A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
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A.6 PedGo<br />
Developer: TraffGo<br />
Purpose <strong>of</strong> the model: To model crowd movement, to simulate the evacuation <strong>of</strong> pedestrians<br />
from buildings, ships, aircraft, and other kinds <strong>of</strong> public transportation systems 22-24 .<br />
Availability to the public for use: Yes, there are s<strong>of</strong>tware licenses available for the PedGo<br />
model via the company, TraffGo.<br />
Modeling method: Movement/Partial Behavioral Model<br />
Structure <strong>of</strong> model: This is a fine network model that divides the floor plan into – 0.4 x 0.4 m<br />
grid cells – represent the space taken up by a person. The walls, furniture and any other<br />
obstacles are represented by cells which are occupied at all times throughout the simulation.<br />
Perspective <strong>of</strong> model: This model is labeled as a microscopic model, meaning that each person<br />
is represented individually. Therefore the perspective <strong>of</strong> the model is individualistic. And, since<br />
the user can specify egress routes for the occupants, the occupants’ perspective <strong>of</strong> the building is<br />
also individualistic.<br />
Occupant behavior: Implicit behavior. The model begins to <strong>of</strong>fer implicit behavioral inputs,<br />
such as the individual inputs <strong>of</strong> pre-evacuation delays, patience, reaction, dawdle, and sway.<br />
This set <strong>of</strong> parameters is used for characterization <strong>of</strong> behavior and are assigned to individuals in<br />
the simulation according to a normal distribution. Two <strong>of</strong> these parameters, delay time and sway<br />
are stochastic. These parameters, as shown in Figure A.8 (reference 24 below), are the<br />
following:<br />
• Maximum walking speed (cells)<br />
• Patience (s) – the time a person is willing to wait until choosing another escape route<br />
• Look (cells) – a factor describing visual perception <strong>of</strong> the environment<br />
• Reaction (s) – a factor describing the inertia <strong>of</strong> a person’s movement<br />
• Dawdle (%) – stopping for one timestep (stochastic)<br />
• Sway (%) – deviation from a straightforward path to the exit (stochastic).<br />
Occupant movement: Cellular automata model.<br />
One set <strong>of</strong> rules is applied to all occupants in the model regarding their movement. Individual<br />
differences affect the person’s behavior. The six parameters characterizing an occupant’s ability<br />
are the following: maximum velocity (cells), patience (s), reaction (s), dawdle (%), sway (%),<br />
and inertia. Each parameter is given a minimum, maximum, and mean value and standard<br />
deviation to distribute over occupants in the simulation.<br />
A-16