Unit 3 Lecture Notes (PDF format)

A civil service system is one in which workers are hired on merit
(performance on written tests or other forms of examinations) and are
evaluated on the basis of their job performance.
Bureaucrats often have considerable administrative discretion. They are
relatively free to use their own judgment as to just how the laws will be
carried out.
Goal displacement is the shifting of bureaucratic orientation, the
replacement of one goal for another. In this case the public interest is
forgotten and the agencies’ interests and those of clientele groups become
paramount.