A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
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occupants. The data from this evacuation was used to assess evacuation models as well as to<br />
understand the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> the basic input parameters <strong>of</strong> the model. The simulation <strong>of</strong> the 3 rd<br />
floor auditorium was restricted to half <strong>of</strong> the building due to the symmetry <strong>of</strong> the space, as<br />
shown in the ASERI diagram shown in Figure A.16. The actual pre-movement time <strong>of</strong> the<br />
theater occupants was used in the simulation as a random delay time. Also, a distribution <strong>of</strong> the<br />
individual mobility <strong>of</strong> the occupants was incorporated to produce a range <strong>of</strong> walking speeds from<br />
0.7 to 1.5 m/s and a body size range <strong>of</strong> 0.12 m 2 to 0.22 m 2 . It was known from the original<br />
evacuation that persons with restricted mobility were present.<br />
Figure A.17 shows the results from the actual evacuation and the simulation from ASERI.<br />
Figure A.17: Results from the ASERI validation studies <strong>of</strong> the theater (time in min:s)<br />
50, p. 6<br />
The first row shows the actual results from the evacuation drill <strong>of</strong> the theater building, including<br />
the evacuation time from the auditorium only (2 nd column). The second row shows the results<br />
for the simulation <strong>of</strong> the drill as observed for the theater, and the third, fourth, and fifth rows are<br />
changes to the model’s inputs as part <strong>of</strong> a sensitivity analysis <strong>of</strong> the model itself. The second<br />
and third rows show the effect <strong>of</strong> inputting different egress behavior (normal versus danger).<br />
The second and fourth rows show the effects <strong>of</strong> inputting different individual mobility<br />
(inhomogeneous group versus homogeneous group with unrestricted mobility – able occupants).<br />
And lastly the second and fifth rows show the difference in inputting the number <strong>of</strong> occupants<br />
into the simulation (82 % <strong>of</strong> the occupancy which was present at the time <strong>of</strong> the drill versus 100<br />
% occupancy). The developer notes that the strongest effects on the egress time produced by the<br />
model were due to a change in mobility <strong>of</strong> the occupants. Also, the first two rows which<br />
contained the observed and simulated evacuation from the theater show very close results in all<br />
three evacuation times.<br />
Monitored evacuation drills were conducted for three high-rise and three school buildings by the<br />
German Federal Office <strong>of</strong> Construction for the Forschungsstelle fur Brandschutztechnik in<br />
cooperation with the local fire brigades. These evacuation drills were used to validate ASERI as<br />
well as used to calibrate with the Predtechenskii and Milinskii method 13 . After performing a<br />
range <strong>of</strong> simulations which involved changing <strong>of</strong> mobility parameters and the presence <strong>of</strong> smoke<br />
barriers in the building and comparing these to the observed evacuation drills, the developers<br />
stated that, “performing the numerical simulation with an appropriate distribution <strong>of</strong> mobility<br />
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