Solid Waste Management -A Case Study of Amravati City ... - IJGHC

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Green Chemistry
IJGHC; September-November, 2012; Vol.1.No.3, 245-255.
Research Article
Solid Waste Management -A Case Study of Amravati City,
Maharashtra
Shivasharanappa 1* , Milind M Shrirao 1
1* Department of Civil Engineering, P. D. A. College of Engineering
(Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India.
Received: 2 September 2012; Revised: 19 September 2012; Accepted: 25 September 2012.
Abstract: Existing municipal solid waste management by Amravati Municipal
Corporation was studied extensively in respect of collection, transportation, and
disposal methods. Solid wastes from seven locations of the study area were
analyzed for physical, chemical and other parameters. Optimization studies of
transfer and transportation of solid waste also studied so as to arrive at appropriate
routes and haul costs to the existing methodologies.
Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Physical components, Chemical
characteristics, Optimisation, Haul cost.
INTRODUCTION
The word 'waste' refers to useless, unwanted or discarded materials which are no longer considered of
sufficient value and are thrown away by the possessor Waste include solid, liquid and gaseous. The wastes
in the solid or semisolid forms are called "Solid Wastes". Solid wastes are Classed or refused. Refuse
comprises all of solid wastes resulting from the normal activities of the community except excreta. Solid
Waste Management is the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer,
processing and disposal of solid waste with the best principles of public health, economies, engineering
conservation aesthetics and other environmental considerations and that is also responsive to public
attitudes. In its scope solid waste management includes all administrative, financial, legal planning and
engineering, functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid wastes. The solutions may involve
complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional planning,
geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography, communications, and conservation as well
as engineering and material science.
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Solid Waste...
Shivasharanappa and Milind M Shrirao.
Objectives of the Study:
1. Characterization of solid waste of Amravati city.
2. To study the existing system of collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste of Amravati
Municipal Corporation
3. To optimize transportation through economical way from transfer station to disposal site.
4. To suggest treatment method for different refuse as per requirement.
5. To suggest number of containers at transfer point as per requirement.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In 1853, the present day territory of Amravati district as a part of Berar Province was assigned to the
British East India Company, following a treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad. In 1956, Amravati district
became part of Bombay State and after its bifurcation in 1960; it became part of Maharashtra State.
Location map of Amravati city is presented in Fig.1.
Educational: Educationally Amravati city is one of the main educational centres in Maharashtra state as
well as in country. Amravati University provides best courses for students across the country. 6
Engineering Colleges & 1 Medical College are in Amravati city.
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Shivasharanappa Milind M Shrirao.
Climate: Temperature ranges from 17.8 o C during winter to 34.4 o C during summer, Humidity varies
from 14% during summer to 33% during rainy days.
CONFIGURATION
The latitude and longitude of Amravati is 20° 56' 0" N / 77° 45' 0" E
Geology: Northern part of district is mostly hilly area & covered by forest. The North West part is cover
by thick forest of teak. The central part is covered by Purna alluvium, total area is 3053 sq km. The Purna
alluvium consist of silt, clay, sand, while Bazada zone foothill portion of Satpuda range covers part of
Anjangaon, Surji, Achalpur & Chandur bazar taluka consisting of clay, boulders & pebbles. The total
coverage of this area is 25% while other 75% area is Deccan trap mostly jointed vesicular basalt type.
Present status of solid waste management in Amravati City: In the present study we have gathered some
important information through visits at various sites of Municipal Corporation of Amravati City, also
meeting with the employees of M.C.A those who are involved in solid waste management program.
M.C.A area is121.65 sq km divided in four Prabhag Samitis, which are divided into 27 electoral zones
(Table 1). There are various agencies, which produces the various solid wastes such as hospital, vegetable
market, domestic etc. At present AMC has provided about 450 containers, for various areas to collect
refuse is shows in Table 2. In some area one container is insufficient because some area is densely
populated. But in some areas, single container is sufficient for some developed area such as camp,
Mangilal plot etc. At present there is only one disposal point available in AMC which is "Sukali disposal
(station) depot" but its capacity is inadequate from last five to six years. Even though the AMC used this
depot since from 30 year, that time this depot was 8.00 km away from the city, but due to increases in
population of city and civilian area, Amravati Nagar Palika got converted into Municipal Corporation.
