controls consisted of uninoculated wet and dry polymers and inoculum only. Microbial density<br />
was determined by direct microscopic counts and dilution plating using low and high nutrient<br />
concentrations.<br />
Several biopolymer formulations exhibited substantial CO 2 release associated with bacterial<br />
activity, and CO 2 release was generally greater under wet than dry conditions. However, xanthan<br />
and chitosan cross-linked with CaCl 2 (XC c ), released little CO 2 indicating resistance to<br />
biodegradation. This was confirmed by microscopic counts, which indicated that bacterial<br />
densities in this material did not increase with time. A six month evaluation showed that XC c<br />
released less organic carbon to sediments and water than other biopolymers suggesting it was<br />
less biodegradable. Slurries of biopolymers mixed with sand showed high erosion resistance<br />
indicating they have the potential to stabilize active caps used to remediate contaminated<br />
sediments. The methods developed in this study, including CO 2 release, microbial density<br />
methods, and evaluation of organic carbon, produced consistent results and are promising tools<br />
for monitoring the long-term stability of biopolymer products in active cap applications.<br />
G-195
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 216 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
ACTIVE CAPS FOR REMEDIATION OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINANTS AND<br />
RESISTANCE TO EROSION<br />
DR. ANNA S. KNOX<br />
Savannah River National Laboratory<br />
Savannah River Site<br />
773-42A<br />
Aiken, SC 29808<br />
(803) 725-7021<br />
anna.knox@srnl.doe.gov<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. M. H. Paller and K. L. Dixon (Savannah River National Laboratory);<br />
Dr. D. D. Reible (University of Texas); Dr. I. G. Petrisor (Haley & Aldrich, Inc.);<br />
Dr. J. D. Roberts (Sandia National Laboratory)<br />
A<br />
ctive caps for the remediation of sediment contaminants and resistance to erosion were<br />
investigated in the laboratory for two years under <strong>SERDP</strong> project ER-1501. These studies<br />
investigated the effects of sequestering agents on metal bioavailability and retention, erosion<br />
resistance, and toxicity as a basis for identifying the best active cap components and<br />
composition. Phosphate amendments, some organoclays, and biopolymers effectively removed<br />
metals from both fresh and salt water. Metals were strongly retained by the amendments<br />
suggesting little potential for their remobilization.<br />
Numerical modeling based on measured and assumed material and transport properties was used<br />
to examine the diffusion of metals and organic contaminants through experimental active caps.<br />
These studies showed that active caps composed of apatite or organoclay can delay the<br />
breakthrough of metals and organic contaminants due to diffusion by hundreds or thousands of<br />
years compared with passive caps composed of sand. Advective transport studies involving<br />
laboratory column experiments supported by modeling showed that metals and organic<br />
contaminants were strongly sorbed by apatite or organoclay and contaminant breakthrough due<br />
to advection in an apatite or organoclay columns was greatly delayed compared with sand.<br />
Biopolymer products for inclusion in active caps were evaluated on the basis of resistance to<br />
biodegradation, sorption capacity for organic and inorganic contaminants, and potential for<br />
erosion control. An Adjustable Shear Stress Erosion and Transport (ASSET) flume was used to<br />
evaluate the ability of biopolymers to improve the erosion resistance of active caps. Materials<br />
mixed with biopolymers were very cohesive, and some biopolymer products became more<br />
cohesive and erosion resistant with time. The resistance of biopolymer products to erosion<br />
suggests that they have potential as a stand-alone active cap or as armament for other<br />
amendments.<br />
Amendment performance data collected in the laboratory are now being used to develop cap<br />
designs for transition to a small-scale field evaluation. The field deployment is being conducted<br />
in Steel Creek, a third order stream on the Savannah River Site, SC. The experimental plan for<br />
the field deployment includes eight caps representing four treatments. Each cap will be about 6<br />
feet wide, 6 feet long, and 6 inches thick. The caps will be evaluated for 10 to 12 months for<br />
