Relationship between element content determined by wavelength ...

SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE,
LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY AND ALEKSANDRAS STULGINSKIS UNIVERSITY.
SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ. 2012. 31(3–4).
Relationship between element content determined by
wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry
and field emergence of green bean seed
Haluk Çağlar Kaymak 1 , İsmail Güvenç 2 , Ali Gürol 3 , Arif Bastuğ 4
1
Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of
Horticulture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey,
E-mail hckaymak@atauni.edu.tr
2
Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Department of Horticulture, Kahramanmaraş, 46000, Turkey,
E-mail guvencis@hotmail.com
3
Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics,
25240 Erzurum, Turkey, E-mail agurol@atauni.edu.tr
4
Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of
Physics, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey, E-mail abastug@aksaray.edu.tr
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between seed element content and
field emergence. Four green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (‘Gina’, ‘Sarıkız’, ‘Balkız’
and ‘Sırık-Ayse’) were evaluated using standard germination test (SGT), germination rate,
seed element content (determined by wavelength-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (WDXRF)
spectrometry) and field emergence (FE). The percentage field emergence of the four cultivars
at three sowing dates was also evaluated. Sowing dates were: early: 2 May (FE – I), optimum:
20 May (FE – II) and late: 7 June (FE – III). Correlation coefficients among laboratory emergence
tests were calculated and there were significant differences. N, Mg, Si, S, K, Mn, Fe,
Ni, Zn and Rb content were all significantly correlated with field emergence at the different
sowings. The highest correlation was between Mn and FE – I (r = -0.842). Seven of sixteen
elements were significantly correlated with SGT, especially Mn, Ni and Rb. WDXRF seems
to be a suitable method for rapid assessment of seed element content and may be of use for
the rapid prediction of field emergence of green bean cultivars.
Key words: field emergence, germination, Phaseolus vulgaris L., WDXRF.
Introduction. Seed quality depends on many factors which include moisture
content, germination level, pathogen contamination, varietal purity and physical integrity.
Seed quality affects field emergence and seed laboratory quality tests should
be related to assessing potential field emergence (Kolasinska et al., 2000). Recently
considerable research has been conducted on seed quality tests to predict the field
47

emergence of beans and has reported significant correlations between field emergence
and laboratory tests. The conductivity test (Kolasinska et al., 2000; Palabıyık,
Peksen, 2008) gave reliable estimates of potential field emergence for common bean.
Further, the tetrazolium test correlates with field emergence but the correlations were
not as high as those for a standard germination test (Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008) and the
cold test is one of the oldest and most popular seed vigour tests (Vieira et al., 2010).
The cold test and the accelerated aging test are recommended by Miguel and Cicero
(1999) and Binotti et al. (2008). As reported by Vieira et al. (1999), Kolasinska et al.
(2000), Muasya and Auma (2003) and Kaymak and Guvenc (2008), the relationship
between laboratory tests and field emergence is complex and variable.
Interest in direct, multi-element analysis of plant samples has increased in the last
few years and includes X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Simplicity of sample
preparation, minimum need for manipulation, speed and the opportunity of analyzing
several different elements have promoted XRF as a useful alternative to conventional
spectroscopic techniques (Margui et al., 2005). In addition the short analysis time of
this method makes it suitable for routine analyses (Noda et al., 2006), and useful to
determine seed element content and seed quality indirectly.
Although many researchers have shown significant correlations between field
emergence and seed quality tests, such as counting the number of seed with broken
coats, electrical conductivity of seed leakage, the cold test and tetrazolium viability
tests, controversial results in predicting field emergence have been reported and most
tests do not cover the relationship between seed element content and field emergence.
Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the application of wavelength-dispersive
XRF spectrometry for testing seed viability and vigour.
Object, methods and conditions. This study was conducted under field and
laboratory conditions during 2004–2005 at Ataturk University, College of Agriculture,
Erzurum, Turkey, to determine the application of wavelength-dispersive XRF
spectrometry for testing seed viability and vigour. Seed of four green bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) cultivars (‘Gina’, ‘Sarıkız’, ‘Balkız’ and ‘Sırık-Ayse’) were used and
seeds of vegetable species were supplied by vegetables seed companies in Turkey.
