A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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adjusts the FED susceptibility of each occupant or occupant group, which affects whether the person become incapacitated or can escape the building space without problem. Import CAD drawings: Yes, CAD drawings can be imported into the model via another BRE program, Josephine. Or, the floor plan can be drawn using a graphical user interface (GUI) within GridFlow. The user specifies links on the floor plan that lead to the outside or another space in the building. The user is prompted to input the link width and maximum flow (persons/second) through the link. Visualization capabilities: 2-D and 3-D capabilities (with Josephine). Validation studies: The model developer states that GridFlow has undergone many runs of simple buildings and multi-enclosure spaces for the purpose of four aspects of validation: Component testing (routine checking of major software), functional validation (checking model capabilities and that these are compatible with intentions), qualitative testing (comparing predicted human behavior with expectations), and quantitative verification (comparison of model predictions with experimental data). The developers have performed component testing and quantitative verification, which involved simulations from simple and complex building compared against empirical data from the SFPE Handbook 8 and other sources. Functional validation has also been performed and limitations of the model have been identified (but not included in the Purser report). Also, human behavior has been validated by using actual premovement data to simulate a scenario and by comparing the model’s evacuation behavior and time to the observed evacuation and Handbook data. Purser discusses simulations used to examine the effects of delay time, travel time, and exit flow capacity for various occupancies and layouts. He outlines the results of a hypothetical building with 3 different numbers of occupants. In this work, Purser could understand graphically whether the evacuation was driven by pre-movement time, travel distributions, or exit flow capacity, depending upon the number of occupants in the building. Lastly, a GridFlow simulation was described that was similar to an actual evacuation incident, the “Sprucefield” evacuation. This included 190 occupants evacuating from a food hall. GridFlow modeled that 99 % of the occupants would evacuate in 130 s with their similar case, when the actual time was 140 s. Purser notes that GridFlow provided reasonable results and they plan to perform direct simulations on the Sprucefield case, among others. Special features: Counterflow – Yes. Manual exit block/obstacles – Yes, because the user can specify the destination or exit choices for each individual or occupant group, certain exits can be “hidden” (or not given as a choice) from an occupant group as if it does not exist. Fire conditions affect behavior Fire conditions are implicitly incorporated. The user imports a spreadsheet (created by the user) with speed factors and FED doses with time for each building space. A-32
Defining groups – Yes. Disabilities/slow occupant groups – Yes. Groups can be defined in which the user can enter a specific unimpeded walking speed and distribution of pre-movement times. Delays/pre-movement time – Yes, pre-movement times can be specified as a discrete value or in the form of distributions that have been obtained from direct measurement during “monitored evacuations” or fire drills. These monitored evacuations have taken place over a span of 10 years and were taken from a range of different building occupancies. Toxicity of the occupants – Yes. Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – There are three choices; shortest distance, random, or user-defined Limitations: Supports occupant populations up to 5000 (as of year 2000) and more behavioral capabilities are under development. A-33
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
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Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
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Tables Table 1. Overall features of
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A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
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2 Features of Egress Models This re
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The current model categories for pu
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• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
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2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
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the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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