contaminant immobilization, erosion, and effects on benthic organisms.<br />
G-196
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 217 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DEVELOPING METHODS TO STIMULATE DECHLORINATION OF<br />
HISTORICAL POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND<br />
DIBENZOFURANS IN CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT<br />
HUI LIU<br />
Rutgers University<br />
76 Lipman Drive<br />
New Brunswick, NJ 08901<br />
(845) 664-8228<br />
huilmb@gmail.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr. Lisa A. Rodenburg, Dr. Donna E. Fennell, and Dr. Max M. Häggblom<br />
(Rutgers University)<br />
P<br />
olychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are<br />
unwanted byproducts from various industrial processes. They are of major concern due to<br />
their extreme toxicity and high resistance to microbial degradation. Anaerobic bacteria are<br />
known to dechlorinate PCDD/Fs, but their activity is low. To develop methods to stimulate the<br />
reductive dechlorination of aged PCDD/Fs we established micro- and mesocosms with<br />
contaminated sediment from Kymijoki River, Finland. In 30-liter anaerobic mesocosms we<br />
detected the dechlorination from octa-CDF to hepta- and hexa-CDF congeners, as well as<br />
production of non-2,3,7,8- substituted tetra- and penta-CDFs from hexa-CDFs after 3 years<br />
incubation. Whether the dechlorination of PCDD/Fs could be stimulated by different<br />
amendments was examined in 200 ml microcosms. The effects of spiked 1,2,3,4-<br />
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-TeCDD), 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,3,4-TeCB) and<br />
1,2,3,4,5-pentachloronitrobenzene (1,2,3,4,5-PeCN) as “haloprimers” in the presence of<br />
combined electron donors were examined. Vegetable oil was tested for the effect on enhancing<br />
dechlorination of historical PCDD/F congeners in the sediments with and without<br />
bioaugmentation of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195. A similar production of non-<br />
2,3,7,8- substituted tetra- and penta-CDFs were observed in microcosms after 18 months.<br />
Extensive reductive dechlorination of spiked 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4-<br />
tetrachlorodibenzofuran indicated that the sediments contained active populations of native<br />
dechlorinating bacteria. The results suggest ways to enhance dechlorination of historical<br />
PCDD/Fs contaminants by indigenous microbial populations and can be used for identification<br />
of potential dechlorinating microbes for in-situ bioremediation of PCDD/F contaminated<br />
sediments.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1492.<br />
G-197
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 218 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
DECHLORINATION PATTERN AUGMENTATION AND BAYESIAN MODELING<br />
OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCB) DECHLORINATION IN SEDIMENT<br />
N<br />
AMANDA HUGHES<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
5000 Forbes Avenue<br />
129 Baker Hall<br />
Pittsburgh, PA 15213<br />
(215) 421-4564<br />
ahughes@cmu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: J.M. VanBriesen and M.J. Small (Carnegie Mellon University)<br />
atural anaerobic degradation of PCBs is preferentially carried out by largely unidentified<br />
populations of microorganisms. Microbial specificity is believed to be governed by the<br />
nature of the microbial populations, the physical and chemical characteristics of the site, and the<br />
structure and concentration of PCBs. Current dechlorination models incorporate neither this<br />
specificity nor the biogeochemical parameters that affect it. Inclusion of these parameters in a<br />
novel congener-specific Bayesian belief network (BBN) model can significantly improve the<br />
accuracy of anaerobic PCB dechlorination predictions. This model exploits congener<br />
relationships, called tracker pair ratios, established during the Aroclor manufacturing process;<br />
thereby eliminating the inclusion of and subsequent uncertainty associated with source<br />
contaminating Aroclors. It also exploits patterns of dechlorination pathways, called processes<br />
that connect the 209 congeners through the loss of a chlorine atom. To date, eight processes have<br />
been identified via trend analysis of laboratory and field data. Processes give an overview of<br />
microbial specificity without requiring the identification of dechlorinating microorganisms or<br />
