njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
25 and the target cell is the same as the pre- and post- ganglionic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Although acetylcholine generally has an excitatory effect, it is also known to have inhibitory effects as well, such as the slowing of the heart by the vagus nerve. In Figure 2.5, it is important to realize that some organs, such as the heart, eyes, and stomach, receive autonomic activity from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This is often called "dual innervation". Usually, but not always, whatever affects the sympathetic nervous system has on the effector cells; the parasympathetic nervous system has the opposite effect [5]. In general, the sympathetic nervous system increases its response under conditions of stress. It is responsible for what is known as the fight-or-flight response. On the other hand, activity of the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with relaxing and the storing of energy. For example, heart rate increases with sympathetic activity and decreases with parasympathetic activity. Table 2.2 summarizes the effects of the autonomic nervous system on selected organs. Dual innervation by nerve fibers that cause opposite responses provides a very fine degree of control over the effector organ- it is like equipping a car with both an accelerator and a brake [5]. One can slow the car simply by decreasing the pressure on the accelerator; however, the combined effects of releasing the accelerator and applying the brake provide faster and more accurate control. Analogously, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are usually activated reciprocally; that is, as the activity of one division is increased, the activity of the other is decreased. In addition to dual innervation, another important physiological characteristic is that the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are continually active.
26 Without these sympathetic and parasympathetic tones, each nervous system would only be able to produce one desired output, such as increasing heart rate. For instance, when sympathetic tone increases, heart rate increases. Conversely, when sympathetic tone decreases below its basal rate, the heart rate will decrease because of less sympathetic influence. Figure 2.5 The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. (From E. N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 3 rd ed. New York: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1995.)
- Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT TIME-FREQUENCY INVESTIGATI
- Page 5 and 6: TIME-FREQUENCY INVESTIGATION OF HEA
- Page 7 and 8: APPROVAL PAGE TIME-FREQUENCY INVEST
- Page 9 and 10: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH (Continued) D.A
- Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to
- Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 IN
- Page 15 and 16: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
- Page 17 and 18: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
- Page 19 and 20: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
- Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 The
- Page 23 and 24: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
- Page 25 and 26: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
- Page 27 and 28: ABBREVIATIONS A ABP Arterial Blood
- Page 29 and 30: ABBREVIATIONS (Continued) P PID Pro
- Page 31 and 32: 2 mortality and sudden death. [2] B
- Page 33 and 34: 4 1) Patients with severe pulmonary
- Page 35 and 36: 6 examined for determining the inte
- Page 37 and 38: 8 identified using principal compon
- Page 39 and 40: 1 0 1. Present the application of t
- Page 41 and 42: 12 1.3 Outline of the Dissertation
- Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 PHYSIOLOGY BACKGROUND Bio
- Page 45 and 46: 16 Figure 2.2 The systemic and pulm
- Page 47 and 48: 18 illustrated in Figure 2.3. The i
- Page 49 and 50: 20 2.2 Blood Pressure The force tha
- Page 51 and 52: 22 2.4 The Nervous System Human beh
- Page 53: 24 The sympathetic nerve fibers lea
- Page 57 and 58: 28 center in the medulla, which con
- Page 59 and 60: 30 Figure 2.6 Autonomic innervation
- Page 61 and 62: 32 average heart rate was measured
- Page 63 and 64: 34 However, they do note that there
- Page 65 and 66: Figure 2.9 The placement of the pos
- Page 67 and 68: 38 female. While more men suffer fr
- Page 69 and 70: 40 Stage II: Moderate COPD - Worsen
- Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 ENGINEERING BACKGROUND Th
- Page 73 and 74: 44 Two common types of time-frequen
- Page 75 and 76: 46 STFT: Short-Time Fourier Transfo
- Page 77 and 78: 48 3.3 The Analytic Signal and Inst
- Page 79 and 80: 50 The advantage of using equation
- Page 81 and 82: 52 3.5 Covariance and Invariance Th
- Page 83 and 84: where H(f), S(f) are Fourier transf
- Page 85 and 86: 56 Another shortcoming of the spect
- Page 87 and 88: 58 should take the kernel of the WD
- Page 89 and 90: 60 called the cross Wigner distribu
- Page 91 and 92: 62 3.6.3 The Choi-Williams (Exponen
- Page 93 and 94: 64 Figure 3.3 Performance of the Ch
- Page 95 and 96: 66 [-Ω,Ω ], then its STFT will be
- Page 97 and 98: 68 This condition forces that the w
- Page 99 and 100: 70 where c is a constant. Thus, the
- Page 101 and 102: Figure 3.5 The time-frequency plane
- Page 103 and 104: 74 The measure dadb used in the tra
26<br />
Without these sympathetic and parasympathetic tones, each nervous system would only<br />
be able to produce one desired output, such as increasing heart rate. For instance, when<br />
sympathetic tone increases, heart rate increases. Conversely, when sympathetic tone<br />
decreases below its basal rate, the heart rate will decrease because <strong>of</strong> less sympathetic<br />
influence.<br />
Figure 2.5 The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. (From<br />
E. N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 3 rd ed. <strong>New</strong> York: The<br />
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1995.)
Change language