S t a n d a r d g e r m i n a t i o n t e s t: Standard germination tests (SGT) were
conducted using four replicates of 25 seed of each cultivar. Seed was incubated in
Petri dishes between two filter papers saturated with water, which contained Benlate
1 g l -1 to prevent fungal growth at 20 °C (ISTA, 1996). Visible radicle protrusion was
the criterion of germination. Germinated seeds were recorded and discarded at 24 h
intervals over 10 days scoring. Results were expressed as final germination percentage.
G e r m i n a t i o n r a t e ( G R ): GR was calculated according to the equation
(germination rate = germination percentage in 1 st day/1 + ….. + germination percentage
nth day/n) of Kaymak et al. (2009) and Kaymak (2012).
F i e l d e m e r g e n c e ( F E ): To assess FE, seed from each sample was hand
sown at 5 cm deep in four replicate plots (Kolasinska et al., 2000). Seed was sown
at three sowing dates [(early: May 2 (FE-I), optimum: May 20 (FE – II) and late:
June 7 (FE – III)] into a loamy soil in north-eastern Turkey in 2004. The experimental
area (Erzurum) is located between 40° 57’ and 39° 10’N latitude, 40° 15’ and
42° 35’E longitude and is at 1 850 m above sea level. Counts started as seedlings began
to emerge and continued until no further seedlings appeared. Seedlings were counted
as emerged when the cotyledons were free of the soil surface (Kolasinska et al., 2000).
48

Wa v e l e n g t h - d i s p e r s i v e X - R a y f l u o r e s c e n c e ( W D X R F )
a n a l y s i s: A WDXRF spectrometer (Rigaku ZSX-100e with Rhodium target
X-ray, Rigaku, Japan) was used for the analysis of the seed element content. This
instrument was controlled by a computer using ZSX Software (Rigaku, Japan). The
ZSX 100e WDXRF spectrometer characteristics included; analysis of elements from
B to U, 4 kW 70 kV end-window X-ray tube, micro area mapping down to 0.5 mm,
up to five primary beam filters, 4 analyzing crystals [LiF, Ge (111), PET (002) and
TAP (100)], and eight limiting area diaphragms, optional secondary collimators, automatic
sample changer, compact design and multi window, multi-function fundamental
parameters software.
Seed was grinded in a porcelain muller. The ground material was used for all XRF
analyses. In the XRF Laboratory, 2 g weight, 2.5 mm thickness and 35 mm diameter
pellets were produced by applying 15 t of pressure with a Spex press (Cat. B25). After
the preparation of the pellets, they were incubated at 80 °C for 20 min to remove all
moisture and were then used for element determination. LiF, Ge (111), PET (002)
and TAP (100) crystals were used to separate the X rays coming from the pellets in
WDXRF spectrometer. At the end of the WDXRF analysis; the major, minor and trace
element contents of seeds were determined as mass percentage (wt%) (wt% = element
mass × 100 / total mass) (Kaymak et al., 2010 a and 2010 b).
E x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s. The laboratory
experiments were conducted as randomized complete block designs, with four
replicates. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA and differences between means
compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Additionally, the correlation coefficients
(r) between tests were determined.
Results and discussion. Means of the green bean cultivars for SGT and GR are
shown in Table 1. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) among cultivars for
SGT and GR.
Table 1. Mean values of germination (%) and germination rate (%) in four bean
cultivars
1 lentelė. Keturių pupelių veislių daigumo (%) ir daigumo lygio vidurkiai (%)
Cultivars
Veislės
SGT
SDT
GR
DL
cv. ‘Gina’ 86.7 ab 31.2 NS / NP
cv. ‘Sarıkız’ 96.7 a 31.2
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’ 73.3 b 24.7
cv. ‘Balkız’ 95.0 a 29.4
SEM
SVK
3.044 1.378
P values
P reikšmės
0.002 0.330
Different letters denote significant differences between the cultivars: NS – not significant,
SGT – standard germination test, GR – germination rate, SEM: standard error of mean.