knowledge of dechlorination mechanisms. They contain 106 of the 840 theoretically possible<br />
dechlorination pathways, which are likely incomplete due to limited data and the inability to<br />
distinguish coeluting congeners in gas chromatograph analyses. A preliminary construction of<br />
the BBN revealed that dechlorination predictions using only these 106 pathways were<br />
inadequate. Thus, decision trees were used to identify the discriminating congener properties of<br />
process inclusion and additional pathways for each process. The trees, which have excellent true<br />
positive rates, augment the number of dechlorination pathways in processes with 551 pathways.<br />
These augmented processes are capable of producing more accurate predictions and exceeding<br />
dechlorination levels, measured in average chlorines per biphenyl, beyond those currently<br />
measured at most contaminated sites.<br />
Because degradation processes have been linked to biogeochemical parameters, the BBN is<br />
expected to lead to more accurate site-specific predictions of PCB dechlorination. Specifically,<br />
it produces an indication of dechlorination endpoints, the probability of individual dechlorination<br />
pathways, and a demonstration of toxicity reduction in spite of maintained total PCB<br />
concentrations. Further, it will provide decision makers with insight into the relationships among<br />
PCB congener distributions, sediment geochemistry, and populations of microorganisms in a<br />
sediment system. This work, funded under <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1495, can reduce cost and risks<br />
to human health and the environment by providing evidence for the use of monitored natural<br />
recovery or cap-and-treat technologies rather than dredging.<br />
G-198
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 219 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES ANALYSIS WITH Q-PCR IN PCB-<br />
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT CORE<br />
YAN XU<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
Civil and <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
5000 Forbes Avenue<br />
Pittsburgh, PA 15213<br />
(412) 268-5811<br />
yanxu@cmu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Dr.Youngseob Yu, Professor Kelvin Gregory, and Professor Jeanne<br />
VanBriesen (Carnegie Mellon University)<br />
o characterize the bacterial communities in a polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)<br />
contaminated river, a sediment core was collected from the Grasse River (Massena, NY) in<br />
2006. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was applied to quantify total bacteria and<br />
some specific microbial populations related to anaerobic reductive dechlorination of PCBs. We<br />
selected 14 segments from the sediment core. For each core segment, 16S rRNA gene copy<br />
numbers of bacteria (BAC), Chloroflexi group (CHL), Dehalococcoides group (DHC), PCB<br />
dechlorinators (o-17 /DF-1 clade) and three sulfate reducing bacteria groups [Desulfovibrionales<br />
(DSV), Desulfobacterales (DSB) and Desulfuromonales (DSM)] were obtained. In brief, all<br />
bacterial groups were detected in the sediment core and the concentrations ranged from 2.77×10 4<br />
copy/gram wet sediment to 1.16×10 10 copy/gram wet sediment. Sulfur reducing bacteria were<br />
much more abundant than PCB dechlorinators, which indicated the existence of other electron<br />
acceptors in this sediment core. Together with PCB congener identification and total organic<br />
carbon (TOC) analysis, relatively extensive dechlorination was observed in older (deeper)<br />
sediments.<br />
G-199
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 220 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
CONGENER TRACKER-PAIR ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATION OF<br />
REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)<br />
IN RIVER SEDIMENTS<br />
DR. JEANNE M. VANBRIESEN<br />
Carnegie Mellon University<br />
5000 Forbes Avenue<br />
Porter Hall 119<br />
Pittsburgh, PA 15213<br />
(412) 268-4603<br />
jeanne@cmu.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Mitchell J. Small, Gregory Lowry, Kelvin Gregory, Edwin Minkley, and<br />
Sandra Karcher (Carnegie Mellon University)<br />
T<br />
racker Pairs are pairs of PCB congeners that maintain the same ratio across multiple Aroclor<br />
mixtures and lots. Using the data of Frame et al (1996), we elucidated a set of tracker pairs<br />
that can be used to determine if an environmental sample from a sediment is “aroclor-like” or has<br />
