Papel de las actividades superóxido dismutasa y catalasa en la ...

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INTRODUCTION subsp. piscicida, is the disease responsible for higher mortalities (Zorrilla et al., 1999), becoming the main limiting factor for sole production. 2. Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, an obligate halophilic bacterium, is the causal agent of psedotuberculosis (Kubota et al., 1970), because in chronic cases, affected fish show prominent white tubercles in several internal organs. This disease was first described in wild populations of white perch (Morone americanus) and stripped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the United States (Snieszko et al., 1964). Currently natural hosts of the pathogen include a wide variety of marine fish. This disease has great economic impact in Japan, where affects mainly yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) cultures (Kusuda and Salati, 1993), in the United States and in the European Mediterranean area, causing important losses in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) (Ceshia et al., 1991; Toranzo et al., 1991), stripped seabass (Hauwke et al., 1987), seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) (Baudin-Laurencin et al., 1991; Balebona et al., 1992) and, recently, in sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) (Zorrilla et al., 1999; Magariños et al., 2003; Arijo et al., 2005). External pathological signs of the pseudotuberculosis are usually inconspicuous, surface lesions being usually absent in affected fish. Occasionally, diseased gilthead seabream and seabass display abnormal skin pigmentation or slight haemorrhagic areas in the head and gills and swelling of the abdominal cavity (Toranzo et al., 1991; Balebona et al. 1992; Fouz et al., 2000). Internally, diseased fish show haemorrhagic septicaemia and necrosis in the majority of the organs, displaying the typical tubercles consisting in accumulation of bacteria, necrotic phagocytes and granulomes. Moreover the necrosis and the existence of granulomata in spleen, kidney and liver, where bacteria are visible in the sinusoids and within the hepatic vessels, have been reported (Kubota et al., 1970; Wolke, 1975; Tung et al., 1985; Hawke et al., 1987; Toranzo et al., 1991; Balebona et al., 1992; Noya et al., 1995a). 72
INTRODUCTION With regard to Solea senegalensis, diseased fish show no apparent lesions except for dark skin pigmentation and swelling in the abdominal cavity. In some cases, haemorrhagic exophthalmia, small ulcers on the skin and gill paleness have also been observed. Internally, affected specimens show paleness of liver and kidney, and the typical white tubercles of 1-2 mm in diameter in the spleen (Zorrilla et al., 1999). 2.1. TRANSMISSION MODE P. damselae subsp. piscicida is a highly pathogenic bacterium apparently without host specificity. Therefore, pseudotuberculosis could be a risk for new fish species where the disease has not been described yet. Noya et al. (1995b) reported that the resistance in seabream and seabass is related to the size and age of the fish. This maybe due to macrophage and neutrophyl functionality, since efficient phagocytosis and killing of the bacteria have been observed in older seabream (Noya et al., 1995b; Skarmeta et al., 1995). Also, it is possible that some deficiencies in serum components may have some influence on phagocytosis and killing of P. damselae subsp. piscicida by phagocytes, making younger seabream more sensitive to infection. The transmission route of infection involved in these diseases is still uncertain (Magariños et al., 1995). Some authors suggest that Photobacterium may survive in the aquatic environment as unculturable viable cells and an increase in water temperature and salinity (20-30%) could contribute to the development of the epizootic outbreak (Hawke et al., 1987; Toranzo et al., 1991; Magariños et al., 2001). The pathways of entry may vary depending on the host. With some fish, infection may follow ingestion of the pathogen (Magariños et al., 1995). Studies to determine the importance of skin as a portal of entry for P. damselae subsp. piscicida have been carried out (Magariños et al., 1995), and the results obtained show that all isolates are sensitive to the antibacterial action of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) mucus but resistant to gilthead seabream and seabass skin mucus. These observations may explain the fact that all P. damselae subsp. piscicida outbreaks described in Europe affected seabream and seabass, but never turbot. 73
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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Los ensayos que constituyen esta Te
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- Díaz-Rosales, P, Arijo, S, Chabr
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Sabe esperar, aguarda que la marea
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ÍNDICE / INDEX Papel de las activi
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ÍNDICE / INDEX 2. Photobacterium d
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RESUMEN Photobacterium damselae sub
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INTRODUCCIÓN 1. LA ACUICULTURA. EL
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INTRODUCCIÓN saxatilis) (Hawke et
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INTRODUCCIÓN 2.2. SINTOMATOLOGÍA
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INTRODUCCIÓN las epidemias surgida
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INTRODUCCIÓN et al., 1997). En P.
