njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology njit-etd2003-081 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
21 2.3. Metabolic Function/Respiration In the human, respiration serves to provide cells with oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide and regulate the pH of the blood. In order to provide cells with oxygen, air from the environment enters the body during inhalation. Carbon dioxide and other unwanted substances are removed from the body during exhalation. Upon inhalation, air enters the body via the trachea, and then flows into the bronchi. The air then reaches the alveoli. The properties of the alveoli allow rapid and efficient exchange of gasses between the blood within the capillaries and the alveoli. The volume of oxygen per unit time (V02 ) that is transported from the capillaries to the body cells is equal to the volume of the inspired oxygen that is diffused from the alveoli into the blood at any given instant. Analogously, the volume of CO2 produced by the body cells per unit time (V CO2 ) is equal to the amount of CO2 that diffuses from the blood to the alveoli. The total amount of air entering and leaving the body per unit time is the called ventilation (VE). The Fick equation expresses the important relationship of tissue oxygen uptake ( V02 ) to cardiac output (CO) and the arterial-venous oxygen content difference (Ca02 — Cv02 ) [10] as shown below:
22 2.4 The Nervous System Human behavior is controlled and regulated by two major communication systems, the endocrine system and the nervous system. The nervous system can be divided into two separate, but interconnected, parts. The first part consists of the brain and spinal cord and is called the central nervous system. The second part, which consists of nerves, which extend from the brain and the spinal cord out to all points of the body, is called the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system consists of both an afferent division and efferent division. The afferent division conveys information from primary receptors to the central nervous system. The efferent division carries signals from the central nervous system out to effector cells such as muscles and organs. The efferent division is subdivided into a somatic nervous system and an autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists of all the nerve fibers going from the central nervous system to skeletal-muscle cells. The efferent innervation of all tissues other than skeletal muscle is done by the autonomic nervous system. Table 2.1 illustrates the organization of the human nervous system. Table 2.1 The Nervous System I. Central Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Brain B. Spinal Cord A. Afferent Division B. Efferent Division 1. Somatic Nervous System 2. Autonomic Nervous System a. Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
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22<br />
2.4 The Nervous System<br />
Human behavior is controlled and regulated by two major communication systems, the<br />
endocrine system and the nervous system. The nervous system can be divided into two<br />
separate, but interconnected, parts. The first part consists <strong>of</strong> the brain and spinal cord<br />
and is called the central nervous system. The second part, which consists <strong>of</strong> nerves,<br />
which extend from the brain and the spinal cord out to all points <strong>of</strong> the body, is called the<br />
peripheral nervous system.<br />
The peripheral nervous system consists <strong>of</strong> both an afferent division and<br />
efferent division. The afferent division conveys information from primary receptors to<br />
the central nervous system. The efferent division carries signals from the central nervous<br />
system out to effector cells such as muscles and organs. The efferent division is<br />
subdivided into a somatic nervous system and an autonomic nervous system. The<br />
somatic nervous system consists <strong>of</strong> all the nerve fibers going from the central nervous<br />
system to skeletal-muscle cells. The efferent innervation <strong>of</strong> all tissues other than skeletal<br />
muscle is done by the autonomic nervous system. Table 2.1 illustrates the organization<br />
<strong>of</strong> the human nervous system.<br />
Table 2.1 The Nervous System<br />
I. Central Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System<br />
A. Brain<br />
B. Spinal Cord<br />
A. Afferent Division<br />
B. Efferent Division<br />
1. Somatic Nervous System<br />
2. Autonomic Nervous System<br />
a. Sympathetic Nervous System<br />
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
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