A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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Validation studies: Validation was performed on the model through the development of Still’s PhD Thesis. Also much work has been performed in third party modeling with the use of EXODUS, Simulex, etc. A-58
A.17 ALLSAFE InterConsult Group ASA, Norway Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to determine whether or not occupants are at risk depending upon input data for the building, the building use, the occupants, and the 11, 75-77 design fire scenario Availability to the public for use: This model is available through in-house consultancy from InterConsult. Modeling method: This is considered as a partial behavioral model. Structure of model: This is a coarse network system. The building is input into the model through a series of nodes. For each node, the user specifies the minimum clearance width, walking distance to the next node, initial number of occupants at node, and the area of the node. The model simulates only one exit per node structure, but can simulate multiple node structures in parallel. Because of this, the occupants in each node structure head to only one exit. Perspective of model and occupant: The model seems to view the occupants globally because of the statement saying that ALLSAFE assigns the behavioral characteristics to groups of occupants or the worst-case scenario group. Also, the times presented in the output are assigned to the entire population, instead of each individual. The occupants’ perspective of the floor plan and building is also global since they only have one exit to choose from. Occupant behavior: Implicit. ALLSAFE assigns behavioural characteristics to groups of the population considered to be the worst-case of the evacuation scenario. The model includes such input data as background noise, social and economic barriers among the occupants, language, the fire protection system measures, and the fire scenarios. These input data affect the evacuation time by adding or subtracting times (as obtained from the database within the model). The model also incorporates time delays and time improvements due to voice alarm systems, sprinklers, compartmentation, etc. The model calculates these from tables of data. An example of suggested time effects from different variables is included in Table A.12. These effects were gathered from literatures and/or by using Delphi-panels. A-59
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
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Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
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Tables Table 1. Overall features of
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A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
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2 Features of Egress Models This re
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The current model categories for pu
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• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
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2.11 Validation The models are also
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(2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
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Table 1. Overall features of egress
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Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
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Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
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3.2 Overview of Model Features The
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If the user has a project that invo
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5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
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29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
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57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
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86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
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Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
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Use of fire data: None. Output: The
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y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121: the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 122 and 123: factor,” the current goal is chan
Page 124 and 125: Use of fire data: The model can acc
Page 126 and 127: • Physical scale - This scale is
Page 128 and 129: • Free - elevator is idle Use of
Page 130 and 131: are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133: A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
Page 134 and 135: A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
Page 136 and 137: types of subroutines consist of tho
Page 138 and 139: • Boundaries of room subdivisions
Page 140 and 141: Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
Page 142 and 143: Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145: A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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