Military Communications and Information Technology: A Trusted ...

222 Military Communications and Information Technology...
problems, is human- and machine-readable and facilitates the development of frameworks
for software integration, independent of the programming language. Nevertheless
it undoubtedly adds significant overhead, both in terms of necessary
computation power and consumption of network resources while being transported.
In the military domain the challenge is therefore to apply SOA in low bandwidth
tactical communications systems, which usually cope with high error rates and
frequent disruptions. Such networks are usually referred to as disadvantaged ones.
Figure 1. Client – server relations in military network
The services at the first stage of the Networking and Information Infrastructure
(NII) [2] development are mainly located on high echelons of command –
strategic and operational. They are used for planning purposes and provide good
basis for creating situational awareness and self–synchronization of cooperating
forces. However information in the system is being exchanged vertically and
horizontally among mission participants in order to fulfil their tasks, act faster
and make reliable decisions (see Figure 1). Users at the lowest command levels
need in particular information about the location and status of their and allied
forces as well as about the enemy ones. This information from the Force Tracking
Systems is available at the operational level but not always accessible for the lower
level commanders. They are usually located in tactical communication systems
that use radio communications with scarce network resources in terms of high
delay, error rate, and limited bandwidth. What is more, they are equipped with
mobile terminals that have limited computational and software resources as well
as limited battery power. That makes it difficult to provide the user with the same
service functionality as provided to the users at operational and strategic command
levels. The tactical user is very often not able to receive nor process a big amount
of data. The solution that this article focuses on is therefore to enable the client to
use the service in a limited way (with limited number of information provided or
provided by a different mechanism) and adapt the service provision mechanism
to the client’s software and hardware possibilities.