Diamond Detectors for Ionizing Radiation - HEPHY

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CHAPTER 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES 14 Figure 3.5: Left: Substrate (left) and growth (right) sides of the same diamond sample (415 m thick). Note the dierent scales of the images: 2 m for the substrate side and 100 m for the growth side. 200 nm) is sputtered to prevent oxidation and to provide a surface suitable for wirebonding. Besides this standard contact, also a Ti/Au combination was used. For the indium bump bonding of pixel detectors (see section 8.3), Cr/Ni/Au and Ti/W processes were developed.
Chapter 4 Solid State Detector Theory When a heavy charged particle traverses material, energy is mainly transfered due to Coulomb interactions between the particle and the atomic electrons in the material. In solids with an atomic lattice, which can be described by the band model, the electrons are excited from the valence to the conduction band when the particle transfers enough energy. This process is known as electron-hole generation. At very high incident particle energies, also radiation is emitted when collisions occur, which is called bremsstrahlung. 4.1 Bethe-Bloch Theory H.A. Bethe 1 and F. Bloch 2 developed a theory based on energy and momentum conservation for the energy loss of charged particles other than electrons at high energies (v c) traversing material, stated in terms of dE=dx, when radiative energy loss is negligible [13, 14]. " , 1 dE dx =4N Ar 2 e m ec 2 z 2Z 1 1 A 2 2 ln 2m ec 2 2 2 T max ! # , 2 , () (4.1) I 2 2 Eq. 4.1 represents the dierential energy loss per mass surface density [MeV (g cm ,2 ) ,1 ], where ze is the charge of the incident particle, N A , Z and A are Avogadro's number, the atomic number and the atomic mass of the material, m e and r e are the electron mass and e its classical radius ( 2 4 0 m ec ). T 2 max is the maximum kinetic energy which is still detected in the material, I is the mean excitation energy, = v=c, = (1 , 2 ) ,1=2 and () is a correction for the shielding of the particle's electric eld by the atomic electrons, the density eect caused by atomic polarization. For 0:1 < < 1:0, the dE=dx curves (g. 4.1) approximately fall proportionally to ,2 , then show a broad minimum at =3to 4 (decreasing with Z) and nally slowly 1 Hans Albrecht Bethe, *1906 in Strasbourg. Most of the time he worked with the Cornell University, interrupted by sabbaticals leading him to CERN and other research centers. For his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1967. 2 Felix Bloch, *1905 in Zurich, y1983. He was working with a number of universities and research centers, like Stanford and CERN. The Nobel Prize was awarded to him in 1952 for nuclear magnetic precision measurements. 15
Page 1 and 2: Diploma Thesis Diamond Detectors fo
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS 3 7 Radiation Hardness 37
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER 1. SYNOPSIS 5 primarily sil
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION 7 Figure 2.
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 3 Material Properties 3.1 G
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES 11 Q
Page 13: CHAPTER 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES 13 d
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 4. SOLID STATE DETECTOR THE
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 4. SOLID STATE DETECTOR THE
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 5. DETECTOR MATERIAL COMPAR
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERIZATION 27 6.1.
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERIZATION 29 and
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERIZATION 31 Lid
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERIZATION 33 Figu
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERIZATION 35 300
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 7 Radiation Hardness 7.1 Ra
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 7. RADIATION HARDNESS 39 7.
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 7. RADIATION HARDNESS 41 Ca
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 7. RADIATION HARDNESS 43 ev
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 7. RADIATION HARDNESS 45 2
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 7. RADIATION HARDNESS 47 no
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 8. DETECTOR GEOMETRIES 49 F
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 8. DETECTOR GEOMETRIES 51 S
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 8. DETECTOR GEOMETRIES 53 i
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 9 Summary The possible appl
Page 57 and 58: Acknowledgements First of all, I am
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX A. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBO
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX A. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBO
Page 63 and 64: Bibliography [1] Austrian Academy o
Page 65:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 [29] A. Hrisoho, Fr
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Diamond Detectors for Ionizing Radiation - HEPHY

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