A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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developer has the appropriate data to support the option. For this reason, the validation techniques used by each model are very important and should be examined accordingly. Models Available on a Consultancy Basis There are six models featured in Table 1 that are available on a consultancy basis to the clients/users. Among the six models, there are three movement models, one partial behavioral model, and two behavioral models. Two out of the three movement models seem to contain more capabilities than those movement models listed in the Available to the Public category by providing fine networks and individual perspectives, the use of CAD drawings, and the capability of 2-D visualization. However, like the publicly available models, the three movement models do not allow for the simulation of the fire environment. The partial behavioral model, ALLSAFE may seem to have many of the characteristics generally attributed to movement models, such as a coarse network and global perspectives. However, the behavior is labeled as implicit because the model allows for input data that affect evacuation, such as background noise, language of the occupants, voice alarms systems, etc. The model incorporates fire data and provides a visualization of the evacuation. There are two behavioral models that fall under the consultancy category of availability, as shown in Table 1. These models, CRISP and EGRESS, both contain fine networks and individual perspectives. Also, these models incorporate rule-based behavior, fire data, and visualization. Similar to the publicly available models, the consultancy based models also vary in purpose, movement method, and validation techniques. Special Features As an additional way to describe the capabilities of each model, Tables 2 through 6 are included to identify any special features of the model that users may be interested in simulating. These tables are included for users interested in simulating certain evacuation scenarios and/or for users to understand the differences in model sophistication. It can be seen that the number of special features simulated by the model increase as the level of sophistication increases. 3.3 Additional Egress Models In addition to evacuation models that can simulate egress from buildings, there are many other evacuation models that can simulate evacuation from different types of structures/scenarios, such as elevator evacuation and evacuation of occupants from aircraft, rail systems, marine structures/ships, and cities. Although this evacuation model review focuses specifically on evacuation models that simulate building emergencies, some of these models highlighted in this review and others not mentioned are used to simulate evacuation from other types of structures. 20
If the user has a project that involves egress from these types of structures, there are other evacuation model reviews 96-98 that would be useful to obtain before choosing a model. 21
Page 1: Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7: Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10: A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12: 2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14: The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79:
A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81:
higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83:
level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85:
• Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87:
A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
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• Qualitative reproduction of eme
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Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93:
Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95:
Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
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Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99:
Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
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A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
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maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105:
A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
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Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109:
Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111:
Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113:
graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115:
not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117:
A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
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evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121:
the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145:
A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
Page 148 and 149:
A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151:
28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153:
57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156:
115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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