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SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE,<br />
LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND<br />
FORESTRY AND ALEKSANDRAS STULGINSKIS UNIVERSITY.<br />
SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ. 2012. 31(3–4).<br />
<strong>Relationship</strong> <strong>between</strong> <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong> <strong>determined</strong> <strong>by</strong><br />
<strong>wavelength</strong>-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry<br />
and field emergence of green bean seed<br />
Haluk Çağlar Kaymak 1 , İsmail Güvenç 2 , Ali Gürol 3 , Arif Bastuğ 4<br />
1<br />
Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of<br />
Horticulture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey,<br />
E-mail hckaymak@atauni.edu.tr<br />
2<br />
Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Agriculture,<br />
Department of Horticulture, Kahramanmaraş, 46000, Turkey,<br />
E-mail guvencis@hotmail.com<br />
3<br />
Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics,<br />
25240 Erzurum, Turkey, E-mail agurol@atauni.edu.tr<br />
4<br />
Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of<br />
Physics, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey, E-mail abastug@aksaray.edu.tr<br />
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship <strong>between</strong> seed <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong> and<br />
field emergence. Four green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (‘Gina’, ‘Sarıkız’, ‘Balkız’<br />
and ‘Sırık-Ayse’) were evaluated using standard germination test (SGT), germination rate,<br />
seed <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong> (<strong>determined</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>wavelength</strong>-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (WDXRF)<br />
spectrometry) and field emergence (FE). The percentage field emergence of the four cultivars<br />
at three sowing dates was also evaluated. Sowing dates were: early: 2 May (FE – I), optimum:<br />
20 May (FE – II) and late: 7 June (FE – III). Correlation coefficients among laboratory emergence<br />
tests were calculated and there were significant differences. N, Mg, Si, S, K, Mn, Fe,<br />
Ni, Zn and Rb <strong>content</strong> were all significantly correlated with field emergence at the different<br />
sowings. The highest correlation was <strong>between</strong> Mn and FE – I (r = -0.842). Seven of sixteen<br />
<strong>element</strong>s were significantly correlated with SGT, especially Mn, Ni and Rb. WDXRF seems<br />
to be a suitable method for rapid assessment of seed <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong> and may be of use for<br />
the rapid prediction of field emergence of green bean cultivars.<br />
Key words: field emergence, germination, Phaseolus vulgaris L., WDXRF.<br />
Introduction. Seed quality depends on many factors which include moisture<br />
<strong>content</strong>, germination level, pathogen contamination, varietal purity and physical integrity.<br />
Seed quality affects field emergence and seed laboratory quality tests should<br />
be related to assessing potential field emergence (Kolasinska et al., 2000). Recently<br />
considerable research has been conducted on seed quality tests to predict the field<br />
47
emergence of beans and has reported significant correlations <strong>between</strong> field emergence<br />
and laboratory tests. The conductivity test (Kolasinska et al., 2000; Palabıyık,<br />
Peksen, 2008) gave reliable estimates of potential field emergence for common bean.<br />
Further, the tetrazolium test correlates with field emergence but the correlations were<br />
not as high as those for a standard germination test (Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008) and the<br />
cold test is one of the oldest and most popular seed vigour tests (Vieira et al., 2010).<br />
