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Table 1
Trobleshooting for Displacement Chromatography
Problem Reason Solution
Displacement zones
are not well developed
Diffuse boundaries
in between the
displacement zones
Displacement zones
are too narrow, purity
of proteins are low
Complete mixing of
displacement zones
Feed components are
detached from the
displacer
Total protein mass is
too high
High linear velocity,
large particle size
Displacer
concentration is too
high, protein load is
too low
Crossing or not
concave downward
isotherms
Operating line does
not intersect the
isotherm of feed
components
Increase the column length
and/or decrease the total
protein mass
Decrease the linear velocity
and/or use a smaller particle
size stationary phase
Decrease the displacer
concentration or increase the
protein load (both will help
widen the displacement zones)
Establish conditions where a
concave downward isotherm
condition is achieved and
isotherms do not cross
Increase the displacer
concentration or establish a
higher retention (better
adsorption) condition for the
feed components
8. If a displacement experiment does not give satisfactory results, refer to Table 1 for
troubleshooting and possible solutions.
References
1. Tiselius, A. (1943) Studies uber adsoptionanalyse I. Kolloid Z. 105, 101.
2. Seaborg, G. T. (1946) The Transuranium elements. Science 104, 379–386.
3. Spedding, F. H., Voigt, A. F., Gladrow, E. M. and Sleight, N. R. (1947) The
separation of rare earths by ion exchange. I. Cerium and Yttrium. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 69, 2777–2781.
4. Spedding, F. H., Fulmer, E. I., Butler, E. A., Gladrow, E. M. and Poter, P. E. (1950)
The separation of rare earths by ion exchange. V. Investigations with one-tenth per
cent. Citric acid-ammonium citrate solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 2354–2361.
5. Spedding F. H. and Powell, J. E. (1954) The separation of rare earths by ion
exchange. VII. Quantitative data for the elution of Neodymium. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
76, 2545–2550.
6. Spedding, F. H., Powell, J. E. and Wheelwright, E. (1954) The use of copper as
the retaining ion in the elution of rare earths with ammonium ethylenediamine
tetraacetate solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 2557–2560.