Skirtingos raidės žymi patikimus skirtumus tarp veislių: NP – nepatikima, SDT – standartinis
daigumo testas, DL – daigumo lygis, SVK – standartinė vidurkio paklaida.
49

The cultivar germination percentage ranged from 73.3 % (‘Sırık Ayse’) and
96.7‘% (‘Sarıkız’). Although there were no significant differences between cultivars
and GR, the highest germination rate was determined in ‘Gina’ and ‘Sarıkız’
(31.2 %).
Kolasinska et al. (2000), in Phaseolus vulgaris, reported that most samples had
a standard germination > 80 % and varied from 39 % to 99 %. Bean cultivars that had
high germination under favourable laboratory conditions (Palabıyık, Peksen, 2008)
and germination percentages of seed under optimum conditions could give 100 %
germination (Balkaya, Odabas, 2002). The bean cultivars used in this study also
performed well under favourable laboratory conditions. Results from this work were
similar to the above studies.
The green bean field emergence data test is shown in Table 2. Mean seedling
emergence varied depending on cultivars and sowing date. For bean field emergence
at different times, the cultivar x sowing date interaction was statistically significant
(P < 0.01). Significant cultivar x sowing date interaction for field emergence demonstrated
that the effect of sowing date varied considerably. In other words, this
interaction also indicated that performance of cultivars was affected by sowing date
for field emergence. Both early and late sowing decreased field emergence across all
cultivars. High emergence rates were obtained at the optimum sowing date (FE – II).
Sarıkız and Gina (28.7 %) had the lowest emergence in FE-I (early) and FE – III (late),
respectively. Emergence values at FE – II ranged from 73.7 % (‘Sarıkız’) to 81.3 %
(‘Sırık Ayse’) for all samples.
Table 2. Mean field emergence (%) of four bean cultivars in different sowing
dates
2 lentelė. Keturių skirtingu metu pasėtų pupelių veislių lauko daigumo vidurkis (%)
Sowing date
Sėjos data
Cultivars
Veislės
Field emergence
Lauko daigumas (%)
1 2 3
cv. ‘Gina’
30.0 b (b)
Early (FE – I)
cv. ‘Sarıkız’
28.7 b (c)
Ankstyvos
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’
44.7 a (b)
cv. ‘Balkız’
32.3 b (b)
cv. ‘Gina’
81.0 a (a)
Optimum (FE – II) cv. ‘Sarıkız’
73.7 c (a)
Optimalios
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’
81.3 a (a)
cv. ‘Balkız’
78.0 b (a)
cv. ‘Gina’
28.7 b (b)
Late (FE – III)
cv. ‘Sarıkız’
47.0 a (b)
Vėlyvos
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’
47.0 a (b)
cv. ‘Balkız’
40.0 a (b)
SEM 0.685
50

Table 2 continued
2 lentelės tęsinys
1 2 3
Early (FE – I)
33.9 C
Ankstyvos
Optimum (FE – II)
78.5 A
Optimalios
Late (FE – III)
40.7 B
Vėlyvos
cv. ‘Gina’
46.6 B
cv. ‘Sarıkız’
49.8 B
cv. ‘Sırık Ayse’
57.7 A
cv. ‘Balkız’
50.1 B
F values
P reikšmės
P values
P reikšmės
Sowing date
409.61 0.001
Sėjos data
Cultivars
11.79 0.001
Veislės
Sowing date × cultivar
Sėjos data × veislė
6.62 0.001
Different letters denote significant differences at 0.001 probability level. Letters in parenthesis
are comparisons of each cultivar across sowing date. Letters that are not in parenthesis are
comparisons of each sowing date across cultivars; SEM: standard error of mean
Skirtingos raidės žymi patikimus skirtumus esant tikimybės lygiui 0,001. Raidės skliaustuose –
tai kiekvienos veislės palyginimas su sėjos data. Raidės, kurios nėra skliaustuose, – tai kiekvienos
sėjos datos palyginimas su veislėmis; SVK – standartinė vidurkio paklaida
In the work to determine the effect of sowing time, in common bean, average
field emergence varied from 17 % from early planting to 91 % under better conditions
(Kolasinska et al., 2000). In another emergence trial, on beans, seed field emergence
differences were related to sowing time and cultivar characteristics (Balkaya, Odabas,
2002; Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008).