The cold test and the accelerated aging test are recommended <strong>by</strong> Miguel and Cicero<br />
(1999) and Binotti et al. (2008). As reported <strong>by</strong> Vieira et al. (1999), Kolasinska et al.<br />
(2000), Muasya and Auma (2003) and Kaymak and Guvenc (2008), the relationship<br />
<strong>between</strong> laboratory tests and field emergence is complex and variable.<br />
Interest in direct, multi-<strong>element</strong> analysis of plant samples has increased in the last<br />
few years and includes X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Simplicity of sample<br />
preparation, minimum need for manipulation, speed and the opportunity of analyzing<br />
several different <strong>element</strong>s have promoted XRF as a useful alternative to conventional<br />
spectroscopic techniques (Margui et al., 2005). In addition the short analysis time of<br />
this method makes it suitable for routine analyses (Noda et al., 2006), and useful to<br />
determine seed <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong> and seed quality indirectly.<br />
Although many researchers have shown significant correlations <strong>between</strong> field<br />
emergence and seed quality tests, such as counting the number of seed with broken<br />
coats, electrical conductivity of seed leakage, the cold test and tetrazolium viability<br />
tests, controversial results in predicting field emergence have been reported and most<br />
tests do not cover the relationship <strong>between</strong> seed <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong> and field emergence.<br />
Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the application of <strong>wavelength</strong>-dispersive<br />
XRF spectrometry for testing seed viability and vigour.<br />
Object, methods and conditions. This study was conducted under field and<br />
laboratory conditions during 2004–2005 at Ataturk University, College of Agriculture,<br />
Erzurum, Turkey, to determine the application of <strong>wavelength</strong>-dispersive XRF<br />
spectrometry for testing seed viability and vigour. Seed of four green bean (Phaseolus<br />
vulgaris L.) cultivars (‘Gina’, ‘Sarıkız’, ‘Balkız’ and ‘Sırık-Ayse’) were used and<br />
seeds of vegetable species were supplied <strong>by</strong> vegetables seed companies in Turkey.<br />
S t a n d a r d g e r m i n a t i o n t e s t: Standard germination tests (SGT) were<br />
conducted using four replicates of 25 seed of each cultivar. Seed was incubated in<br />
Petri dishes <strong>between</strong> two filter papers saturated with water, which contained Benlate<br />
1 g l -1 to prevent fungal growth at 20 °C (ISTA, 1996). Visible radicle protrusion was<br />
the criterion of germination. Germinated seeds were recorded and discarded at 24 h<br />
intervals over 10 days scoring. Results were expressed as final germination percentage.<br />
G e r m i n a t i o n r a t e ( G R ): GR was calculated according to the equation<br />
(germination rate = germination percentage in 1 st day/1 + ….. + germination percentage<br />
nth day/n) of Kaymak et al. (2009) and Kaymak (2012).<br />
F i e l d e m e r g e n c e ( F E ): To assess FE, seed from each sample was hand<br />
sown at 5 cm deep in four replicate plots (Kolasinska et al., 2000). Seed was sown<br />
at three sowing dates [(early: May 2 (FE-I), optimum: May 20 (FE – II) and late:<br />
June 7 (FE – III)] into a loamy soil in north-eastern Turkey in 2004. The experimental<br />
area (Erzurum) is located <strong>between</strong> 40° 57’ and 39° 10’N latitude, 40° 15’ and<br />
42° 35’E longitude and is at 1 850 m above sea level. Counts started as seedlings began<br />
to emerge and continued until no further seedlings appeared. Seedlings were counted<br />
as emerged when the cotyledons were free of the soil surface (Kolasinska et al., 2000).<br />
48
Wa v e l e n g t h - d i s p e r s i v e X - R a y f l u o r e s c e n c e ( W D X R F )<br />
