A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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Table A.6: Validation study results for the Simulex model Building Observed Total Evacuation Time (s) Predicted Travel Time (s) Predicted Total Evacuation Time (s) Lecture Theater 90 93 131 Law 170 161 188 Commerce 220 178 202 The predicted total evacuation times were obtained by adding the predicted travel times (since Simulex did not model pre-movement delays) to the observed pre-movement delays. Simulex used the following assumptions to model the three buildings: • The occupant type used for the simulations were “office type” which specifies the walking speed and body size to be 40 % male, 30 % female, and 30 % average (this distribution was used by Simulex at the time of the validation study) • The default distance map was used, which assumes the shortest path chosen by occupants • Pre-movement times were not simulated by Simulex and were dealt with separately to the computer modeling. Simulations run by Simulex 43 using an estimated (instead of observed) occupant load derived from the Life Safety Code Handbook 44 for assembly space as well as pre-movement delays as suggested by the Fire Safety Engineering in Buildings 45 have also been compared with observed results. The validation paper also goes on to comment on the conservative values presented in the literature, however that discussion goes beyond the scope of this review 43 . The results of the study show that the simulated evacuation times were similar to the observed results (as shown in Table A.6) when Simulex used the observed pre-movement times and occupant loads. Even though it seemed that Simulex provided a conservative time for the lecture theater, it underestimated the evacuation time for the law and commerce buildings. Olssen and Regan stated that Simulex can be used “with confidence to simulate travel times for buildings” discussed previously 43 . Special features: Manual exit block/obstacles – Yes, the user can create an alternate distance map for an individual, group, or several groups in which certain exits are blocked from the population using the distance map. Fire conditions affect behavior No, the developers are currently working on importing CFAST data into their evacuation model. Defining groups – Yes, groups can be defined and assigned to have a certain occupant characteristic, distance map, and distribution of pre-movement times. Disabilities/slow occupant groups – Yes, the user can assign lower velocities to individuals or groups in a simulation. Delays/pre-movement time – Yes, the user can choose either a triangular, random, or normal distribution for each group of occupants. A-28
Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – Shortest distance or user-defined route. Limitations: This model is limited largely by the capacity of the computer used to run the simulations. However, occupants get “stuck” in the links of the buildings during certain simulations. The user manual offers solutions to this problem. A-29
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
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Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
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Tables Table 1. Overall features of
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A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
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2 Features of Egress Models This re
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The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117:
A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119:
evacuation time and the number of o
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the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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