changed from the relative concentrations that were originally deposited to the river (Karcher,<br />
Small, and VanBriesen, 2004).<br />
The method was used to evaluate the likelihood of dechlorination in the Hudson River using data<br />
from the Hudson River Low Resolution Sediment Coring Project (Karcher, VanBriesen, and<br />
Small, 2007). In order to assess the transferability of the method, we used datasets from the<br />
Comprehensive Characterization of the Grasse to evaluate the method of developed by Karcher<br />
et al. (2004) on a distinctly different sediment system. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) samples<br />
were available.<br />
Evaluation of these Grasse River data show strong statistical support for the conclusion that the<br />
sediments experienced ongoing reductive dechlorination during the time period evaluated: 255 of<br />
the 272 tracker pairs show shifts away from Aroclor-like relationships while 17 pairs did not<br />
show significant changes. This analysis provides strong support that the tracker pair method<br />
developed by Karcher et al. (2004) is applicable to sediments systems beyond the original<br />
application in the Hudson River. Further, this field-based analysis provides significant<br />
information as it considers only what has happened in the environment rather than what can<br />
happen in the laboratory under ideal conditions. Weathered PCBs in this system are undergoing<br />
predictable reductions in chlorination level, very likely through biological activity. This work is<br />
funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1495.<br />
1. Frame, G. M., J. W. Cochran, and S. S. Bowadt. 1996. Complete PCB congener distribution for 17 Aroclor<br />
mixtures determined by 3 HRGC systems optimized for comprehensive, quantitative congener-specific<br />
analysis. HRC-J High Res Chrom 19: 657-68.<br />
2. Karcher, S. C., M. J. Small, and J. M. VanBriesen. 2004. Statistical method to evaluate the occurrence of<br />
PCB transformations in river sediments with application to Hudson River Data. <strong>Environmental</strong> Science and<br />
Technology 38: 6760-6766.<br />
3. Karcher, S. C., J. M. VanBriesen, and M. J. Small. 2007. Numerical method to elucidate likely target<br />
positions of chlorine removal in anaerobic sediments undergoing polychlorinated bipheny dechlorination.<br />
Journal of <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering - ASCE 133, no. 3: 278-86.<br />
G-200
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 221 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
EVALUATION OF SORBENTS AND GEOTEXTILE MATERIALS FOR<br />
REACTIVE CAPPING OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS<br />
KEVIN GARDNER<br />
University of New Hampshire<br />
336 Gregg Hall<br />
Durham, NH 03824<br />
(603) 862-4334<br />
kevin.gardner@unh.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Amy Hawkins (Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center);<br />
Gregory Tracey (Science Applications International Corporation); Jeffrey S. Melton,<br />
Bhawana Sharma, and Rafael Prieto (University of New Hampshire)<br />
he main objective of this research is to develop and evaluate a composite active capping<br />
system consisting of apatite minerals, which sequester heavy metals, with other sorbent<br />
materials, which sequester hydrophobic organic contaminants, within an engineered geotextile<br />
mat. The technical objectives of this research include characterization of sorbents and sorbent<br />
mixture, characterization of the clogging potential and gas transmission of the geotextile<br />
materials and composites, and determination of interferences caused by different fractions of<br />
natural organic matter present in typical site conditions. In this study the performances of<br />
activated carbon and organoclay were evaluated as reactive cap sorbents that can be used to<br />
sequester organic contaminants in the presence of natural organic materials that are present in<br />
sediment porewaters. Results showed significant effect of Aldrich humic acid on 2, 2N, 5, 5Ntetrachlorobiphenyl<br />
adsorption on both the sorbents. The effect of Suwannee River humic acid<br />
and fulvic acid varied with sorbent and there was no effect of NOM on either of the sorbents for<br />
2, 2N, 5, 5N-tetrachlorobiphenyl adsorption. In the case of phenanthrene adsorption, no effect of<br />
any fraction of natural organics was noticed for organoclay but similar reducing effects of<br />
Aldrich humic acid, Suwannee River humic acid, Suwannee River fulvic acid and Suwannee<br />