Now the depot is 0.5 to 0.75 km away from the city (i.e. distance is measured from the end house of city).
In Amravati city, on an average 200 to 250 MT of solid waste is generated per day of various types such
as glass, plastics, house refuse, kitchen waste, sand, silt, debris, paper etc. excluding bio- medical hazards
wastes, industrial wastes, etc.
From the information of AMC solid waste management and disposal, contract was taken by "Puja
Construction Company". Company uses 10 tracks and 12 dumper places, but user dumper place is only
half percentage. Amravati city is surveyed and after observing the problem and discussion with the local
people of the area, it is suggested for improvement of disposing solid waste in container and their nos. as
per required & existing position shown in Table 3. The management of solid waste system is not proper;
it is hence desirable that necessary professional leadership is provided for good organization. On present
disposal site there is only the dumping of solid waste is going on at randomly and there is not separation
of organic and inorganic material due to which there is lot of odour nuisance & fly nuisance. For this
project, AMC area is divided in seven zones called transfer station for collection of MSW, which should
be easily accessible and there should not be any objection by the people and five disposal sites are
selected beyond the Amravati city. The distance between transfer stations to disposal site is shown in the
Table 4. Presently AMC adopted only dumping at site and no treatment is done. No open wells/ bore
wells reported in the dumping area.
Present Study: Quantity and Characteristics of solid waste depends upon various factors such as lifestyle,
food habits, standard of living, the extent of industrial and commercial activities in the area, cultural
traditions of inhabitants, climate etc. Several studies, Karthikeyan (2008), Prasad (2008), Prasad,
Karthikeyan and Srivastava (2009) have assessed Quantity and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
generated in Tirupati. In this study quantity, characteristics of solid waste and optimisation studies were
carried out.
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Solid Waste...
Shivasharanappa and Milind M Shrirao.
Table-1: Prabhag Samitis of AMC with their electoral zones.
Prabhag
samitis
4
4 wards
Prabhag
samitis
Electoral
zone- no.
Prabhag
samitis
Electoral
zone no
Prabhag
samitis
Electoral zone
no
1 V.M.V-01 2 Mahajnpura - 3 Chaparashipura-
Gadgebaba-
10
04
6 wards 02 8 wards Haidrpura -1 8 wards Benoda -05
Vidyapith-
1
Congresnagar-
03
Gombhirpura-
16
Morbag-13
12
Adaneshwar-17
Rampuri-14
Gorokshan -
Ambikanagar-
Shrikrishna
20
18
peth-15
lndrophavan-
Jagechowk -25
21
Vivekananda -
Bhajibazar-23
26
Chayyanager-
Rajapeth -27
23
Nagpurigate-
24
Above Prabhag Samitis have used total container at their transfer station (Table 2)
Electoral zone
no
MIDC- 06
Junivasti-7
Sainagar-09
Dasaramaidan-
19
Table-2: Ward wise containers.
Prabhag
E - wards
Total
Containers Equipment Open
Dumper
Samitis
Population
trucks
Places
1 6 238697 138 DP
2 8 3,02461 100 DP
3 8 304615 146 DP 10 12
4 5 250446 66 DP
Total 27 1096219 450 10 12
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Solid Waist...
Shivasharanappa Milind M Shrirao.