a n a l y s i s: A WDXRF spectrometer (Rigaku ZSX-100e with Rhodium target<br />
X-ray, Rigaku, Japan) was used for the analysis of the seed <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong>. This<br />
instrument was controlled <strong>by</strong> a computer using ZSX Software (Rigaku, Japan). The<br />
ZSX 100e WDXRF spectrometer characteristics included; analysis of <strong>element</strong>s from<br />
B to U, 4 kW 70 kV end-window X-ray tube, micro area mapping down to 0.5 mm,<br />
up to five primary beam filters, 4 analyzing crystals [LiF, Ge (111), PET (002) and<br />
TAP (100)], and eight limiting area diaphragms, optional secondary collimators, automatic<br />
sample changer, compact design and multi window, multi-function fundamental<br />
parameters software.<br />
Seed was grinded in a porcelain muller. The ground material was used for all XRF<br />
analyses. In the XRF Laboratory, 2 g weight, 2.5 mm thickness and 35 mm diameter<br />
pellets were produced <strong>by</strong> applying 15 t of pressure with a Spex press (Cat. B25). After<br />
the preparation of the pellets, they were incubated at 80 °C for 20 min to remove all<br />
moisture and were then used for <strong>element</strong> determination. LiF, Ge (111), PET (002)<br />
and TAP (100) crystals were used to separate the X rays coming from the pellets in<br />
WDXRF spectrometer. At the end of the WDXRF analysis; the major, minor and trace<br />
<strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong>s of seeds were <strong>determined</strong> as mass percentage (wt%) (wt% = <strong>element</strong><br />
mass × 100 / total mass) (Kaymak et al., 2010 a and 2010 b).<br />
E x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s. The laboratory<br />
experiments were conducted as randomized complete block designs, with four<br />
replicates. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA and differences <strong>between</strong> means<br />
compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Additionally, the correlation coefficients<br />
(r) <strong>between</strong> tests were <strong>determined</strong>.<br />
Results and discussion. Means of the green bean cultivars for SGT and GR are<br />
shown in Table 1. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) among cultivars for<br />
SGT and GR.<br />
Table 1. Mean values of germination (%) and germination rate (%) in four bean<br />
cultivars<br />
1 lentelė. Keturių pupelių veislių daigumo (%) ir daigumo lygio vidurkiai (%)<br />
Cultivars<br />
Veislės<br />
SGT<br />
SDT<br />
GR<br />
DL<br />
cv. ‘Gina’ 86.7 ab 31.2 NS / NP<br />
cv. ‘Sarıkız’ 96.7 a 31.2<br />
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’ 73.3 b 24.7<br />
cv. ‘Balkız’ 95.0 a 29.4<br />
SEM<br />
SVK<br />
3.044 1.378<br />
P values<br />
P reikšmės<br />
0.002 0.330<br />
Different letters denote significant differences <strong>between</strong> the cultivars: NS – not significant,<br />
SGT – standard germination test, GR – germination rate, SEM: standard error of mean.<br />
Skirtingos raidės žymi patikimus skirtumus tarp veislių: NP – nepatikima, SDT – standartinis<br />
daigumo testas, DL – daigumo lygis, SVK – standartinė vidurkio paklaida.<br />
49
The cultivar germination percentage ranged from 73.3 % (‘Sırık Ayse’) and<br />
96.7‘% (‘Sarıkız’). Although there were no significant differences <strong>between</strong> cultivars<br />
and GR, the highest germination rate was <strong>determined</strong> in ‘Gina’ and ‘Sarıkız’<br />
(31.2 %).<br />
Kolasinska et al. (2000), in Phaseolus vulgaris, reported that most samples had<br />
a standard germination > 80 % and varied from 39 % to 99 %. Bean cultivars that had<br />
high germination under favourable laboratory conditions (Palabıyık, Peksen, 2008)<br />
and germination percentages of seed under optimum conditions could give 100 %<br />
germination (Balkaya, Odabas, 2002). The bean cultivars used in this study also<br />
performed well under favourable laboratory conditions. Results from this work were<br />
