Papel de las actividades superóxido dismutasa y catalasa en la ...

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are in agreement with the data reported by Castro et al. [35], who observed increases in the respiratory burst activity of the head kidney phagocytes of turbot and gilthead seabream incubated with different concentrations of β-glucans obtained from fungi and yeasts. The fact that several authors found significant variations in the stimulatory capacities of algal extracts depending not only on their origin, but on the concentrations used and time of incubation [23] does not rule out a potential in vitro modulation of respiratory burst activity by P. cruentum extracts. Thus, higher concentrations and longer incubation times need to be assayed. The results obtained in the in vivo assays showed that fish immunized with a bacterin against P. damselae subsp. piscicida and receiving the diet supplemented with the alga P. cruentum significantly increased the respiratory burst activity of their phagocytes after four weeks of the feeding treatment. This increase was higher than that obtained in the group of fish fed with the diet supplemented with Sanostim for four weeks. These stimulated phagocytes may be more efficient in the inactivation of intracellular pathogens such as P. damselae subsp. piscicida than other phagocytes which had not been in contact with the components of the alga assayed. However, experiments to test the bactericidal activity of phagocytes from sole specimens fed with this diet should be considered in order to confirm this hypothesis. Evidence is increasing to support the essentiality of nutrients for maintaining a normal immune system in fish [22, 36]. These nutrients are proteins, essential fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins C and E, and some oligoelements such as Se and Zn [37, 38]. P. cruentum is a red microalga member of Rodophyta, of the order of Porphyridiales, with spherical cells that lack a rigid cell wall. This alga accumulates large amounts of lipids, specially arachidonic acid and noticeable amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid, these being substances which have been reported as immunostimulants [39, 40]. The available carbohydrates ranged from 40 to 57% [41]. Different carbohydrates have been reported previously as immunostimulant active on fish phagocytes [7, 23, 33, 40-48]. Morris et al. [26] suggested a potential immunostimulant activity of the polysaccharides isolated from cultures of P. cruentum on the metabolic and functional action of mice phagocytes. This alga also contains large amounts of carotenes [41] and several studies have reported that the carotenoids 10
increase the resistance to diseases [49] and they modulate some of the innate defense mechanisms in fish such as rainbow trout [22]. Other substances present in this alga are vitamins such as tocopherol, vitamins K and C, the latter having been reported as a very important immunostimulant [44, 50-52]. Due to the fact that this alga contains different immunostimulant substances, its use could generate a more general immune response as has been proposed for other microorganisms such as yeasts [8, 53]. Castro et al. [23] reported that when turbot phagocytes were pre-incubated with water–soluble extracts of Chondrus crispus and then incubated with PMA, the extracts had a priming effect on fish cells. Supplementation of the diet with whole cells of P. cruentum fed to the fish during a four-week period did not show a potential priming effect on the respiratory burst activity of sole phagocytes. This finding could indicate that this alga does not have the ability to induce the priming effect reported for C. crispus or that the oral administration of the alga did not supply the phagocytes with levels of immunostimulant capable of facilitating this priming effect. Valente et al. [19] suggested that the inclusion of dry pellet of the red macroalga Gracilaria bursa-pastoris and the green macroalga Ulva rigida, up to 10% can be considered as very interesting ingredients in diets for sea bass juveniles, as no negative consequences on growth performance, nutrient utilization or body composition were observed. On the other hand, the inclusion of the red macroalga Gracilaria cornea should be limited to 5% of the diet. The stimulation of sole phagocytes has been observed only when fish with P. cruentum were immunized with the P. damselae subsp. piscicida bacterin. Sakai [28] indicates that the combination of vaccination and immunostimulant administration may increase the potency of vaccines. Jeney and Anderson [54] reported that rainbow trout bathed in A. salmonicida O-antigen in combination with immunostimulants (levamisole, quaternary ammonium compound –QAC- and a polypeptide derived from fish products –ISK-) enhanced phagocytosis by leucocytes and antibody titers against A. salmonicida, and showed adjuvant effects with vaccination. Sakai et al. [55] reported that R. salmoninarum-vaccinated rainbow trout receiving EF203, the fermented product of chicken eggs, showed higher phagocytic activities and NBT responses in kidney leucocytes when compared to vaccinated fish without EF203 treatment or to 11
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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Los ensayos que constituyen esta Te
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- Díaz-Rosales, P, Arijo, S, Chabr
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Sabe esperar, aguarda que la marea
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ÍNDICE / INDEX Papel de las activi
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ÍNDICE / INDEX 2. Photobacterium d
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RESUMEN Photobacterium damselae sub
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INTRODUCCIÓN 1. LA ACUICULTURA. EL
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INTRODUCCIÓN saxatilis) (Hawke et
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INTRODUCCIÓN 2.2. SINTOMATOLOGÍA
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INTRODUCCIÓN las epidemias surgida
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INTRODUCCIÓN et al., 1997). En P.