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INTRODUCCIÓN 3.1. ESTALLIDO RESPIR
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INTRODUCCIÓN radicales generados e
Page 43 and 44: INTRODUCCIÓN Tabla 2 Ejemplos de m
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCCIÓN de parasitismo en el
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCCIÓN razón de la búsqued
Page 49 and 50: INTRODUCCIÓN araquidónico, están
Page 51 and 52: INTRODUCCIÓN simplificar la admini
Page 53 and 54: INTRODUCCIÓN sino también cuando
Page 55: INTRODUCCIÓN La necesidad de mejor
Page 59: OBJETIVOS El trabajo planteado en e
Page 63: MATERIA L Y MÉTODOS La metodologí
Page 67 and 68: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN El primer
Page 69 and 70: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN 1996; Lync
Page 71 and 72: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN Una vez de
Page 73 and 74: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN inmunoesti
Page 75 and 76: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN cruentum s
Page 77 and 78: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN permiten c
Page 79: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN harían fa
Page 83 and 84: CONCLUSIONES Tras los estudios real
Page 85: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
Page 89: ABSTRACT Photobacterium damselae su
Page 93: INTRODUCTION 1. AQUACULTURE. THE CU
Page 97 and 98: INTRODUCTION 3.1. RESPIRATORY BURST
Page 99 and 100: INTRODUCTION Some catalases have al
Page 101 and 102: INTRODUCTION pathogens, study of th
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION increase their bacteri
Page 105 and 106: INTRODUCTION 4.3.1. Porphyridium cr
Page 107 and 108: INTRODUCTION Different mechanisms h
Page 109: A I M S
Page 113: M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D
Page 117: R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I
Page 120 and 121: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resist 100 m
Page 122 and 123: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present work
Page 124 and 125: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reason, once
Page 126 and 127: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION great number
Page 128 and 129: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dominant spe
Page 131 and 132: CONCLUSIONS Studies carried out on
Page 133: R R E F E R E N C I A S E F E R E N
Page 136 and 137: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Aoki, T,
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Bell, MV,
Page 140 and 141: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Dalmo, RA
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Hamaguchi
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Kono, Y &
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Magariño
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Ortuño,
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Salinas,
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Thompson,
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S E C C I Ó N D E A R T Í C U L O
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A RTÍCULO 1.1. A RTICLE 1.1.
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Journal of Fish Diseases 2003, 26,
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A RTÍCULO 2.1. A RTICLE 2.1.
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Abstract The stimulatory effect of
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alga Porphyridium cruentum. For thi
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Feeding assays were carried out wit
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(10 8 bacterias ml -1 ) and used to
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are in agreement with the data repo
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unvaccinated fish. However, the ser
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immune response of gilthead seabrea
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[27] Duncan, PL and Klesius, PH. Ef
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(Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergos
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[66] Salinas, I, Díaz-Rosales, P,
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Figure 1a 3 2.5 Stimulation index 2
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Figure 1c Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2b Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Effect of the extracellular polysac
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1. Introduction Solea senegalensis
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On the other hand, β-1,3-glucan fr
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eaction was tested by adding supero
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Intraperitoneal inoculation of the
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defense mechanisms and protective i
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phagocytes from sole (Solea senegal
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Figure 1a Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2 Stimulation index 1.4 1.2
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Effect of dietary administration of
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1. Introduction Senegalese sole cul
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2.2. Fish and experimental design S
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2.5. Challenge with Photobacterium
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the densitometric curves of the pro
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most efficient probiotics for aquac
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acterial diversity only the dominan
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[9] Verschuere, L, Rombaut, G, Sorg
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[28] Burr, G, Gathin, D and Ricke,
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WB, editors. Techniques in Fish Imm
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and host-specific communities of ac
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Table 1 Primer Sequence (5’-3’)
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Figure 1b Stimulation index 2.5 2 1
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Table 2 Primer Control Pdp11 Pdp13
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Figure 3 Pearson correlation [0.0%-
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que perdieras parte de tu tiempo en
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