The major environmental factor influencing field emergence is soil temperature
and moisture at sowing (Kolasinska et al., 2000; Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008). The optimum
soil and air temperatures for emergence are > 9 and 14 °C, respectively (Gunay,
2005) and temperatures of 8–10 °C are considered to the lower limit for bean seedling
development. Moreau-Valancogne et al. (2008) also reported that field emergence rates
varied from 56 to 90 % and these differences were large between sowing situations,
emergence was mainly delayed by low soil temperatures or dry conditions, and the
optimum soil temperature for bean seed germination was 20–30 °C and germination
of 39 bean seed samples at 10 °C was by 60 % lower (Kolasinska et al., 2000). In
this experiment, detailed information about the soil and air temperature and rainfall
of the experimental area were shown in Figure (TSMR, 2004). Average field emergence
(Table 2) ceased to depend on soil temperature at temperatures above 14 °C.
51

Average field emergence in FE-I fell at a temperature below 9 °C. In addition, rain
at the experimental area was lower at the last sowing than in the early and optimum
sowings (TSMR, 2004).
Fig. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth and average air temperature (°C) and
rainfall (mm) of experimental area
Pav. Dirvos temperatūra 5 cm gylyje ir eksperimentinio sklypo vidutinė
oro temperatūra (°C) bei krituliai (mm)
As shown in Table 3, the major elements with a content of ≥ 0.1 wt% (Al-Bataina
et al., 2003) in all samples were N and K. Differences among cultivars were statistically
significant (P < 0.01). Nitrogen was present in all cultivars with values ranging from
9.32 wt% to 10.13 wt%. The K content was 1.0130 wt%, 1.1667 wt%, 1.3867 wt%
and 1.4433 wt% in Gina, Sırık Ayse, Balkız and Sarıkız, respectively. Minor elements,
with a content of less than 0.1 wt% (Al-Bataina et al., 2003) in all samples were: Mg,
P and S. Values for these elements ranged from 0.1736 wt% to 0.5320 wt% in all
samples. There were no significant differences in minor elements (Table 3).
Trace elements varied with cultivar. Trace elements in all samples were: Na,
Al, Si, Cl, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Rb. The Na content was between 0.0054 wt%
(‘Sarkız’) and 0.0150 wt% (‘Balkız’). While the Al, Si and Mn content was the highest
in ‘Gina’, the lowest values were determined in ‘Balkız’, ‘Sarıkız’ and ‘Sırık Ayse’.
Values for Fe ranged from 0.0061 wt% (‘Balkız’) to 0.0117 wt% (‘Gina’) in all samples.
Calcium ranged from 0.0006 wt% to 0.0009 wt% and the content of Rb was
0.0007 wt%, 0.0008 wt%, 0.0010 wt% and 0.0011 wt% which are taken from ‘Gina’,
‘Sırık Ayse’, Sarıkız’ and ‘Balkız’, respectively. There were no significant differences
among Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn and cultivars. Finally, the trace element values ranged from
0.0007 wt% to 0.0150 wt% in all samples.