similar to the above studies.<br />
The green bean field emergence data test is shown in Table 2. Mean seedling<br />
emergence varied depending on cultivars and sowing date. For bean field emergence<br />
at different times, the cultivar x sowing date interaction was statistically significant<br />
(P < 0.01). Significant cultivar x sowing date interaction for field emergence demonstrated<br />
that the effect of sowing date varied considerably. In other words, this<br />
interaction also indicated that performance of cultivars was affected <strong>by</strong> sowing date<br />
for field emergence. Both early and late sowing decreased field emergence across all<br />
cultivars. High emergence rates were obtained at the optimum sowing date (FE – II).<br />
Sarıkız and Gina (28.7 %) had the lowest emergence in FE-I (early) and FE – III (late),<br />
respectively. Emergence values at FE – II ranged from 73.7 % (‘Sarıkız’) to 81.3 %<br />
(‘Sırık Ayse’) for all samples.<br />
Table 2. Mean field emergence (%) of four bean cultivars in different sowing<br />
dates<br />
2 lentelė. Keturių skirtingu metu pasėtų pupelių veislių lauko daigumo vidurkis (%)<br />
Sowing date<br />
Sėjos data<br />
Cultivars<br />
Veislės<br />
Field emergence<br />
Lauko daigumas (%)<br />
1 2 3<br />
cv. ‘Gina’<br />
30.0 b (b)<br />
Early (FE – I)<br />
cv. ‘Sarıkız’<br />
28.7 b (c)<br />
Ankstyvos<br />
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’<br />
44.7 a (b)<br />
cv. ‘Balkız’<br />
32.3 b (b)<br />
cv. ‘Gina’<br />
81.0 a (a)<br />
Optimum (FE – II) cv. ‘Sarıkız’<br />
73.7 c (a)<br />
Optimalios<br />
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’<br />
81.3 a (a)<br />
cv. ‘Balkız’<br />
78.0 b (a)<br />
cv. ‘Gina’<br />
28.7 b (b)<br />
Late (FE – III)<br />
cv. ‘Sarıkız’<br />
47.0 a (b)<br />
Vėlyvos<br />
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’<br />
47.0 a (b)<br />
cv. ‘Balkız’<br />
40.0 a (b)<br />
SEM 0.685<br />
50
Table 2 continued<br />
2 lentelės tęsinys<br />
1 2 3<br />
Early (FE – I)<br />
33.9 C<br />
Ankstyvos<br />
Optimum (FE – II)<br />
78.5 A<br />
Optimalios<br />
Late (FE – III)<br />
40.7 B<br />
Vėlyvos<br />
cv. ‘Gina’<br />
46.6 B<br />
cv. ‘Sarıkız’<br />
49.8 B<br />
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’<br />
57.7 A<br />
cv. ‘Balkız’<br />
50.1 B<br />
F values<br />
P reikšmės<br />
P values<br />
P reikšmės<br />
Sowing date<br />
409.61 0.001<br />
Sėjos data<br />
Cultivars<br />
11.79 0.001<br />
Veislės<br />
Sowing date × cultivar<br />
Sėjos data × veislė<br />
6.62 0.001<br />
Different letters denote significant differences at 0.001 probability level. Letters in parenthesis<br />
are comparisons of each cultivar across sowing date. Letters that are not in parenthesis are<br />
comparisons of each sowing date across cultivars; SEM: standard error of mean<br />
Skirtingos raidės žymi patikimus skirtumus esant tikimybės lygiui 0,001. Raidės skliaustuose –<br />
tai kiekvienos veislės palyginimas su sėjos data. Raidės, kurios nėra skliaustuose, – tai kiekvienos<br />
sėjos datos palyginimas su veislėmis; SVK – standartinė vidurkio paklaida<br />
In the work to determine the effect of sowing time, in common bean, average<br />
field emergence varied from 17 % from early planting to 91 % under better conditions<br />
(Kolasinska et al., 2000). In another emergence trial, on beans, seed field emergence<br />
differences were related to sowing time and cultivar characteristics (Balkaya, Odabas,<br />
2002; Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008).<br />
The major environmental factor influencing field emergence is soil temperature<br />
and moisture at sowing (Kolasinska et al., 2000; Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008). The optimum<br />
soil and air temperatures for emergence are > 9 and 14 °C, respectively (Gunay,<br />
2005) and temperatures of 8–10 °C are considered to the lower limit for bean seedling<br />
