A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpose of the model: To model crowd movement, to simulate the evacuation of pedestrians from buildings, ships, aircraft, and other kinds of public transportation systems 22-24 . Availability to the public for use: Yes, there are software licenses available for the PedGo model via the company, TraffGo. Modeling method: Movement/Partial Behavioral Model Structure of model: This is a fine network model that divides the floor plan into – 0.4 x 0.4 m grid cells – represent the space taken up by a person. The walls, furniture and any other obstacles are represented by cells which are occupied at all times throughout the simulation. Perspective of model: This model is labeled as a microscopic model, meaning that each person is represented individually. Therefore the perspective of the model is individualistic. And, since the user can specify egress routes for the occupants, the occupants’ perspective of the building is also individualistic. Occupant behavior: Implicit behavior. The model begins to offer implicit behavioral inputs, such as the individual inputs of pre-evacuation delays, patience, reaction, dawdle, and sway. This set of parameters is used for characterization of behavior and are assigned to individuals in the simulation according to a normal distribution. Two of these parameters, delay time and sway are stochastic. These parameters, as shown in Figure A.8 (reference 24 below), are the following: • Maximum walking speed (cells) • Patience (s) – the time a person is willing to wait until choosing another escape route • Look (cells) – a factor describing visual perception of the environment • Reaction (s) – a factor describing the inertia of a person’s movement • Dawdle (%) – stopping for one timestep (stochastic) • Sway (%) – deviation from a straightforward path to the exit (stochastic). Occupant movement: Cellular automata model. One set of rules is applied to all occupants in the model regarding their movement. Individual differences affect the person’s behavior. The six parameters characterizing an occupant’s ability are the following: maximum velocity (cells), patience (s), reaction (s), dawdle (%), sway (%), and inertia. Each parameter is given a minimum, maximum, and mean value and standard deviation to distribute over occupants in the simulation. A-16
Figure A.8: Example of occupant behavior specification in PedGo 24 The algorithm for the occupants’ movement is presented here in Figure A.9 (below, ref 22). Each occupant is assigned a maximum walking speed which is measured in cells per time-step (which corresponds to 1 second). Figure A.9: Movement algorithm in PedGo 22, p. 335 A-17
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7: Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10: A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12: 2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14: The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
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A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
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Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
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Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
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Occupant movement: Cellular automat
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graphical format in the article in
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not gained, and this is labeled as
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A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
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evacuation time and the number of o
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the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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