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INTRODUCTION 2005; Hou and Chen, 2005; Villalta et al., 2005), the works using whole alga cells are still scarce (Blinkova et al., 2001; Valente et al., 2006). As described above, the combination of vaccination and immunostimulant administration could increase vaccine potency. Thus, one objective is to evaluate a possible fish immunostimulation by administration of the alga P. cruentum jointly with a vaccine formulation, evaluating a possible synergetic effect of both prophylactic methods against P. damselae subsp. piscicida infection. 4.4. IMMUNOSTIMULANT EFFECT OF POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC BACTERIA Definition of probiotics has changed along time. Thus, Salminen et al. (1999) consider probiotics as “every microbiane preparation (not alive necessary) or microbial cellular compounds that have beneficial effect on host health”. According to FAO probiotics consist of a microbial complement that affects beneficially to host physiology by modulation of local and systemic immunity, moreover to improve microbial balance by prevention of gastrointestinal colonization by non desired bacteria. The advances in probiotic employment in cattle and human medicine have lead to consider their application in aquaculture, as an alternative in the fight against microbial infection (Sakai, 1999). Aquatic animals are very different to terrestrial animals, therefore probiotic concept changes in aquaculture application (Verschuere et al., 2000). In aquatic animals there is a constant interaction between the intestinal microbiota and environment. For this reason, in aquaculture systems the immediate environment has larger influence on the health status than in the case of terrestrial animals or humans. Due to the existence of a continuous flux of water trough digestive tract, the fish intestinal microbiota is highly dependent on external environment. Verschuere et al. (2000) proposed a modified definition: “as a live microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on the host by modifying the host-associated or ambient microbial community, by ensuring improved use of the feed or enhancing its nutritional value, by enhancing the host response towards disease, or by improving the quality of its ambient environment”. 84
INTRODUCTION Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the types of interactions between probiotics and pathogens: (1) Competitive exclussion, production of antimicrobial compounds such as bacteriocines, lysozimes and proteases (Austin et al., 1995; Sugita et al., 1997; Gatesoupe, 1999; Gram et al., 1999; Verschuere et al., 2000); (2) competition for available energy and nutrients (Smith and Davey, 1993; Pybus et al., 1994; Gatesoupe et al., 1997; Gram et al., 1999); (3) Adhesive interference in the host (Olsson et al., 1992; Jöborn et al., 1997; Nikoskelainen et al., 2001; Chabrillón et al., 2005a and b). Recently, research have focused also on the immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms (Irianto and Austin, 2003; Nikoskelainen et al., 2003; Panigrahi et al., 2004; Salinas et al., 2005, 2006; Díaz-Rosales, 2006) (Table 6). The gastrointestinal microbiota plays an important role in host nutrition and health. Therefore, probiotics could perform an interesting function, modifying gastrointestinal microbiota to induce favourable effects, such as improvement of growth, digestion, immunity or resistance against a pathogen. There are numerous authors that have characterized gastrointestinal microbiota of different farmed fish, fundamentally salmonids (Spanggaard et al., 2000; Huber et al., 2004, Jensen et al., 2004; Burr et al., 2005), however studies on gastrointestinal microbiota characterization or evaluation of possible effects of probiotics are null in fish from Mediterranean area. These studies are very interesting since could provide information for a better application of microorganisms in prophylactic strategies and diseases biocontrol. 85
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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Los ensayos que constituyen esta Te
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- Díaz-Rosales, P, Arijo, S, Chabr
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Sabe esperar, aguarda que la marea
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ÍNDICE / INDEX Papel de las activi
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ÍNDICE / INDEX 2. Photobacterium d
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RESUMEN Photobacterium damselae sub
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INTRODUCCIÓN 1. LA ACUICULTURA. EL
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INTRODUCCIÓN saxatilis) (Hawke et
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INTRODUCCIÓN 2.2. SINTOMATOLOGÍA
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INTRODUCCIÓN las epidemias surgida
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INTRODUCCIÓN et al., 1997). En P.
