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Affinity Precipitation of Proteins 49<br />

completely recover the proteins bound through natural metal-binding residues<br />

(39,40).<br />

16. To ensure that the polymer precipitate is efficiently precipitated and completely<br />

recovered by centrifugation, warm the recovered supernatant in the presence of<br />

0.4 M NaCl. That no visual turbidity changes occur in the supernatant means<br />

the polymer is precipitated completely. If the supernatant turns cloudy, it means<br />

that the polymer was not precipitated completely. In such cases, recover the<br />

precipitate from the supernatant by slightly increasing both temperature and NaCl<br />

concentration.<br />

17. The metal affinity precipitation technique optimized in the present format using<br />

the set of copolymers as discussed here can be essentially used for purifying<br />

proteins that are relatively thermostable. However, it is possible to establish<br />

copolymers with more hydrophobic side chains that can be utilized to carry out<br />

precipitation at low temperatures as well.<br />

18. The metal ions leached out with the recovered protein after EDTA or imidazole<br />

elutions can be removed by dialysis. Determine the protein amounts or enzyme<br />

activity of the recovered protein after the dialysis.<br />

19. Protein measurements using BCA reagent show no interferences with high salt<br />

concentrations or traces of polymers if present in the samples.<br />

20. The metal poly(VI-co-NIPAM) copolymers recovered after the first use of affinity<br />

precipitation of the protein can be reused for the precipitation of the same amount<br />

of protein in the subsequent cycles, provided the copolymer is re-charged with<br />

fresh portions of metal ions.<br />

References<br />

1. Smith, M.C., Furman, T. C., Ingolia, T. D., and Pidgeon, C. (1988) Chelating<br />

peptide immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. J. Biol. Chem. 263,<br />

7211–7215.<br />

2. Kumar, A., Wahlund, P.-O., Kepka, C., Galaev, I. Yu., and Mattiasson, B. (2003)<br />

Purification of histidine-tagged single chain Fv-antibody fragments by metal<br />

chelate affinity precipitation using thermo-responsive copolymers. Biotechnol.<br />

Bioeng. 84, 495–503.<br />

3. Hochuli, E., Bannwarth, W., Döbeli, H., Gentz, R., and Stüber, D. (1988) Genetic<br />

approach to facilitate purification of recombinant proteins with a novel metal<br />

chelate adsorbent. Bio/Technology 6, 1321–1325.<br />

4. Skerra, A. and Schmidt, T. M. G. (1999) Applications of a peptide ligand for<br />

streptavidin: the Strep-tag. Biomol. Eng. 16, 79–86.<br />

5. Maina, C. V., Riggs, P. D., Grandea, A. G., III, Slatko, B. E., Moran, L. S.,<br />

Tagliamonte, J. A., Mcreynolds, L. A., and Guan, C. D. (1988) An Escherichia<br />

coli vector to express and purify foreign proteins by fusion to and separation from<br />

maltose binding protein. Gene 74, 365–373.

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