River NOM were noticed for activated carbon. A significant effect of Hudson River porewater<br />
(high in humic content) was observed on the performance of both the sorbents for both the<br />
contaminants, although only a small effect was found for the Passaic River porewater (which<br />
was low in humics). Geotechnical performance of a number of materials was evaluated with the<br />
gradient ratio test and materials with low clogging potential were selected for field testing.<br />
Results of geotechnical and environmental performance of mats retrieved from a field<br />
deployment will also be presented.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1493.<br />
G-201
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 222 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
REACTIVE CAPPING MAT DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION FOR<br />
SEQUESTERING CONTAMINANTS IN SEDIMENT<br />
GREGORY A. TRACEY, PH.D.<br />
SAIC, Inc.<br />
221 Third Street<br />
Newport, RI 02840<br />
(401) 848-4631<br />
traceyg@saic.com<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Kevin Gardner, Ph.D. and Jeffrey Melton, Ph.D. (<strong>Environmental</strong> Research<br />
<strong>Group</strong>, University of New Hampshire)<br />
T<br />
he SAIC/UNH/NFESC team is working to develop a reactive geotextile mat system as a<br />
chemically effective, mechanically stable and cost efficient technology for reducing<br />
ecological risks by sequestering contaminants in sediment, thereby avoiding the need for<br />
dredging and offsite placement. The mat system, if successful, would be deployed in a wide<br />
variety of environmental settings to prevent both metals and organic contaminants from entering<br />
overlying surface waters while simultaneously allowing both groundwater flux and surficial<br />
biological colonization. As part of the pilot study, various mixtures of reactive amendments to<br />
potentially absorb different classes of sediment contamination have been evaluated in a<br />
laboratory setting and the optimal combination (0.28 lb/sf activated carbon, 0.23 lb/sf apatite,<br />
0.28 lb/sf organoclay) has been placed within prototype mats consisting of woven geotextile tops<br />
and a non-woven geotextile backs to be positioned on top of sediments of concern. Cottonwood<br />
Bay in Grand Prairie, Texas was selected as the most suitable project test site based on a variety<br />
of chemical, physical, biological and logistical factors. A comprehensive geophysical<br />
investigation, including bathymetry, side-scan sonar, sediment profile imaging and groundwater<br />
seep surveys, was conducted to characterize this site and identify a specific target area for mat<br />
placement featuring a substantial groundwater plume. Gradient ratio testing and finite element<br />
modeling experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting using both clean geotextiles<br />
delivered to the laboratory and field weathered small scale (6 ft H 6 ft) test mats retrieved from<br />
Cottonwood Bay to identify the non-woven geotextile most resistant to biofouling (8 oz/sq. yd<br />
polypropylene with 80 apparent opening size) to be used for construction of a prototype mat<br />
system. A full-scale mat system featuring four 25 ft H 25 ft test arrangements (bare single layer<br />
geotextile, single layer geotextile with sand cap, bare double layer geotextile, sand cap only) and<br />
an undisturbed control area was then deployed in Cottonwood Bay in April 2008. In September<br />
2008, following five months of soak time, the contaminant sequestering effectiveness of the<br />
various test arrangements within this system will be monitored by passive samplers (semipermeable<br />
membrane devices, peepers) to be placed within each treatment area for 30 days.<br />
Preliminary conclusions derived from field testing will be discussed as well as plans for an<br />
additional groundwater seepage survey to quantify flux through the mat after one year of<br />
deployment.<br />
This work is funded by <strong>SERDP</strong> Project ER-1493.<br />
G-202
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 223 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
IN SITU WETLAND REMEDIATION DEMONSTRATION<br />
AMY L. HAWKINS<br />
NAVFAC ESC<br />
1100 23rd Avenue<br />
Port Hueneme, CA 93043<br />
(805) 982-4890<br />
amy.hawkins@navy.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: John Bleiler, Dr. Emese Hadnagy, and Steve Atter (ENSR);<br />
Dr. Kevin Gardner (University of New Hampshire); Dr. Doris Anders (HQ AFCEE);<br />