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INTRODUCCIÓN 3.1. ESTALLIDO RESPIR
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INTRODUCCIÓN radicales generados e
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INTRODUCCIÓN Tabla 2 Ejemplos de m
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INTRODUCCIÓN de parasitismo en el
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INTRODUCCIÓN razón de la búsqued
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INTRODUCCIÓN araquidónico, están
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INTRODUCCIÓN simplificar la admini
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INTRODUCCIÓN sino también cuando
Page 55: INTRODUCCIÓN La necesidad de mejor
Page 59: OBJETIVOS El trabajo planteado en e
Page 63: MATERIA L Y MÉTODOS La metodologí
Page 67 and 68: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN El primer
Page 69 and 70: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN 1996; Lync
Page 71 and 72: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN Una vez de
Page 73 and 74: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN inmunoesti
Page 75 and 76: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN cruentum s
Page 77 and 78: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN permiten c
Page 79: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN harían fa
Page 83 and 84: CONCLUSIONES Tras los estudios real
Page 85: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
Page 89: ABSTRACT Photobacterium damselae su
Page 93 and 94: INTRODUCTION 1. AQUACULTURE. THE CU
Page 95 and 96: INTRODUCTION With regard to Solea s
Page 97 and 98: INTRODUCTION 3.1. RESPIRATORY BURST
Page 99 and 100: INTRODUCTION Some catalases have al
Page 101 and 102: INTRODUCTION pathogens, study of th
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION increase their bacteri
Page 105: INTRODUCTION 4.3.1. Porphyridium cr
Page 109: A I M S
Page 113: M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D
Page 117: R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I
Page 120 and 121: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resist 100 m
Page 122 and 123: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present work
Page 124 and 125: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reason, once
Page 126 and 127: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION great number
Page 128 and 129: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dominant spe
Page 131 and 132: CONCLUSIONS Studies carried out on
Page 133: R R E F E R E N C I A S E F E R E N
Page 136 and 137: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Aoki, T,
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Bell, MV,
Page 140 and 141: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Dalmo, RA
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Hamaguchi
Page 144 and 145: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Kono, Y &
Page 146 and 147: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Magariño
Page 148 and 149: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Ortuño,
Page 150 and 151: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Salinas,
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Thompson,
Page 155: S E C C I Ó N D E A R T Í C U L O
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A RTÍCULO 1.1. A RTICLE 1.1.
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Journal of Fish Diseases 2003, 26,
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A RTÍCULO 2.1. A RTICLE 2.1.
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Abstract The stimulatory effect of
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alga Porphyridium cruentum. For thi
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Feeding assays were carried out wit
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(10 8 bacterias ml -1 ) and used to
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are in agreement with the data repo
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unvaccinated fish. However, the ser
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immune response of gilthead seabrea
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[27] Duncan, PL and Klesius, PH. Ef
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(Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergos
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[66] Salinas, I, Díaz-Rosales, P,
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Figure 1a 3 2.5 Stimulation index 2
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Figure 1c Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2b Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Effect of the extracellular polysac
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1. Introduction Solea senegalensis
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On the other hand, β-1,3-glucan fr
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eaction was tested by adding supero
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Intraperitoneal inoculation of the
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defense mechanisms and protective i
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phagocytes from sole (Solea senegal
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Figure 1a Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2 Stimulation index 1.4 1.2
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Effect of dietary administration of
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1. Introduction Senegalese sole cul
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2.2. Fish and experimental design S
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2.5. Challenge with Photobacterium
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the densitometric curves of the pro
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most efficient probiotics for aquac
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acterial diversity only the dominan
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[9] Verschuere, L, Rombaut, G, Sorg
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[28] Burr, G, Gathin, D and Ricke,
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WB, editors. Techniques in Fish Imm
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and host-specific communities of ac
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Table 1 Primer Sequence (5’-3’)
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Figure 1b Stimulation index 2.5 2 1
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Table 2 Primer Control Pdp11 Pdp13
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Figure 3 Pearson correlation [0.0%-
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que perdieras parte de tu tiempo en
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