A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

More documents

Recommendations

Info

• Boundaries of room subdivisions • Information about the doors, such as location, manual or automatic close, and initially opened or closed • Exit goal locations that are available for each spatial subdivision • Initial location of the fire • Number of exits available • Number of spatial crowding subdivisions in the floor plan • Number of doors in the floor plan • Physical crowding threshold for each space in the building Visualization capabilities: None. Validation studies: None noted. Special features: Manual exit block/obstacles – Yes, for each occupant. The occupant can have a probability of 0 that he/she cannot open the door. Fire conditions affect behavior Yes, fire conditions are input by the user. Disabilities/slow occupant groups – Yes, the user specifies each occupant’s initial mobility or disability. This is suspected to mostly affect assistance and rescue behavior of the mobile occupants. Delays/pre-movement time – Yes, the model accounts for behaviors occurring before exiting the building. Toxicity of the occupants – Yes, per specified smoke tolerance factor. Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – Route choice is dependant upon occupant characteristics and environmental conditions. Limitations: A limitation of the model is very specific inputs for EACH occupant. It probably gets difficult to model a large number of people. Also, it is not clear what the limit is for modeling a certain number of occupants. This is a much older model. A-100
A.28 VEgAS Developer: G.K. Still, Crowd Dynamics Ltd., UK Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate human behavioral response under stress conditions and through the fire environment, monitoring toxicity levels and physical containment 73, 74, 112 . All occupants and components of the building operate in “real-time” in a “virtual reality (VR) world.” Availability to the public for use: Unknown. Myriad (described in Section A.28), a macroscopic evacuation model, has seemed to replace the use of the model by Crowd Dynamics, Ltd. Modeling method: This is a behavioral model Structure of model: This is a fine network system. Perspective of model and occupant: The model views the occupants as individuals. Each occupant or “human character” is programmed to respond to the following: • Proximity to fire/smoke/temperature • Time from the initial alarm • Proximity to the exit • Behavior of their neighbors Each occupant has intelligence and a number of choices during the evacuation. According to Gwynne and Galea 113 , the user specifies a defined route to the exit, instead of modeling wayfinding capability. The route is dynamically affected by the fire environment, as shown in the VEGAS diagram. Occupant behavior and movement: The occupant behavior is artificial intelligence, which involves simulating the individual thought processes. The behavior/movement processes are shown in Figure A.28. The model can use such input as the products of combustion in the building spaces (fixtures, finishes, and furnishings), the fire growth rate, the effect of opening and closing doors, the effect of smoke, toxicity to the occupants, and smoke extraction systems to simulate the evacuation. Each occupant is programmed to respond to the proximity to the fire environment (fire, smoke, and temperature), the time from initial alarm, proximity to the exit, and the behavior of his/her neighbors. VEGAS uses a series of programmable events (by the user) to trigger the occupant respond/ignore cycle. A-101
Page 1:
Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5:
Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7:
Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10:
A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12:
2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14:
The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16:
• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18:
2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20:
(2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22:
Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24:
Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26:
Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28:
3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30:
If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32:
5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34:
29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36:
57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37:
86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41:
Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43:
Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45:
y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47:
A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49:
A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51:
A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53:
Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55:
A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57:
Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59:
A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61:
Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63:
Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65:
Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67:
Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69:
A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71:
adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73:
A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75:
the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77:
parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79:
A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81:
higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83:
level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85:
• Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87:
A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121: the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 122 and 123: factor,” the current goal is chan
Page 124 and 125: Use of fire data: The model can acc
Page 126 and 127: • Physical scale - This scale is
Page 128 and 129: • Free - elevator is idle Use of
Page 130 and 131: are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133: A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
Page 134 and 135: A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
Page 136 and 137: types of subroutines consist of tho
Page 140 and 141: Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
Page 142 and 143: Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145: A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
Page 146 and 147: affected by the movement of others,
Page 148 and 149: A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151: 28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153: 57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
Page 154 and 155: 86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156: 115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
show all

A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?