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INTRODUCCIÓN 3.1. ESTALLIDO RESPIR
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INTRODUCCIÓN radicales generados e
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INTRODUCCIÓN Tabla 2 Ejemplos de m
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INTRODUCCIÓN de parasitismo en el
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INTRODUCCIÓN razón de la búsqued
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INTRODUCCIÓN araquidónico, están
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INTRODUCCIÓN simplificar la admini
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INTRODUCCIÓN sino también cuando
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INTRODUCCIÓN La necesidad de mejor
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OBJETIVOS El trabajo planteado en e
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MATERIA L Y MÉTODOS La metodologí
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN El primer
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN 1996; Lync
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN Una vez de
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN inmunoesti
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN cruentum s
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN permiten c
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RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN harían fa
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CONCLUSIONES Tras los estudios real
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ABSTRACT Photobacterium damselae su
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INTRODUCTION 1. AQUACULTURE. THE CU
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INTRODUCTION With regard to Solea s
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INTRODUCTION 3.1. RESPIRATORY BURST
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INTRODUCTION Some catalases have al
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INTRODUCTION pathogens, study of th
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INTRODUCTION increase their bacteri
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INTRODUCTION 4.3.1. Porphyridium cr
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INTRODUCTION Different mechanisms h
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A I M S
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M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D
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R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resist 100 m
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present work
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reason, once
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION great number
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dominant spe
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CONCLUSIONS Studies carried out on
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R R E F E R E N C I A S E F E R E N
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Aoki, T,
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Bell, MV,
Page 140 and 141: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Dalmo, RA
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Hamaguchi
Page 144 and 145: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Kono, Y &
Page 146 and 147: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Magariño
Page 148 and 149: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Ortuño,
Page 150 and 151: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Salinas,
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Thompson,
Page 155: S E C C I Ó N D E A R T Í C U L O
Page 159: A RTÍCULO 1.1. A RTICLE 1.1.
Page 162 and 163: Journal of Fish Diseases 2003, 26,
Page 177: A RTÍCULO 2.1. A RTICLE 2.1.
Page 180 and 181: Abstract The stimulatory effect of
Page 182 and 183: alga Porphyridium cruentum. For thi
Page 184 and 185: Feeding assays were carried out wit
Page 186 and 187: (10 8 bacterias ml -1 ) and used to
Page 190 and 191: unvaccinated fish. However, the ser
Page 192 and 193: immune response of gilthead seabrea
Page 194 and 195: [27] Duncan, PL and Klesius, PH. Ef
Page 196 and 197: (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergos
Page 198 and 199: [66] Salinas, I, Díaz-Rosales, P,
Page 201: Figure 1a 3 2.5 Stimulation index 2
Page 205: Figure 1c Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
Page 209: Figure 2b Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
Page 213 and 214: Effect of the extracellular polysac
Page 215 and 216: 1. Introduction Solea senegalensis
Page 217 and 218: On the other hand, β-1,3-glucan fr
Page 219 and 220: eaction was tested by adding supero
Page 221 and 222: Intraperitoneal inoculation of the
Page 223 and 224: defense mechanisms and protective i
Page 225: phagocytes from sole (Solea senegal
Page 229: Figure 1a Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
Page 233: Figure 2 Stimulation index 1.4 1.2
Page 237 and 238: Effect of dietary administration of
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1. Introduction Senegalese sole cul
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2.2. Fish and experimental design S
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2.5. Challenge with Photobacterium
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the densitometric curves of the pro
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most efficient probiotics for aquac
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acterial diversity only the dominan
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[9] Verschuere, L, Rombaut, G, Sorg
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[28] Burr, G, Gathin, D and Ricke,
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WB, editors. Techniques in Fish Imm
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and host-specific communities of ac
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Table 1 Primer Sequence (5’-3’)
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Figure 1b Stimulation index 2.5 2 1
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Table 2 Primer Control Pdp11 Pdp13
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Figure 3 Pearson correlation [0.0%-
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que perdieras parte de tu tiempo en
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