development. Moreau-Valancogne et al. (2008) also reported that field emergence rates<br />
varied from 56 to 90 % and these differences were large <strong>between</strong> sowing situations,<br />
emergence was mainly delayed <strong>by</strong> low soil temperatures or dry conditions, and the<br />
optimum soil temperature for bean seed germination was 20–30 °C and germination<br />
of 39 bean seed samples at 10 °C was <strong>by</strong> 60 % lower (Kolasinska et al., 2000). In<br />
this experiment, detailed information about the soil and air temperature and rainfall<br />
of the experimental area were shown in Figure (TSMR, 2004). Average field emergence<br />
(Table 2) ceased to depend on soil temperature at temperatures above 14 °C.<br />
51
Average field emergence in FE-I fell at a temperature below 9 °C. In addition, rain<br />
at the experimental area was lower at the last sowing than in the early and optimum<br />
sowings (TSMR, 2004).<br />
Fig. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth and average air temperature (°C) and<br />
rainfall (mm) of experimental area<br />
Pav. Dirvos temperatūra 5 cm gylyje ir eksperimentinio sklypo vidutinė<br />
oro temperatūra (°C) bei krituliai (mm)<br />
As shown in Table 3, the major <strong>element</strong>s with a <strong>content</strong> of ≥ 0.1 wt% (Al-Bataina<br />
et al., 2003) in all samples were N and K. Differences among cultivars were statistically<br />
significant (P < 0.01). Nitrogen was present in all cultivars with values ranging from<br />
9.32 wt% to 10.13 wt%. The K <strong>content</strong> was 1.0130 wt%, 1.1667 wt%, 1.3867 wt%<br />
and 1.4433 wt% in Gina, Sırık Ayse, Balkız and Sarıkız, respectively. Minor <strong>element</strong>s,<br />
with a <strong>content</strong> of less than 0.1 wt% (Al-Bataina et al., 2003) in all samples were: Mg,<br />
P and S. Values for these <strong>element</strong>s ranged from 0.1736 wt% to 0.5320 wt% in all<br />
samples. There were no significant differences in minor <strong>element</strong>s (Table 3).<br />
Trace <strong>element</strong>s varied with cultivar. Trace <strong>element</strong>s in all samples were: Na,<br />
Al, Si, Cl, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Rb. The Na <strong>content</strong> was <strong>between</strong> 0.0054 wt%<br />
(‘Sarkız’) and 0.0150 wt% (‘Balkız’). While the Al, Si and Mn <strong>content</strong> was the highest<br />
in ‘Gina’, the lowest values were <strong>determined</strong> in ‘Balkız’, ‘Sarıkız’ and ‘Sırık Ayse’.<br />
Values for Fe ranged from 0.0061 wt% (‘Balkız’) to 0.0117 wt% (‘Gina’) in all samples.<br />
Calcium ranged from 0.0006 wt% to 0.0009 wt% and the <strong>content</strong> of Rb was<br />
0.0007 wt%, 0.0008 wt%, 0.0010 wt% and 0.0011 wt% which are taken from ‘Gina’,<br />
‘Sırık Ayse’, Sarıkız’ and ‘Balkız’, respectively. There were no significant differences<br />
among Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn and cultivars. Finally, the trace <strong>element</strong> values ranged from<br />
0.0007 wt% to 0.0150 wt% in all samples.<br />
52
Table 3. Elemental composition in seed of four green bean cultivars<br />
3 lentelė. Keturių žaliųjų pupelių veislių sėklų <strong>element</strong>ų sudėtis (wt%)<br />
Major<br />
<strong>element</strong>s<br />
Pagrindiniai <strong>element</strong>ai<br />
Minor <strong>element</strong>s<br />
Šalutiniai <strong>element</strong>ai<br />
Trace <strong>element</strong>s<br />
Mikro<strong>element</strong>ai<br />
Cultivars<br />
Veislės<br />
‘Gina’ ‘Sarıkız’ ‘Sırık Ayse’ ‘Balkız’ SEM P values<br />
P reikšmės<br />
N 10.1330 9.9200 9.3200 9.7770 0.1192 0.068<br />
K 1.0130 1.4433 1.1667 1.3867 0.0712 0.092<br />
Mg 0.2193 0.2123 0.2143 0.2233 0.0054 0.918<br />
P 0.5102 0.5282 0.4656 0.5320 0.0142 0.363<br />
S 0.1892 0.2054 0.1736 0.1990 0.0053 0.156<br />
Na 0.0066 0.0054 b 0.0081 0.0150 a 0.0016 0.142<br />
Al 0.0023 a 0.0012 b 0.0018 ab 0.0011 b 0.0002 0.025<br />
Si 0.0088 a 0.0054 b 0.0064 b 0.0055 b 0.0004 0.001<br />
