Papel de las actividades superóxido dismutasa y catalasa en la ...

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INTRODUCTION but the results showed short-term protection. The best protection against pseudotuberculosis was obtained with an ECP-enriched bacterin (Magariños et al., 1994, 1997, 1999). This vaccine is currently commercially available and has been successfully employed in several European countries including Spain, Portugal and Greece. In addition, a divalent vaccine with bacterin and formaline-inactivated ECPs of V. harveyi and P. damselae subsp. piscicida has shown promising results in sole (Arijo et al., 2005). Future trends in vaccine formulations against P. damselae subsp. piscicida include the use of proteins from cellular envelope (Magariños et al., 1994) and iron-regulated OMPs as protective antigens. The combination of vaccination and immunostimulants appears as the most effective strategy to prevent and fight against infectious diseases in fish (Sakai, 1999). At present, the use of immunostimulants, in addition to chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines, has been widely accepted by fish farmers. However it is necessary search for new immunostimulant agents effective against pathogens and with reduced production costs. Finally, probiotics, microbial cells orally administered capable to induce positive effects on host health represent another alternative to combat diseases affecting farmed fish. 4.2. IMMUNOMODULATION. IMMUNOSTIMULATION Immunomodulation is the ability of certain substances to regulate the immune system, may be immunostimulation or immunodepression, stimulating or depressing the immune system, respectively. The main reason to search for new immunostimulant agents is the great development of the aquaculture and the increase of stress situations and diseases caused by intensive cultures. Some studies have reported that the negative effects associated to immunodepression were overcome by immunostimulants, since the immunostimulants increase resistance against infectious diseases, by enhancing nonspecific defence mechanisms. Immunostimulants facilitate phagocytic cells function and 80
INTRODUCTION increase their bactericidal activity, oxygen dependent and independent mechanisms being involved (Siwicki et al., 1994; Anderson, 1996). Immunostimulants may be able to compensate some chemotherapeutic and vaccine limitations. Immunostimulants are safer than chemotherapeutics and their range of efficacy is wider than vaccination. However, we cannot expect the marked or long-term effects observed with vaccines to occur with immunostimulants because these substances act on non-specific immune system, without a memory component (Anderson, 1996; Sakai, 1999). Sakai (1999) suggests that the most effective strategy to prevent and combate possible infectious diseases in fish, is the combination of immuostimulants and vaccines. Thus, with a detailed understanding of the efficacy and limitations of immunostimulants, they may become powerful tools to control fish diseases. 4.3. USE OF ALGAE AS IMMUNOSTIMULANTS During last years searching for therapeutically active substances has focused on marine organisms. Ability of algae to produce secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, antivirals, antitumorals and antiinflammatories, with potential pharmaceutical interest, has been well documented (Scheuer, 1990; Faulkner, 1993; González del Val et al., 2001). However, studies on immunomodulatory properties of extracts and whole cells from algae are still scarce. In this Thesis we have studied the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum as a possible source of immunostimulants in cultured sole. A great number of algae constitute an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are the essential dietary requirements for many marine teleosts (Bell et al., 1985; Koven et al., 2001). Some of these fatty acids, such as the arachidonic acid, AA (20:4(n-6)) participate in eicosanoid synthesis, therefore, in prostaglandin production, involved in stress through modulation of cortisol release and, therefore in cellular immunity (Villalta et al., 2005). Algae also contain carotenoids, β-carotene, astaxanthin, cataxanthin or xanthofilins. Amar et al. (2004) demonstrated that β-carotene, isolated from Dunaliella 81
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
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Los ensayos que constituyen esta Te
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- Díaz-Rosales, P, Arijo, S, Chabr
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Sabe esperar, aguarda que la marea
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ÍNDICE / INDEX Papel de las activi
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ÍNDICE / INDEX 2. Photobacterium d
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RESUMEN Photobacterium damselae sub
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INTRODUCCIÓN 1. LA ACUICULTURA. EL
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INTRODUCCIÓN saxatilis) (Hawke et
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INTRODUCCIÓN 2.2. SINTOMATOLOGÍA
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INTRODUCCIÓN las epidemias surgida
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INTRODUCCIÓN et al., 1997). En P.