David Barclift (NAVFAC LANT); Kristen Harstad (NAVFAC Washington); Dr. Mark Johnson<br />
(USACHPPM); Dr. Trudy Estes (USACE)<br />
W<br />
etlands owned by the Department of Defense (DoD) often act as sinks for contaminants<br />
including persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) compounds (e.g., DDT and PCBs),<br />
as well as inorganic constituents (e.g., copper and lead). Remediation of contaminated wetlands<br />
traditionally has involved excavation of hydric soils and off-site transport of excavated materials<br />
for treatment and disposal. This type of remediation is both ecologically destructive and<br />
expensive. The newly funded <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0825 investigates an alternative remedial<br />
approach that allows targeted in-situ remediation of wetlands through the application of various<br />
sequestration agents, a technology that has the potential to reduce costs tremendously with the<br />
added benefit of minimizing impacts on ecosystem components. Several sequestration agents are<br />
currently being evaluated at the laboratory scale to determine which material provides the most<br />
cost-effective and environmentally protective solution. All the chosen materials are known for<br />
their chemical properties which can limit bioavailability and mobility of organic contaminants<br />
and metals. Laboratory tests are underway to test the contaminant removal capacity of up to eight<br />
sequestration agents including activated carbon, zero valent iron, organoclays, and apatite.<br />
Results of these experiments will be summarized in a treatability study and guidance manual<br />
which will help inform the field demonstration phase of work. Field demonstration will evaluate<br />
the efficacy of different application technologies including dry broad-casting and slurry delivery<br />
systems. The main goal of this program is risk reduction, not mass removal, therefore<br />
performance in the field application will be gauged through several measures of reduction of<br />
contaminant bioavailability (e.g., solid-phase microextraction, bioassays, instream impairment<br />
studies) following addition of the sequestration agents.<br />
G-203
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 224 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
F<br />
SEDIMENT AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT ASSOCIATED WITH<br />
THE LAC SAINT PIERRE EXPERIMENTAL FIRING RANGE<br />
DR. PATRICK McLAREN<br />
GeoSea Consulting<br />
7236 Peden Lane<br />
Brentwood Bay, BC V8M 1C5 CANADA<br />
(250) 652-1334<br />
patrick@geosea.ca<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Major Matthew Braid (Canadian Department of National Defence)<br />
or 50 years (1950-2000) the south half of Lac Saint Pierre, a widening of the St. Lawrence<br />
River between Montreal and Quebec, was used as an experimental firing range. It is<br />
estimated that some 300,000 shells were fired into the lake of which about 8000 are thought to be<br />
unexploded explosive ordnance (UXO), potentially containing energetic materials. Furthermore,<br />
the lake itself is potentially the recipient of other contaminants associated with industrial wastes<br />
and agricultural runoff. The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND), in order to<br />
research appropriate clearance-approaches programs, instigated a large sediment transport study<br />
(sediment trend analysis or STA) to determine both sediment and contaminant sources and sinks,<br />
and to assess the possible environmental consequences of various clearance options.<br />
STA is not a numerical model; rather it is an empirical technique whereby patterns of sediment<br />
transport and dynamic behavior are derived from relative changes in grain-size distributions.<br />
About 1,000 samples were collected at 500 meter spacing encompassing the entire firing range.<br />
The lake bottom contained a complex number of sediment types ranging from “ancient” late<br />
glacial deposits, recent mud and sand, and a variety of mixtures. The STA identified the<br />
significance of the late glacial deposits as the dominant source for the sediments contained in the<br />
lake. The latter showed complex patterns of transport that originated from the ancient sediments<br />
and terminated on well-sorted sand. The findings demonstrated that anthropogenic contaminants<br />
were unlikely to be deposited in the lake sediments, or if they were, self-cleaning by natural<br />
processes would likely be rapid. Furthermore, trace metals were strongly associated with the<br />