Cl 0.0046 0.0053 0.0053 0.0066 0.0004 0.324<br />
Ca 0.0492 0.0412 0.0449 0.0491 0.0020 0.498<br />
Mn 0.0017 a 0.0015 a 0.0012 b 0.0016 a 0.0001 0.007<br />
Fe 0.0117 a 0.0065 b 0.0066 b 0.0061 b 0.0007 0.001<br />
Ni 0.0007 b 0.0009 a 0.0006 b 0.0009 a 0.0001 0.014<br />
Cu 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0001 0.629<br />
Zn 0.0029 0.0021 0.0020 0.0026 0.0002 0.136<br />
Rb 0.0007 b 0.0010 a 0.0008 b 0.0011 a 0.0001 0.013<br />
Different letters denote significant differences among cultivars: wt% – mass percentage,<br />
SEM – standard error of mean<br />
Skirtingos raidės žymi patikimus skirtumus tarp veislių: wt% – masės procentas, SVK –<br />
standartinė vidurkio paklaida<br />
The WDXRF analyses allowed the determination of major, minor and<br />
trace <strong>element</strong>s which changed depending on cultivars (Table 3). Decoteau (2000)<br />
reported that mature dry bean seed contained 144 mg Ca 100 g -1 , 425 mg P 100 g -1 ,<br />
7.8 mg Fe 100 g -1 , 19 mg Na 100 g -1 and 1 196 mg K 100 g -1 . However, there was no<br />
report on the <strong>element</strong>al composition of green bean seeds. In our study, sixteen different<br />
<strong>element</strong>s were <strong>determined</strong> in seeds of four green bean cultivars.<br />
The correlation coefficients (r) among field emergence, SGT and <strong>element</strong> <strong>content</strong>s<br />
of the bean cultivars used in this study are presented in Table 4. N, Mg, Si, S,<br />
K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Rb were significantly correlated with field emergence at the<br />
different sowings (Table 4.). The highest correlation was <strong>between</strong> Mn and FE – I<br />
(r = -0.842). Five of sixteen <strong>element</strong>s were significantly correlated with the SGT, especially<br />
P (r = 0.612), Ni (r = 0.740) and Rb (r = 0.624). While there were limited data, Akıncı<br />
and Akıncı (2011) reported that Ni was stimulator for germination and seedling growth<br />
of spinach in low concentrations (25 mg L -1 ). Results for Ni in this work were confirmative<br />
of mentioned study.<br />
53
Table 4. Cumulative correlation <strong>between</strong> <strong>element</strong>ų <strong>content</strong> and field emergence<br />
and seed quality parameters<br />
4 lentelė. Kumuliacinės koreliacijos tarp <strong>element</strong>ų kiekio, lauko daigumo ir sėklos kokybės<br />
rodiklių koeficientai (r)<br />
Major <strong>element</strong>s<br />
Pagrindiniai <strong>element</strong>ai<br />
Minor <strong>element</strong>s<br />
Šalutiniai <strong>element</strong>ai<br />
Trace <strong>element</strong>s<br />
Mikro<strong>element</strong>ai<br />
Early (FE – I) Optimum (FE – II) Late (FE – III) SGT GR<br />
Ankstyva Optimali Vėlyva SDT DL<br />
N -0.536 (0.036) -0.320 (0.155) -0.478 (0.082) 0.426 0.335<br />
(0.084) (0.144)<br />
K -0.082 (0.400) -0.289 (0.181) 0.616 (0.016) 0.511 0.015<br />
(0.037) (0.481)<br />
Mg -0.033 (0.460) 0.508 (0.046) 0.179 (0.289) 0.080 -0.180<br />
(0.403) (0.288)<br />
P -0.360 (0.125) -0.210 (0.257) 0.098 (0.381) 0.612 0.369<br />
(0.017) (0.119)<br />
S -0.413 (0.091) -0.581 (0.024) 0.082 (0.400) 0.702 0.355<br />
(0.005) (0.128)<br />
Na 0.021 (0.474) -0.014 (0.483) -0.120 (0.356) 0.081 -0.009<br />
(0.401) (0.489)<br />
Al 0.087 (0.394) 0.490 (0.053) -0.361 (0.124) -0.554 -0.006<br />
(0.027) (0.493)<br />
Si -0.047 (0.443) 0.552 (0.031) -0.629 (0.014) -0.313 0.050<br />
(0.161) (0.438)<br />
Cl -0.018 (0.478) -0.467 (0.063) 0.142 (0.329) 0.240 0.193<br />
(0.226) (0.274)<br />
Ca -0.083 (0.399) 0.328 (0.149) -0.233 (0.233) 0.052 -0.140<br />
(0.436) (0.333)<br />
Mn -0.842 (0.001) -0.115 (0.361) -0.556 (0.030) 0.514 0.572<br />
(0.044) (0.026)<br />
Fe -0.256 (0.211) 0.378 (0.113) -0.732 (0.003) -0.143 0.263<br />
(0.328) (0.204)<br />
Ni -0.455 (0.069) -0.627 (0.015) 0.147 (0.324) 0.740 0.111<br />
(0.003) (0.365)<br />
Cu -0.388 (0.106) 0.081 (0.401) -0.105 (0.372) 0.262 0.644<br />
(0.205) (0.012)<br />
