Effects of Time and Method of Pig Manure Application on Growth ...

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PAT 2011;7 (1): 103 -116 ISSN: 0794-5213; Iren et al.,, <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Time</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Method</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pig</strong> <strong>Manure</strong> <strong>Application</strong> .. 108 The time <strong>of</strong> manure application significantly influenced the number <strong>of</strong> leaves per Amaranthus plant at all stages <strong>of</strong> growth (Table 7). However, the average <strong>of</strong> the two years (Table 8) showed that the AP time <strong>of</strong> manure application enhanced greater number <strong>of</strong> leaves per plant at all stages <strong>of</strong> growth though not significantly greater than the 1 WBP time <strong>of</strong> manure application. There was a significant time x method <strong>of</strong> application on the number <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus leaves per plant at 3 WAP with the 1 WBP time using the broadcast with incorporation method having the highest number <strong>of</strong> leaves per plant (Table 9). There was significant time x method <strong>of</strong> application on the number <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus leaves per plant at 4 WAP (Figure 2) <strong>and</strong> 5 WAP (Figure 3) in both years. However, from the overall effect <strong>of</strong> time x method interaction at 4 WAP in both years, the highest number <strong>of</strong> 23.50 was obtained from the AP time using the b<strong>and</strong> placement without incorporation method <strong>of</strong> application (Table 10) while at 5 WAP growth stage, the highest average number <strong>of</strong> leaves per plant <strong>of</strong> 36.43 (Table 11) was obtained from the 1 WBP time using the broadcast with incorporation method. Generally, the 1 WBP time <strong>of</strong> manure application using the broadcast with incorporation method would be the best for Amaranthus production in the Umudike environment as this would minimize nitrogen losses due to volatilization <strong>and</strong> also enhanced the sustainability <strong>of</strong> the crop. Effect <strong>of</strong> time <strong>and</strong> method <strong>of</strong> pig manure application on fresh <strong>and</strong> dry matter yields <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus The method <strong>of</strong> pig manure application on the fresh <strong>and</strong> dry matter yield <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus in both years did not produce significant (P >0.05) differences. The fresh <strong>and</strong> dry matter yield <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus in both years were significantly (P
PAT 2011;7 (1): 103 -116 ISSN: 0794-5213; Iren et al.,, <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Time</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Method</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pig</strong> <strong>Manure</strong> <strong>Application</strong> .. 109 incorporation method produced the tallest plants at all stages <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus growth. Highest number <strong>of</strong> leaves per plant was produced with the AP time <strong>of</strong> manure application using the b<strong>and</strong> placement method when the plant was 4 weeks old (23.50) but at 5 WAP growth stage, the highest number <strong>of</strong> leaves per plant was obtained from the 1 WBP time using the broadcast with incorporation method <strong>of</strong> application (36.43). The fresh <strong>and</strong> dry matter yields <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus were significantly increased by the 1 WBP time than the other times <strong>of</strong> manure application except the AP time <strong>of</strong> manure application. The highest fresh yield <strong>of</strong> 49.08 t/ha <strong>and</strong> the highest dry matter yield <strong>of</strong> 5.95 t/ha were obtained with the 1 WBP time <strong>of</strong> manure application. Given this superior responses, pig manure or any other animal manure could be applied one week before planting using broadcast with incorporation method particularly for annual crops with short growth cycle such as Amaranthus. Nevertheless, results <strong>of</strong> this study should be confirmed under different field conditions <strong>and</strong> for longer experimental duration. References Ayuba, S.A.; E .S. Attah <strong>and</strong> E.A.T. Ali (2001). Growth response <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus (Amaranthus Crentu L. Cruentus Saver) to application <strong>of</strong> urea <strong>and</strong> organic manure under irrigation. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 27 th Annual conference <strong>of</strong> the Soil Science Society <strong>of</strong> Nigeria, pp 226 – 230. Eghball, B.; B. J. Wienhold; J. E. Gilley <strong>and</strong> R. A. Eigenberg (2002). Mineralization <strong>of</strong> manure nutrients. Jour. Soil <strong>and</strong> Water Conservation, pp 470 – 472. Hodges, R. D. (1982). Who needs inorganic fertilizers <strong>and</strong> why International Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Husb<strong>and</strong>ry, Review paper series No. 1. Ikpe, F. N. (2003). Nitrogen use efficiency in Agro ecosystems <strong>of</strong> the humid tropics:Effect <strong>of</strong> leaf polyphenols <strong>of</strong> browse species. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 28 th Annual conference <strong>of</strong> the Soil Science Society <strong>of</strong> Nigeria, Umudike, pp 27-32. Juo, A.S.R. (1979). Soil <strong>and</strong> plant analysis. International Institute <strong>of</strong> Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Tech Bull. No.12, 132 pages. Maerere, A. P.; G. G. Kimbi <strong>and</strong> D. L. M. Nonga (2001). Comperative effectiveness <strong>of</strong> animal manures on soil chemical properties, yield <strong>and</strong> root growth <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus (Ameranthus Cruentus L.). AJST, Vol. 1, 4: 14 -21 Messiaen, C. M. (1992). The tropical vegetable garden: Principles for improvements <strong>and</strong> increased production with application to the main vegetable types, 514 pages. Mnkeni, A. P.; P. Masika <strong>and</strong> M. Maphaha (2007). Nutritional quality <strong>of</strong> vegetable <strong>and</strong> seed from different accessions <strong>of</strong> Amaranthus in South Africa. Water S A, vol. 33, 3: 377-380.
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