Papel de las actividades superóxido dismutasa y catalasa en la ...

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INTRODUCTION sides, on one hand, protection against free radicals that are generated by their own metabolism, and, on the other hand, defence against the contact with phagocytic cells. Enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalases and peroxidases, contribute to the resistance against ROS. These enzymes are considered as virulence factors; they are defensive weapons against phagocytic cell attack and, therefore, contribute to the virulence of pathogens. 3.2. SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY Superoxide dismutase is the first defence line of the cells against oxidative stress. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of superoxide anion radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (equation 4). (4) O 2·- + 2H + H 2 O 2 + O 2 Superoxide dismutase activity has been detected in a wide variety of living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Any cell that utilizes oxygen has the capacity to produce superoxide anion (O 2·- ) and so should contain some form of superoxide dismutase (Fridovich, 1974). Superoxide dismutases constitute a family of metalloenzymes, classified into four groups, depending on the metal cofactor: FeSOD, MnSOD, CuZnSOD and NiSOD, this latter described recently in Streptomyces (Lynch and Kuramitsu, 2000). 3.3. CATALASE ACTIVITY Catalases participate in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water (H 2 O) and oxygen (O 2 ) (equation 5). (5) 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2 76
INTRODUCTION Some catalases have also peroxidase activity and in this case an organic electron donor, or sometimes an halide ion, is employed in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (equation 6). (6) RH 2 + H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + R Catalases have been divided into three groups (Loewen, 1997): monofunctional catalase with heme group (FeCat); bifunctional catalase with heme group (catalaseperoxidase) and pseudocatalase without heme group (MnCat), referred to as pseudocatalase because they are not inhibited by the common catalytic inhibitors, azide and cyanide. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities protect the cells also by preventing the generation of hydroxyl radical (OH·), a more toxic reactive species. The role of these enzymes can be essential to protect pathogenic bacteria during respiratory burst after phagocytosis, therefore superoxide dismutase and catalase are related to virulence mechanisms (Table 5). The ability of many microorganisms to infect the host depends on their resistance to ROS production by cells, mainly monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclears. Ironically, evolution has selected organisms that use these cells as targets, so presence of SOD and catalase in bacteria will contribute to resistance against host and, therefore, infection establishment. 77
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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Los ensayos que constituyen esta Te
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- Díaz-Rosales, P, Arijo, S, Chabr
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Sabe esperar, aguarda que la marea
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ÍNDICE / INDEX Papel de las activi
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ÍNDICE / INDEX 2. Photobacterium d
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RESUMEN Photobacterium damselae sub
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INTRODUCCIÓN 1. LA ACUICULTURA. EL
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INTRODUCCIÓN saxatilis) (Hawke et
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INTRODUCCIÓN 2.2. SINTOMATOLOGÍA
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INTRODUCCIÓN las epidemias surgida
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INTRODUCCIÓN et al., 1997). En P.
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INTRODUCCIÓN 3.1. ESTALLIDO RESPIR
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INTRODUCCIÓN radicales generados e
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INTRODUCCIÓN Tabla 2 Ejemplos de m
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INTRODUCCIÓN de parasitismo en el
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCCIÓN razón de la búsqued
Page 49 and 50: INTRODUCCIÓN araquidónico, están
Page 51 and 52: INTRODUCCIÓN simplificar la admini
Page 53 and 54: INTRODUCCIÓN sino también cuando
Page 55: INTRODUCCIÓN La necesidad de mejor
Page 59: OBJETIVOS El trabajo planteado en e
Page 63: MATERIA L Y MÉTODOS La metodologí
Page 67 and 68: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN El primer
Page 69 and 70: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN 1996; Lync
Page 71 and 72: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN Una vez de
Page 73 and 74: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN inmunoesti
Page 75 and 76: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN cruentum s
Page 77 and 78: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN permiten c
Page 79: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN harían fa
Page 83 and 84: CONCLUSIONES Tras los estudios real
Page 85: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
Page 89: ABSTRACT Photobacterium damselae su
Page 93 and 94: INTRODUCTION 1. AQUACULTURE. THE CU
Page 95 and 96: INTRODUCTION With regard to Solea s
Page 97: INTRODUCTION 3.1. RESPIRATORY BURST
Page 101 and 102: INTRODUCTION pathogens, study of th
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION increase their bacteri
Page 105 and 106: INTRODUCTION 4.3.1. Porphyridium cr
Page 107 and 108: INTRODUCTION Different mechanisms h
Page 109: A I M S
Page 113: M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D
Page 117: R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I
Page 120 and 121: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resist 100 m
Page 122 and 123: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present work
Page 124 and 125: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reason, once
Page 126 and 127: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION great number
Page 128 and 129: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dominant spe
Page 131 and 132: CONCLUSIONS Studies carried out on
Page 133: R R E F E R E N C I A S E F E R E N
Page 136 and 137: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Aoki, T,
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Bell, MV,
Page 140 and 141: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Dalmo, RA
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Hamaguchi
Page 144 and 145: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Kono, Y &
Page 146 and 147: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Magariño
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Ortuño,
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Salinas,
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Thompson,
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S E C C I Ó N D E A R T Í C U L O
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A RTÍCULO 1.1. A RTICLE 1.1.
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Journal of Fish Diseases 2003, 26,
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A RTÍCULO 2.1. A RTICLE 2.1.
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Abstract The stimulatory effect of
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alga Porphyridium cruentum. For thi
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Feeding assays were carried out wit
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(10 8 bacterias ml -1 ) and used to
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are in agreement with the data repo
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unvaccinated fish. However, the ser
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immune response of gilthead seabrea
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[27] Duncan, PL and Klesius, PH. Ef
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(Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergos
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[66] Salinas, I, Díaz-Rosales, P,
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Figure 1a 3 2.5 Stimulation index 2
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Figure 1c Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2b Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Effect of the extracellular polysac
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1. Introduction Solea senegalensis
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On the other hand, β-1,3-glucan fr
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eaction was tested by adding supero
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Intraperitoneal inoculation of the
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defense mechanisms and protective i
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phagocytes from sole (Solea senegal
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Figure 1a Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2 Stimulation index 1.4 1.2
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Effect of dietary administration of
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1. Introduction Senegalese sole cul
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2.2. Fish and experimental design S
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2.5. Challenge with Photobacterium
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the densitometric curves of the pro
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most efficient probiotics for aquac
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acterial diversity only the dominan
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[9] Verschuere, L, Rombaut, G, Sorg
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[28] Burr, G, Gathin, D and Ricke,
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WB, editors. Techniques in Fish Imm
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and host-specific communities of ac
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Table 1 Primer Sequence (5’-3’)
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Figure 1b Stimulation index 2.5 2 1
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Table 2 Primer Control Pdp11 Pdp13
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Figure 3 Pearson correlation [0.0%-
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que perdieras parte de tu tiempo en
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