Table-3: Area wise existing and required container
Transfer
station
Symb
ol
Popul
ation
Transfer
waste
unit/day
Disposal
site
Capacit
y unit
Area
for
disposa
l in
acre
Waste
generated
in MT
Name of
Disposal
Site
Badnera
juniwasti
Rajapeth
Market
Yashodh
a Nagar
Chapara
shipura
T1 16369
7
T2-A 12171
4
T2-B 18257
0
T3 20246
1
113 D1 110 5 40.11 Loni
52 D2 177 8 18.26 Bhankhed
a Area
52 D2 177 8 23.55 Bhankhed
a Area
131 D3 154 7 46.57 Rajura
Bhim
Nagar
T4-A
12533
1
101
D4 66 3 36
Rewsa
Shegaon T4-B 94989 53 D4 66 3 18.71 Rewsa
Mahajan
pura
T5 20545
7
123 D5 132 6 43.76 Lontek
D- Disposal site T = transfer station
Table-4: Distance between transfer stations to disposal (All distances in Km.)
Disposal
site
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
Transfer
station
T1 10.00 17.00 21.00 22.00 12.00
T2-A 16.00 7.00 15.00 19.00 13.00
T2-B 16.50 9.50 15.00 16.00 11.00
T3 19.00 12.50 10.00 16.00 16.50
T4-A 23.00 19.00 15.00 9.00 10.00
T4-B 23.50 17.00 12.00 9.50 12.00
T5 15.00 8.50 16.00 15.50 8.00
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Solid Waste...
Shivasharanappa and Milind M Shrirao.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study we observed physical and chemical characteristics of refuse from various areas of
AMC as per standard methods, and the results are as given below.
Physical Characteristics: The results of the physical analysis of AMC solid waste were determined by a
wet- weight are shown in Table 5. Chemical Characteristic: The results of chemical characteristics of
AMC solid waste were presented in Table 6.
Optimization of Transfer & Transportation of Refuse for AMC:
Haul cost: Haul time can be computed by using the equation
Haul time hr/trip = 0.08 hr / trip + 0.025 hr / km
The haul cost assumed Rs. 60 / hr
Solution: The station depends on cost of hauling waste from each transfer station to each disposal site
develop a material of haul cost which is shown in the Table 7. The cost matrix that follows relates the
cost of transfer station unit of solid waste from each transfer station (T1) to each disposal site using the
given data.
Example: To compute the haul cost by using above expression.
T1 to D1 = 10.00 km (from Table 4)
Haul cost per unit/ day = 0.08 + 0.025 X 10 = 0.33
Haul cost = 0.33 X 60 = 19.80
Optimality Analysis of Transportation: In the transportation matrix, it is compute the lowest cost, for find
the opportunity cost relevant to each row and column. The object is to minimize the cost of transportation
while meeting the requirements at the destination. Optimality analysis in transportation consists of the
following sub steps from Table 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11. Optimized route is given in Fig.2.
Fig.2: Proposed route optimization
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Solid Waist...
Shivasharanappa Milind M Shrirao.
Table-5: Physical characteristic of refuse of AMC (All values in % by weight)
Area / ward Paper Plastics Metal Glass Ash
Organic
Matter
Badnera
Junction
5.60 5.60 10.10 5.60 11.10 20.25
Rajapeth Market 10.10 3.30 6.70 3.30 23.30 19.25
Yashoda Nagar 14.30 17.14 5.80 8.60 12.38 19.23
Chaparashipura 2.20 2.20 6.50 2.20 13.00 23.15
Bhim
Nagar
4.40 5.60 10.00 10.00 10.40 25.26
Shegaon 2.40 8.30 4.45 10.90 11.47 26.27
Mahajan Pura 9.90 9.30 3.30 7.27 9.26 25.27
Table-6: Chemical characteristics of refuse of AMC (All values in % by weight)
Area/
ward
Badnera
juniwasti
Rajapeth
market
Yashoda
Nagar
Chapara
shipura
Bhim Nagar
Shegaon Mahajanpura
Moisture
content
Organic
matter
22.19 16.23 17.25 19.28 15.25 17.27 24.23
20.25 19.25 19.23 23.15 25.26 26.27 25.27
C% 12.56 12.51 11.95 15.32 25.30 15.80 14.2
N% 0.60 0.61 0.55 0.58 0.6 0.20 0.42
P as P2 O5
%
K as K2 O
%
0.70 0.71 0.67 0.59 0.10 0.20
0.70 0.73 0.72 0.67 0.25 0.40
0.24
0.54
C/N 20.35 20.47 21.45 26.23 48.50 15.30 18.90
Ph 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.1 8.4 6.9 7.1
Density
kg/m3
375 350 320 300 400 370 420
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Solid Waste...
