A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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Any interaction between the occupants revolves around the idea that no two occupants can be in the same grid cell at the same time. In order to calculate local density, PedGo calculates the density of the three cells surrounding each individual cell (which turns out to be the ratio of the occupied cells and the area of 6.25 m 2 ). Use of fire data: None. Output: According to the Traffgo website, PedGo can produce a variety of evacuation results for the user. The model can generate text files that can be imported into spreadsheet programs, pictures (bitmaps) of data plots (ex. density) or screenshots, and animations 24 . Import CAD drawings: Yes. PedGo Editor is used for the conversion and preprocessing of floor plans into the simulation format. The editor is shown here in Figure A.10 (ref 25). Figure A.10: Floor plan editor in PedGo 25 When the user imports a dxf file, the Editor assigns colors to all of the elements on the drawing (i.e. walls, doors, stairs). Then, the Editor transforms this data into cell information. Also, the floorplan can be edited by moving, deleting or creating new elements. Passengers can be added at this step to the plans. Also, egress routes can be created and assigned to various occupants throughout the building. Visualization capabilities: Yes, 2D visualization. Validation studies: With fire drills and people movement trial data. Special features: Defining groups: Each group is assigned to a list of potentials which outlines their egress route throughout the building. A-18
Disabled/slow occupants: The user can specify a slower maximum velocity for a specific individual or group of individuals. Pre-evacuation delays: There is a specific input for each individual that is known as delay time. With this input, the user can specify the time period that the occupant will wait before starting to evacuate. Also, another input, referred to as “dawdling” in the evacuation model, identifies the probability with which an occupant will stop for one timestep in order to simulate breaks in the evacuation. Impatience/drive variables: The input of patience is provided as an input for each individual. The input is provided in time (seconds) and the user can input information about an individual’s patience by providing a minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation of the times (pertaining to patience). Need more information about this. Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution: Occupants can be assigned a specific route with a probability and these routes are represented by adding information to each cell that includes the distance to the next exit, respectively. Also, in order to simulate the role of staff or crew in a building/structure, PedGo allows the user to assign certain routes to individuals (staff) which do not immediately lead to an exit, but rather into an area of the structure before exiting. Limitations: Not as much documentation on this model compared with others. A-19
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5:
Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7: Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10: A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12: 2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14: The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
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Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109:
Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
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Occupant movement: Cellular automat
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graphical format in the article in
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not gained, and this is labeled as
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A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
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evacuation time and the number of o
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the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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