A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
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• 50 % <strong>of</strong> normal speed if the occupant assists another, and 30 % faster than this adjusted value<br />
if the occupant considers the situation to be serious.<br />
• 60 % <strong>of</strong> normal speed <strong>of</strong> the smoke is bad (S>0.4) and the (H-D) (depth <strong>of</strong> lower layer) is<br />
less than 1.5 m<br />
Output: The output includes the number <strong>of</strong> occupants out <strong>of</strong> the building, those trapped, and the<br />
total evacuation time. The actions <strong>of</strong> individual occupants at all time periods throughout the<br />
simulation are also included in the output.<br />
Use <strong>of</strong> fire data: EXITT is designed to import output from FAST to simulate smoke throughout<br />
the building. This assumes a 2-layer smoke distribution. EXITT also accepts input <strong>of</strong> smoke<br />
density in the upper layer and the height <strong>of</strong> the two layers in each room at each time period.<br />
Import CAD drawings: No, CAD drawings <strong>of</strong> the building cannot be imported into EXITT.<br />
The building is described by providing the number <strong>of</strong> rooms, nodes, and exits, the height <strong>of</strong> each<br />
room, the room location <strong>of</strong> each node, whether the exit was a door, window, etc., and the<br />
distances between the nodes. If a window cannot be used for evacuation, it is not included into<br />
the model.<br />
Visualization capabilities: The movement <strong>of</strong> the occupants can be displayed graphically on the<br />
computer screen.<br />
Validation studies: None noted.<br />
Special features:<br />
Manual exit block/obstacles – Yes, if smoke is very heavy (which can be input by the user)<br />
Fire conditions affect behavior Yes, these can be imported from FAST or user-defined (OD<br />
and smoke layer heights) per time period.<br />
Defining groups – Yes, capable and needs assistance.<br />
Disabilities/slow occupant groups – Yes.<br />
Delays/pre-movement time – Delays are associated with the activities during a preparation and<br />
response time.<br />
Route choice <strong>of</strong> the occupants/occupant distribution – Route choice is dependent on a list <strong>of</strong><br />
information, many <strong>of</strong> it conditional to the environment, during the evacuation as well as the<br />
familiarity with the building.<br />
Limitations: This model is used only for residential buildings. Occupants respond to smoke<br />
conditions only, not toxicity or heat. Also, many <strong>of</strong> decision rules are based on author judgment.<br />
A-47