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INTRODUCCIÓN 3.1. ESTALLIDO RESPIR
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INTRODUCCIÓN radicales generados e
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INTRODUCCIÓN Tabla 2 Ejemplos de m
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INTRODUCCIÓN de parasitismo en el
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INTRODUCCIÓN razón de la búsqued
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INTRODUCCIÓN araquidónico, están
Page 51 and 52: INTRODUCCIÓN simplificar la admini
Page 53 and 54: INTRODUCCIÓN sino también cuando
Page 55: INTRODUCCIÓN La necesidad de mejor
Page 59: OBJETIVOS El trabajo planteado en e
Page 63: MATERIA L Y MÉTODOS La metodologí
Page 67 and 68: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN El primer
Page 69 and 70: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN 1996; Lync
Page 71 and 72: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN Una vez de
Page 73 and 74: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN inmunoesti
Page 75 and 76: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN cruentum s
Page 77 and 78: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN permiten c
Page 79: RESULTADO S Y DISCUSIÓN harían fa
Page 83 and 84: CONCLUSIONES Tras los estudios real
Page 85: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO D
Page 89: ABSTRACT Photobacterium damselae su
Page 93 and 94: INTRODUCTION 1. AQUACULTURE. THE CU
Page 95 and 96: INTRODUCTION With regard to Solea s
Page 97 and 98: INTRODUCTION 3.1. RESPIRATORY BURST
Page 99 and 100: INTRODUCTION Some catalases have al
Page 101: INTRODUCTION pathogens, study of th
Page 105 and 106: INTRODUCTION 4.3.1. Porphyridium cr
Page 107 and 108: INTRODUCTION Different mechanisms h
Page 109: A I M S
Page 113: M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D
Page 117: R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I
Page 120 and 121: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resist 100 m
Page 122 and 123: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present work
Page 124 and 125: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reason, once
Page 126 and 127: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION great number
Page 128 and 129: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dominant spe
Page 131 and 132: CONCLUSIONS Studies carried out on
Page 133: R R E F E R E N C I A S E F E R E N
Page 136 and 137: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Aoki, T,
Page 138 and 139: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Bell, MV,
Page 140 and 141: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Dalmo, RA
Page 142 and 143: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Hamaguchi
Page 144 and 145: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Kono, Y &
Page 146 and 147: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Magariño
Page 148 and 149: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Ortuño,
Page 150 and 151: REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Salinas,
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REFERENCIAS / REFEREN CES Thompson,
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S E C C I Ó N D E A R T Í C U L O
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A RTÍCULO 1.1. A RTICLE 1.1.
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Journal of Fish Diseases 2003, 26,
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A RTÍCULO 2.1. A RTICLE 2.1.
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Abstract The stimulatory effect of
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alga Porphyridium cruentum. For thi
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Feeding assays were carried out wit
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(10 8 bacterias ml -1 ) and used to
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are in agreement with the data repo
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unvaccinated fish. However, the ser
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immune response of gilthead seabrea
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[27] Duncan, PL and Klesius, PH. Ef
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(Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergos
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[66] Salinas, I, Díaz-Rosales, P,
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Figure 1a 3 2.5 Stimulation index 2
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Figure 1c Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2b Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Effect of the extracellular polysac
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1. Introduction Solea senegalensis
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On the other hand, β-1,3-glucan fr
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eaction was tested by adding supero
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Intraperitoneal inoculation of the
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defense mechanisms and protective i
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phagocytes from sole (Solea senegal
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Figure 1a Stimulation index 3 2.5 2
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Figure 2 Stimulation index 1.4 1.2
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Effect of dietary administration of
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1. Introduction Senegalese sole cul
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2.2. Fish and experimental design S
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2.5. Challenge with Photobacterium
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the densitometric curves of the pro
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most efficient probiotics for aquac
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acterial diversity only the dominan
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[9] Verschuere, L, Rombaut, G, Sorg
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[28] Burr, G, Gathin, D and Ricke,
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WB, editors. Techniques in Fish Imm
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and host-specific communities of ac
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Table 1 Primer Sequence (5’-3’)
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Figure 1b Stimulation index 2.5 2 1
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Table 2 Primer Control Pdp11 Pdp13
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Figure 3 Pearson correlation [0.0%-
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que perdieras parte de tu tiempo en
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