njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
37 2.7 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis--diseases that are characterized by obstruction to airflow. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis frequently coexist. Thus physicians prefer the term COPD. It does not include other obstructive diseases such as asthma. Nearly 16 million Americans suffer from COPD, which is the fourth leading cause of death, claiming the lives of almost 103,000 Americans annually. The annual cost to the nation for COPD is approximately $31.9 billion, including healthcare expenditures of $20.7 billion and indirect costs of $11.2 billion. Smoking causes approximately 80 to 90 percent of COPD cases. A smoker is 10 times more likely than a nonsmoker to die of COPD. Other known causes are frequent lung infections and exposure to certain industrial pollutants. [9 ] Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes. An estimated 14 million people suffer from chronic bronchitis, the seventh leading chronic condition in America. The rate of chronic bronchitis is 42 percent higher in females than in males. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include chronic cough, increased mucus, frequent clearing of the throat and shortness of breath. Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage. The walls between the air sacs within the lungs lose their ability to stretch and recoil. They become weakened and break. Elasticity of the lung tissue is lost, causing air to be trapped in the air sacs and impairing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also, the support of the airways is lost, allowing for obstruction of airflow. An estimated two million Americans have emphysema. Of the emphysema sufferers, 61 percent are male, and 39 percent are
38 female. While more men suffer from the disease than women do, the condition is increasing among women. Between 1982 and 1994 the emphysema prevalence rate in women increased 11 percent. Symptoms of emphysema include cough, shortness of breath and a limited exercise tolerance. Diagnosis is normally made by pulmonary function tests, along with the patient's history, examination and other tests. As far as treatment for COPD is concerned, first the quality of life for a person suffering from COPD diminishes as the disease progresses. At the onset, there is minimal shortness of breath. People with COPD may eventually require supplemental oxygen and may have to rely on mechanical respiratory assistance. Depending on the severity of the disease, treatments may include bronchodilators, which open up air passages in the lungs; antibiotics; and exercise to strengthen muscles. To reduce and control symptoms of chronic bronchitis, sufferers should live a healthy lifestyle by exercising, avoiding cigarette smoke and other air pollutants, and eating well. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a preventive health-care program provided by a team of health professionals to help people cope physically, psychologically, and socially with COPD. Lung transplantation is being performed in increasing numbers and may be an option for people who suffer from severe emphysema. Additionally, a new surgical procedure, lung volume reduction surgery, shows promise and is being performed with increasing frequency. Current research into COPD is focusing on gene therapy; it is hoped that clinical trials of this type of therapy will take place within the decade.
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- Page 27 and 28: ABBREVIATIONS A ABP Arterial Blood
- Page 29 and 30: ABBREVIATIONS (Continued) P PID Pro
- Page 31 and 32: 2 mortality and sudden death. [2] B
- Page 33 and 34: 4 1) Patients with severe pulmonary
- Page 35 and 36: 6 examined for determining the inte
- Page 37 and 38: 8 identified using principal compon
- Page 39 and 40: 1 0 1. Present the application of t
- Page 41 and 42: 12 1.3 Outline of the Dissertation
- Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 PHYSIOLOGY BACKGROUND Bio
- Page 45 and 46: 16 Figure 2.2 The systemic and pulm
- Page 47 and 48: 18 illustrated in Figure 2.3. The i
- Page 49 and 50: 20 2.2 Blood Pressure The force tha
- Page 51 and 52: 22 2.4 The Nervous System Human beh
- Page 53 and 54: 24 The sympathetic nerve fibers lea
- Page 55 and 56: 26 Without these sympathetic and pa
- Page 57 and 58: 28 center in the medulla, which con
- Page 59 and 60: 30 Figure 2.6 Autonomic innervation
- Page 61 and 62: 32 average heart rate was measured
- Page 63 and 64: 34 However, they do note that there
- Page 65: Figure 2.9 The placement of the pos
- Page 69 and 70: 40 Stage II: Moderate COPD - Worsen
- Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 ENGINEERING BACKGROUND Th
- Page 73 and 74: 44 Two common types of time-frequen
- Page 75 and 76: 46 STFT: Short-Time Fourier Transfo
- Page 77 and 78: 48 3.3 The Analytic Signal and Inst
- Page 79 and 80: 50 The advantage of using equation
- Page 81 and 82: 52 3.5 Covariance and Invariance Th
- Page 83 and 84: where H(f), S(f) are Fourier transf
- Page 85 and 86: 56 Another shortcoming of the spect
- Page 87 and 88: 58 should take the kernel of the WD
- Page 89 and 90: 60 called the cross Wigner distribu
- Page 91 and 92: 62 3.6.3 The Choi-Williams (Exponen
- Page 93 and 94: 64 Figure 3.3 Performance of the Ch
- Page 95 and 96: 66 [-Ω,Ω ], then its STFT will be
- Page 97 and 98: 68 This condition forces that the w
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- Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.5 The time-frequency plane
- Page 103 and 104: 74 The measure dadb used in the tra
- Page 105 and 106: 76 and the wavelet transform repres
- Page 107 and 108: 78 Figure 3.6 Figure depicting the
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- Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.12 Power spectrum of BP II
37<br />
2.7 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)<br />
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes emphysema and chronic<br />
bronchitis--diseases that are characterized by obstruction to airflow. Emphysema and<br />
chronic bronchitis frequently coexist. Thus physicians prefer the term COPD. It does<br />
not include other obstructive diseases such as asthma. Nearly 16 million Americans<br />
suffer from COPD, which is the fourth leading cause <strong>of</strong> death, claiming the lives <strong>of</strong><br />
almost 103,000 Americans annually. The annual cost to the nation for COPD is<br />
approximately $31.9 billion, including healthcare expenditures <strong>of</strong> $20.7 billion and<br />
indirect costs <strong>of</strong> $11.2 billion. Smoking causes approximately 80 to 90 percent <strong>of</strong> COPD<br />
cases. A smoker is 10 times more likely than a nonsmoker to die <strong>of</strong> COPD. Other<br />
known causes are frequent lung infections and exposure to certain industrial pollutants.<br />
[9 ]<br />
Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation and eventual scarring <strong>of</strong> the lining <strong>of</strong> the<br />
bronchial tubes. An estimated 14 million people suffer from chronic bronchitis, the<br />
seventh leading chronic condition in America. The rate <strong>of</strong> chronic bronchitis is 42<br />
percent higher in females than in males. Symptoms <strong>of</strong> chronic bronchitis include chronic<br />
cough, increased mucus, frequent clearing <strong>of</strong> the throat and shortness <strong>of</strong> breath.<br />
Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage. The walls between the air sacs<br />
within the lungs lose their ability to stretch and recoil. They become weakened and<br />
break. Elasticity <strong>of</strong> the lung tissue is lost, causing air to be trapped in the air sacs and<br />
impairing the exchange <strong>of</strong> oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also, the support <strong>of</strong> the airways<br />
is lost, allowing for obstruction <strong>of</strong> airflow. An estimated two million Americans have<br />
emphysema. Of the emphysema sufferers, 61 percent are male, and 39 percent are
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