52

Table 3. Elemental composition in seed of four green bean cultivars
3 lentelė. Keturių žaliųjų pupelių veislių sėklų elementų sudėtis (wt%)
Major
elements
Pagrindiniai elementai
Minor elements
Šalutiniai elementai
Trace elements
Mikroelementai
Cultivars
Veislės
‘Gina’ ‘Sarıkız’ ‘Sırık Ayse’ ‘Balkız’ SEM P values
P reikšmės
N 10.1330 9.9200 9.3200 9.7770 0.1192 0.068
K 1.0130 1.4433 1.1667 1.3867 0.0712 0.092
Mg 0.2193 0.2123 0.2143 0.2233 0.0054 0.918
P 0.5102 0.5282 0.4656 0.5320 0.0142 0.363
S 0.1892 0.2054 0.1736 0.1990 0.0053 0.156
Na 0.0066 0.0054 b 0.0081 0.0150 a 0.0016 0.142
Al 0.0023 a 0.0012 b 0.0018 ab 0.0011 b 0.0002 0.025
Si 0.0088 a 0.0054 b 0.0064 b 0.0055 b 0.0004 0.001
Cl 0.0046 0.0053 0.0053 0.0066 0.0004 0.324
Ca 0.0492 0.0412 0.0449 0.0491 0.0020 0.498
Mn 0.0017 a 0.0015 a 0.0012 b 0.0016 a 0.0001 0.007
Fe 0.0117 a 0.0065 b 0.0066 b 0.0061 b 0.0007 0.001
Ni 0.0007 b 0.0009 a 0.0006 b 0.0009 a 0.0001 0.014
Cu 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0001 0.629
Zn 0.0029 0.0021 0.0020 0.0026 0.0002 0.136
Rb 0.0007 b 0.0010 a 0.0008 b 0.0011 a 0.0001 0.013
Different letters denote significant differences among cultivars: wt% – mass percentage,
SEM – standard error of mean
Skirtingos raidės žymi patikimus skirtumus tarp veislių: wt% – masės procentas, SVK –
standartinė vidurkio paklaida
The WDXRF analyses allowed the determination of major, minor and
trace elements which changed depending on cultivars (Table 3). Decoteau (2000)
reported that mature dry bean seed contained 144 mg Ca 100 g -1 , 425 mg P 100 g -1 ,
7.8 mg Fe 100 g -1 , 19 mg Na 100 g -1 and 1 196 mg K 100 g -1 . However, there was no
report on the elemental composition of green bean seeds. In our study, sixteen different
elements were determined in seeds of four green bean cultivars.
The correlation coefficients (r) among field emergence, SGT and element contents
of the bean cultivars used in this study are presented in Table 4. N, Mg, Si, S,
K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Rb were significantly correlated with field emergence at the
different sowings (Table 4.). The highest correlation was between Mn and FE – I
(r = -0.842). Five of sixteen elements were significantly correlated with the SGT, especially
P (r = 0.612), Ni (r = 0.740) and Rb (r = 0.624). While there were limited data, Akıncı
and Akıncı (2011) reported that Ni was stimulator for germination and seedling growth
of spinach in low concentrations (25 mg L -1 ). Results for Ni in this work were confirmative
of mentioned study.
53

Table 4. Cumulative correlation between elementų content and field emergence
and seed quality parameters
4 lentelė. Kumuliacinės koreliacijos tarp elementų kiekio, lauko daigumo ir sėklos kokybės
rodiklių koeficientai (r)
Major elements
Pagrindiniai elementai
Minor elements
Šalutiniai elementai
Trace elements
Mikroelementai
Early (FE – I) Optimum (FE – II) Late (FE – III) SGT GR
Ankstyva Optimali Vėlyva SDT DL
N -0.536 (0.036) -0.320 (0.155) -0.478 (0.082) 0.426 0.335
(0.084) (0.144)
K -0.082 (0.400) -0.289 (0.181) 0.616 (0.016) 0.511 0.015
(0.037) (0.481)
Mg -0.033 (0.460) 0.508 (0.046) 0.179 (0.289) 0.080 -0.180
(0.403) (0.288)
P -0.360 (0.125) -0.210 (0.257) 0.098 (0.381) 0.612 0.369
(0.017) (0.119)
S -0.413 (0.091) -0.581 (0.024) 0.082 (0.400) 0.702 0.355
(0.005) (0.128)
Na 0.021 (0.474) -0.014 (0.483) -0.120 (0.356) 0.081 -0.009
(0.401) (0.489)
Al 0.087 (0.394) 0.490 (0.053) -0.361 (0.124) -0.554 -0.006
(0.027) (0.493)
Si -0.047 (0.443) 0.552 (0.031) -0.629 (0.014) -0.313 0.050
(0.161) (0.438)
Cl -0.018 (0.478) -0.467 (0.063) 0.142 (0.329) 0.240 0.193
(0.226) (0.274)
Ca -0.083 (0.399) 0.328 (0.149) -0.233 (0.233) 0.052 -0.140