Zn -0.513 (0.044) 0.217 (0.249) -0.683 (0.007) 0.089 -0.512<br />
(0.392) (0.046)<br />
Rb -0.231 (0.235) -0.275 (0.194) 0.546 (0.033) 0.624 0.133<br />
(0.015) (0.340)<br />
Numbers in parenthesis denote P values: SGT – standard germination test; GR – germination<br />
rate; FE – field emergence<br />
Skaičiai skliausteliuose žymi P reikšmes: SDT – standartinis daigumo testas; DL – daigumo<br />
lygis; LD – lauko daigumas<br />
54
The relationship <strong>between</strong> field emergence and other seed quality tests has been<br />
<strong>determined</strong> <strong>by</strong> other workers (Vieira et al., 1999; Miguel, Cicero, 1999; Kolasinska<br />
et al., 2000; Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008; Palabıyık, Peksen, 2008 Binotti et al., 2008,<br />
Vieira et al., 2010). Although there are no detailed reports on the relationships <strong>between</strong><br />
the <strong>element</strong>al <strong>content</strong> of seed and field emergence, ten <strong>element</strong>s were significantly<br />
correlated with field emergence in this study (Table 4).<br />
Conclusion. Consequently, the analysis time for <strong>wavelength</strong>-dispersive X-Ray<br />
fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry is short at 1 h sample -1 . Thus, WDXRF seems<br />
to be a suitable method for rapid assessment of seed <strong>element</strong>al <strong>content</strong>. Also, this rapid<br />
method is a reliable technique for analyzing the <strong>element</strong>al <strong>content</strong> and to predict<br />
field emergence of green bean seed. The study showed that some of <strong>element</strong>s, such<br />
as N, Zn, Mn, S, Fe and Ni are negatively and Mg, Si, K, and Rb are positively related<br />
to field emergence in the green bean cultivars. It is clear that WDXRF is a suitable<br />
method for the rapid assessment of bean seed <strong>element</strong>al <strong>content</strong> and may be of use<br />
for the rapid prediction of field emergence of green bean cultivars.<br />
Gauta 2012 12 01<br />
Parengta spausdinti 2012 12 10<br />
References<br />
1. Akıncı, S., Akıncı I. E., 2011. Effect of nickel on germination and some seedling<br />
growth parameters in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Ekoloji, 20(79): 69–76.<br />
2. Al-Bataina, B. A., Maslat, A. O., Al-Kofahi, M. M., 2003. Element analysis and<br />
biological studies on ten oriental spices using XRF and Ames test. Journal of<br />
Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 17(2): 85–90.<br />
3. Balkaya A., Odabas, S. 2002. Determination of the seed characteristics in some<br />
significant snap bean varieties grown in Samsun, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of<br />
Biological Sciences, 5: 382–387.<br />
4. Binotti F. F. D. S., Haga K. I., Cardoso E. D., Alves C. Z., de Sa M. E., Arf O.<br />
2008. <strong>Relationship</strong>s of accelerated aging time with bulk conductivity test and<br />
with physiological seed quality in common bean. Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy,<br />
30: 247–254.<br />
5. Decoteau R. D. 2000. Nutritional value of vegetables. Vegetable crops.<br />
N Jersey, USA.<br />
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Turkey.<br />
7. ISTA. 1996. International rules for seed testing rules. International Seed Testing<br />
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field emergence and physical properties and some laboratory tests of fresh bean<br />
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Alatarım, 7: 36–43.<br />
55
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with PGPR on germination of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds under<br />
saline conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 33(2): 173–179.<br />
10. Kaymak H. C., Guvenc I., Gurol A. 2010a. Correlation <strong>between</strong> endogenous <strong>element</strong>s<br />
and development of hollowing in the root of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)<br />
