A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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Special features: Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – Only one choice is given to the occupants. Limitations: Seems to be a simple 1-route configuration. A-54
A.16 Myriad Developer: G.K. Still, Crowd Dynamics, Ltd, UK Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to assess the spatial dynamics required for a successful evacuation 73, 74 . Myriad is also used to ensure compliance to codes and insurance assessment. This is a macroscopic model, and because of this, Still states that the output does not depend on assumptions about the population incorporated in the model. This collection of techniques supersedes the VEgAS and Legion systems. Availability to the public for use: This model is used by Crowd Dynamics for the client. Ideas and Applications: Myriad 73 is said to predict where congestion will occur in the building and its severity (via Level of Service 60 degrees), flow rates, queues, travel distances, and times in order to “optimize” design. The developer 74 identified three basic steps used in the analysis process using Myriad. First, Myriad measures the distance, width, ease of use, and directional changes from all points within the building space to the exits. This is the analysis that ensures compliance to the codes. Colors throughout the building’s egress routes are used to show evacuation aspects of the building, for instance, travel distance of various distances. The building can be assessed with and without furniture, which can ultimately affect travel distances from certain areas of the space. The occupant can enter the number of occupants within the building/space and Myriad will produce simulations, each beginning occupants at different places, in order to test building travel distances. Second, Myriad identifies the various flow paths, interaction paths, and congestion areas. These are ultimately factored into the “delays” in the egress process. The interactions and congestion paths within the model are also identified by certain colors throughout the building in this analysis. Tables A.8 – A.11 below show the corresponding colors for each Level of Service (taken from Fruin’s data 60 ) for each building components (walkways, stairs, queues, and platforms). The visualization software allows the client to view the density of the spaces in the building throughout the simulation. As another example of the capabilities of Myriad, through the use of hesitation maps, Myriad can highlight areas where occupants may hesitate, change routes, or require more information to direct them to a destination. A-55
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
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Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
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Tables Table 1. Overall features of
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A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
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2 Features of Egress Models This re
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The current model categories for pu
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• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
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2.11 Validation The models are also
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(2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
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Table 1. Overall features of egress
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Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
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Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
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3.2 Overview of Model Features The
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If the user has a project that invo
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5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
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29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
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57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
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86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
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Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121: the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 122 and 123: factor,” the current goal is chan
Page 124 and 125: Use of fire data: The model can acc
Page 126 and 127: • Physical scale - This scale is
Page 128 and 129: • Free - elevator is idle Use of
Page 130 and 131: are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133: A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
Page 134 and 135: A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
Page 136 and 137: types of subroutines consist of tho
Page 138 and 139: • Boundaries of room subdivisions
Page 140 and 141: Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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