(0.436) (0.333)
Mn -0.842 (0.001) -0.115 (0.361) -0.556 (0.030) 0.514 0.572
(0.044) (0.026)
Fe -0.256 (0.211) 0.378 (0.113) -0.732 (0.003) -0.143 0.263
(0.328) (0.204)
Ni -0.455 (0.069) -0.627 (0.015) 0.147 (0.324) 0.740 0.111
(0.003) (0.365)
Cu -0.388 (0.106) 0.081 (0.401) -0.105 (0.372) 0.262 0.644
(0.205) (0.012)
Zn -0.513 (0.044) 0.217 (0.249) -0.683 (0.007) 0.089 -0.512
(0.392) (0.046)
Rb -0.231 (0.235) -0.275 (0.194) 0.546 (0.033) 0.624 0.133
(0.015) (0.340)
Numbers in parenthesis denote P values: SGT – standard germination test; GR – germination
rate; FE – field emergence
Skaičiai skliausteliuose žymi P reikšmes: SDT – standartinis daigumo testas; DL – daigumo
lygis; LD – lauko daigumas
54

The relationship between field emergence and other seed quality tests has been
determined by other workers (Vieira et al., 1999; Miguel, Cicero, 1999; Kolasinska
et al., 2000; Kaymak, Guvenc, 2008; Palabıyık, Peksen, 2008 Binotti et al., 2008,
Vieira et al., 2010). Although there are no detailed reports on the relationships between
the elemental content of seed and field emergence, ten elements were significantly
correlated with field emergence in this study (Table 4).
Conclusion. Consequently, the analysis time for wavelength-dispersive X-Ray
fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry is short at 1 h sample -1 . Thus, WDXRF seems
to be a suitable method for rapid assessment of seed elemental content. Also, this rapid
method is a reliable technique for analyzing the elemental content and to predict
field emergence of green bean seed. The study showed that some of elements, such
as N, Zn, Mn, S, Fe and Ni are negatively and Mg, Si, K, and Rb are positively related
to field emergence in the green bean cultivars. It is clear that WDXRF is a suitable
method for the rapid assessment of bean seed elemental content and may be of use
for the rapid prediction of field emergence of green bean cultivars.
Gauta 2012 12 01
Parengta spausdinti 2012 12 10
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SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ. MOKSLO DARBAI. 2012. 31(3–4).
Santykis tarp elementų kiekio, kurį lemia rentgeno fluorescencinė
spektrometrija, naudojant bangų dispersiją, ir žaliųjų pupelių sėklų
lauko daigumo
H. Ç. Kaymak, İ. Güvenç, A. Gürol, A. Bastuğ
Santrauka
Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti ryšį tarp elementų kiekio sėklose ir lauko daigumo.
Keturios žaliųjų pupelių (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) veislės (‘Gina’, ‘Sarıkız’, ‘Balkız’ ir ‘Sırık-
Ayse’) buvo įvertintos pagal standartinį daigumo testą (SDT), daigumo lygį, elementų kiekį
sėklose (nustatoma rentgeno fluorescencine spektrometrija, naudojant bangų dispersiją
(RFSBD)) ir lauko daigumą (LD). Buvo įvertintas ir keturių veislių, pasėtų trimis skirtingais
laikotarpiais, lauko daigumas. Sėjos datos: ankstyvoji sėja – gegužės 2 d. (LD – I), optimali
sėja – gegužės 20 d. (LD – II) ir vėlyvoji sėja – birželio 7 d. (LD – III). Buvo apskaičiuoti
koreliacijos koeficientai tarp laboratorinių daigumo tyrimų ir rasta patikimų skirtumų. N, Mg,
Si, S, K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn ir Rb kiekis patikimai koreliavo su lauko daugumu sėjant skirtingais
terminais. Labiausiai koreliavo Mn ir FE – I (r = -0,842). Septyni iš šešiolikos elementų patikimai
koreliavo su SDT, ypač Mn, Ni ir Rb. RFCBD, atrodo, yra patikimas būdas greitai
įvertinti elementų kiekį sėklose ir gali būti taikomas žaliųjų pupelių veislių lauko daigumui
greitai numatyti.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: daigumas, lauko daigumas, Phaseolus vulgaris L., RFSBD.
57