cultivars. Žemdir<strong>by</strong>stė=Agriculture, 97(3): 97–104.<br />
11. Kaymak H. C., Guvenc I., Gurol A. 2010 b. Elemental analysis of different radish<br />
(Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars <strong>by</strong> using <strong>wavelength</strong>-dispersive X-ray fluorescence<br />
spectrometry (WDXRF). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science,<br />
16(6): 769–774.<br />
12. Kaymak H. C. 2012. The relationships <strong>between</strong> seed fatty acids profile and seed<br />
germination in cucurbit species. Žemdir<strong>by</strong>stė=Agriculture, 99(3): 299–304.<br />
13. Kolasinska K., Szyrmer J., Dul S. 2000. <strong>Relationship</strong> <strong>between</strong> laboratory seed<br />
quality tests and field emergence of common bean seed. Crop Science, 40:<br />
470–475.<br />
14. Margui E., Hidalgo M., Queralt I. 2005. Multi<strong>element</strong>al fast analysis of vegetation<br />
samples <strong>by</strong> <strong>wavelength</strong> dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry:<br />
Possibilities and drawbacks. Spectrochimica Acta, Part B, 60: 1 363–1 372.<br />
15. Miguel M. H., Cicero S. M. 1999. Cold test for evaluating bean seed vigour.<br />
Scientia Agricola, 56: 1 233–1 243.<br />
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Hashimoto N., Yamauchi H. 2006. Determination of the phosphorus <strong>content</strong> in<br />
potato starch using an EDXRF method. Food Chemistry, 95: 632–637.<br />
17. Palabıyık B., Peksen E. 2008. Effects of seed storage periods on electrical conductivity<br />
of seed leakage, germination and field emergence percentage in common<br />
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20: 3 033–3 041.<br />
18. Moreau-Valancogne P., Coste F., Crozat Y., Dürr C. 2008.Assessing emergence<br />
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Note. http://www.meteor.gov.tr/tahmin/il-ve-ilceler.aspxm=ERZURUM#sfB<br />
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Correlation of electrical conductivity and other vigor tests with field emergence<br />
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540–545.<br />
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SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2012. 31(3–4).<br />
Santykis tarp <strong>element</strong>ų kiekio, kurį lemia rentgeno fluorescencinė<br />
spektrometrija, naudojant bangų dispersiją, ir žaliųjų pupelių sėklų<br />
lauko daigumo<br />
H. Ç. Kaymak, İ. Güvenç, A. Gürol, A. Bastuğ<br />
Santrauka<br />
Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti ryšį tarp <strong>element</strong>ų kiekio sėklose ir lauko daigumo.<br />
Keturios žaliųjų pupelių (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) veislės (‘Gina’, ‘Sarıkız’, ‘Balkız’ ir ‘Sırık-<br />
Ayse’) buvo įvertintos pagal standartinį daigumo testą (SDT), daigumo lygį, <strong>element</strong>ų kiekį<br />
sėklose (nustatoma rentgeno fluorescencine spektrometrija, naudojant bangų dispersiją<br />
(RFSBD)) ir lauko daigumą (LD). Buvo įvertintas ir keturių veislių, pasėtų trimis skirtingais<br />
laikotarpiais, lauko daigumas. Sėjos datos: ankstyvoji sėja – gegužės 2 d. (LD – I), optimali<br />
sėja – gegužės 20 d. (LD – II) ir vėlyvoji sėja – birželio 7 d. (LD – III). Buvo apskaičiuoti<br />
koreliacijos koeficientai tarp laboratorinių daigumo tyrimų ir rasta patikimų skirtumų. N, Mg,<br />
Si, S, K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn ir Rb kiekis patikimai koreliavo su lauko daugumu sėjant skirtingais<br />
terminais. Labiausiai koreliavo Mn ir FE – I (r = -0,842). Septyni iš šešiolikos <strong>element</strong>ų patikimai<br />
koreliavo su SDT, ypač Mn, Ni ir Rb. RFCBD, atrodo, yra patikimas būdas greitai<br />
įvertinti <strong>element</strong>ų kiekį sėklose ir gali būti taikomas žaliųjų pupelių veislių lauko daigumui<br />
greitai numatyti.<br />
Reikšminiai žodžiai: daigumas, lauko daigumas, Phaseolus vulgaris L., RFSBD.<br />
57