ancient sediments evidently originating from an underlying anaerobic black shale formation. The<br />
STA provides an important framework to understand the chemistry of the sediments and their<br />
dynamics and helps to define the context within which the UXO clearance and environmental<br />
remediation options can be developed.<br />
G-204
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 225 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
T<br />
DEVELOP ACCURATE METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING AND<br />
QUANTIFYING COHESIVE SEDIMENT EROSION UNDER COMBINED<br />
CURRENT-WAVE CONDITIONS<br />
DR. JOSEPH GAILANI<br />
USACE ERDC-CHL<br />
3909 Halls Ferry Road<br />
Vicksburg, MS 39180<br />
(601) 634-4851<br />
joe.z.gailani@erdc.usace.army.mil<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Jesse Roberts (Sandia National Laboratory);<br />
Thomas Borrowman (USACE ERDC-EL)<br />
he goal of <strong>SERDP</strong>-funded project ER-1497 is to develop laboratory methods to reliably<br />
measure time-varying wall shear stress in an oscillatory flume and develop methods to<br />
manipulate flow such that generated shear stress time history represents shear stress on the<br />
sediment bed in combined wave and current environments. Cohesive sediment bed erosion<br />
parameterization requires field laboratory testing of cores extracted from the sediment bed. It is<br />
not possible to cost-effectively build an open-surface wave flume for field testing. Therefore,<br />
experiments are performed within a closed channel. Erosion is quantified as a function of shear<br />
stress. If wall shear stress in an enclosed channel replicates wave-current shear stress time<br />
history, erosion experiments can be performed. This method has been demonstrated for unidirectional<br />
flow. However, the combined near-bottom oscillatory motion of a wave coupled with<br />
a uni-directional current is quite complex and wall shear stress must be measured within a thin<br />
boundary layer to assure that desired wave/current shear stress conditions are replicated. These<br />
methods will utilize the USACE SEAWOLF flume. The shear stress conditions for erosion<br />
measurements in the flume will replicate those for non-breaking waves in estuarine, harbor, and<br />
coastal environments. The objective of the project is to directly measure the shear stress time<br />
histories that occur in the SEAWOLF flume so that flume pumps and pistons can be<br />
programmed to represent prescribed wave/current-induced bottom shear stress time history.<br />
Wave/current bottom shear stress time history is well known. Methods for replicating this in the<br />
laboratory must be developed. Therefore, a novel high-magnification particle-based velocimetry<br />
system has been developed and applied to measure shear stress time history in SEAWOLF.<br />
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the overall velocity profiles throughout the<br />
SEAWOLF oscillating flow cycle. Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) is used to measure nearwall<br />
velocity profiles to within 7 mm of the wall throughout the cycle. Velocity profiles from<br />
time histories constructed from PIV and PTV data are used to estimate bottom shear stress time<br />
histories. Simultaneously, a relatively new high-sensitivity a floating element sensor was<br />
modified for application within the flume. This sensor, if properly applied, provides direct<br />
physical shear stress measurement. Demonstration of this floating element sensor application<br />
permits confirmation of PIV/PTV estimates. PIV and PTV results are in good agreement with<br />
floating element sensor results.<br />
G-205
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Sediments<br />
Poster Number 226 – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
P<br />
FIELD TESTING OF ACTIVATED CARBON MIXING AND IN SITU<br />
STABILIZATION OF PCBS IN SEDIMENT<br />
DR. RICHARD G. LUTHY<br />
Stanford University<br />
Department of Civil and <strong>Environmental</strong> Engineering<br />
473 Via Ortega, 313B<br />
Stanford, CA 94305<br />
(650) 723-3921<br />
luthy@stanford.edu<br />
CO-PERFORMERS: Yeo-Myoung Cho (Stanford University); Upal Ghosh (UMBC);<br />
Alan J. Kennedy and Todd S. Bridges (ERDC)<br />
rior laboratory studies and a preliminary field pilot-scale study showed that the addition of<br />
activated carbon (AC) to sediment contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)<br />
