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276 Forde<br />

diseases, cancer and infectious diseases. The potential use of pDNA in vaccines<br />

has also been shown (4–8) through the expression of specific antigens on cell<br />

membranes that help to stimulate the immune system’s response and memory.<br />

As a result of these findings, there has been an increasing demand on the<br />

biotechnology industry to supply purified pDNA for gene therapy, vaccine and<br />

research applications.<br />

The contaminants that pose a particular problem in the production of purified<br />

pDNA are anionic polymers of a similar structure, charge and physical behavior<br />

to pDNA. These contaminating anionic polymers include genomic DNA<br />

(gDNA), RNA and lipopolysaccharides or endotoxins (9). Current commercial<br />

pDNA purification techniques typically require at least three chromatographic<br />

stages to remove all of these afore-mentioned contaminating species and to<br />

meet the evermore demanding purity levels required by customers (e.g.,

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