Shivasharanappa and Milind M Shrirao.
Table-7: Distance form transport station to disposal site. (All distances in km)
Disposal Site D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
Transfer
Station
Container
Provided
Container
Required
T1 10.0 17.00 21.00 22.00 12.00 66 113
T2-A 16.00 7.00 15.00 19.00 13.00
T2-B 16.50 9.50 15.00 16.00 11.00
100 118
T3 19.00 12.50 10.00 16.00 16.50 84 131
T4-A 23.00 19.00 15.00 9.00 10.00
T4-B 23.50 17.00 12.00 9.50 12.00
120 154
T5 15.00 8.50 16.00 15.00 8.00 80 123
Table-8: Modified haul cost.
Transfer
Station
Disposal Sites
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
T1 19.80 30.30 36.30 37.80 22.80
T2 29.18 17.18 27.30 31.05 22.80
T3 33.30 23.55 19.80 28.80 29.55
T4 39.68 31.80 25.05 18.68 21.23
T5 27.30 17.55 28.80 28.05 16.80
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Shivasharanappa Milind M Shrirao.
Table-9: Solution matrix showing allocation of waste in unit / day.
Transfer Station
Disposal Sites
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
T1 113
T2 118
T3 131
T4 154
T5 123
Table-10: The above repetition made in single matrix.
Transfer
Station
Disposal Site
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
T1 19.80 30.30 36.30 37.80 22.80
T2 29.18 17.18 27.30 31.05 22.80
T3 33.30 23.55 19.80 28.80 29.55
T4 39.68 31.80 25.05 18.68 21.23
T5 27.30 17.55 28.80 28.05 16.80
Table-11: Haul operation.
From To Unit Haul Cost
Per Unit Cost Total Cost
T1 D1 113 19.80 2237.4
T2 D2 118 17.18 2027.24
T3 D3 131 19.80 2593.8
T4 D2 154 31.80 4897.2
T5 D5 123 16.80 2066.4
Total Cost in Rupees 13822.04
CONCLUSIONS
From the study and on the basis of information & survey conducted in the city some conclusions and
suggestions are drawn. As the AMC used only one disposal site but its capacity is inadequate from last
five years, and hence there should be five disposal sites for convenient disposal of MSW from seven
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Shivasharanappa and Milind M Shrirao.
transfer stations. Containers should be provided at separate compartment, one for wet waste and other for
dry waste, at transfer station. In each transfer area solid waste should be stored separately in dustbin by
house owner. If the two or three area are nearer to each other, there should be one common point for the
collection of container, at that point there should be a provision of empty stand-by containers, i.e. when
filled up container brought to that common point, empty stand-by container can be replaced by the filled
up container. The allocated points for the container should not be far away, other wise the people will face
the problem of disposal of refuse. Some places required more number of containers such as vegetable
market, where huge quantity of waste generated creates the odour and nuisance, so waste should be
collected in container and disposed off regularly to disposal site for healthy environment. Amravati
Municipal Corporation may impose rules and regulation for contractors to increase more number of
sweepers to collect the refuse for working at different shifts so as to run proper functioning of system.
Land fill site shall be fenced. The land fill site should be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water
bodies, monuments, national parks, wetlands and places of important cultural, historical, religious interest.
Plantation should be provided at landfill site. Still the scope for further work remains that, is composting
of solid waste and quantity of manure, after composting use of composted matter, effectiveness of manure
on plant growth etc. Optimization suggested to transportation should be followed.
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*Correspondence Author: Shivasharanappa; Associate Professor, Dept of Civil
Engineering, P. D. A. College of Engineering (Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga,
Karnataka State, India
254 IJGHC; 2012, Vol.1, No.3, 245-255.