significantly reduced the chemical and biological availability of PCBs. Extending those results,<br />
we recently completed a field-scale project (ER-0510) that explored use of two large-scale AC<br />
mixing technologies for incorporating AC into sediment at a tidal mud flat. We considered longterm<br />
treatment effects, assessed sediment mixing and resuspension, measured PCB<br />
bioaccumulation in indigenous organisms, and evaluated the cost effectiveness of the AC<br />
application techniques. Using two commercial equipment devices, AC was successfully<br />
incorporated into the test plots to a nominal 1 ft depth at a dose of 2 to 3% depending on<br />
sampling locations. This was verified by the increases in total organic carbon and black carbon<br />
contents in AC-amended sediment. In-situ 28-day semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD)<br />
uptake studies showed 50%-66% reduction in PCB uptakes in AC-amended test plots depending<br />
on AC dose. In-situ bioassays with the clam Macoma nasuta also showed the effectiveness of<br />
AC treatment, though the in-situ assay results were sometimes confounded due to field<br />
conditions resulting from newly deposited sediment, heat stress, and shallow burrowing depth.<br />
To overcome these factors, ex-situ bioassays with M. nasuta were conducted with field sediment<br />
in the laboratory and showed about 50% reduction in PCB bioaccumulation with 2% AC dose.<br />
Field-exposed AC retained a strong capability to reduce aqueous equilibrium PCB<br />
concentrations by about 90%, which supports the long-term effectiveness of AC in the field at<br />
least up to 18 months. The AC dose has a pronounced affect on PCB availability and biouptake<br />
with increasing reductions with increasing AC content. Neither PCB resuspension from the test<br />
plots nor observable adverse impacts to indigenous amphipods and benthic community were<br />
observed during the assessment periods. Additional mixing during or after AC deployment,<br />
sequential deployment of AC dose, or reducing AC particle size may accelerate overall<br />
effectiveness. Modeling studies are in progress to assess the slow mass transfer of PCBs in<br />
quiescent pore water in the field and to aid predictions of the long-term effectiveness of the AC<br />
amendment to stabilize PCBs. If ongoing sources are eliminated and freshly deposited sediments<br />
are clean, AC amendment to contaminated sediments can provide a suitable in-situ method for<br />
contaminant release to the water column and exposure to biota.<br />
Funding is provided through <strong>ESTCP</strong> Project ER-0510.<br />
G-206
<strong>Environmental</strong> Restoration (ER)<br />
Recently Added Poster – <strong>Wednesday</strong><br />
Chlorinated Solvents — Site Characterization, Monitoring, and Processing<br />
NON-INVASIVE PLUME DELINEATION USING TREE CORING ANALYSIS<br />
MATT SHURTLIFF, CHMM<br />
The Forrester <strong>Group</strong> Inc.<br />
500 Chesterfield Center, Suite 300<br />
Chesterfield, MO 63017<br />
(636) 728-1034, Ext. 212<br />
matt@forrestergroup.com<br />
CO-PERFORMER: Joel B. Burken, Ph.D. (Missouri University of Science and Technology)<br />
T<br />
he science of tree coring to detect the uptake of chemicals of environmental concern has<br />
matured significantly in recent years and tree coring is now being deployed for rapid, precise<br />
contaminant source and plume delineation.<br />
By combining tree core analysis with highly accurate GPS mapping of trees on-site, plume maps<br />
can be generated at a fraction of the cost of conventional investigation techniques. The spatial<br />
resolution that can be achieved leads to maps that can precisely locate plume boundaries and<br />
source areas in a single mobilization for sites of multiple acres in scale. Maps can be provided<br />
within days, compared to the weeks or months required for conventional investigative<br />
techniques. Groundwater contaminant delineation can also be accomplished at difficult locations<br />
that are inaccessible to direct push or drilling rigs, with minimal mobilization costs.<br />
Case studies and methodologies will be presented to show how The Forrester <strong>Group</strong> and the<br />
Missouri University of Science and Technology have used tree coring at chlorinated solvent and<br />
Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) sites, and what information can be gained. Limitation of the<br />
methods, including compounds that can be analyzed and site characteristics that can be limiting<br />
to application, will be discussed and overviewed.<br />
G-207