A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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• Free – elevator is idle Use of emergency management modeling – The EvacSim model can take into account either a warden system or emergency warning system. The actions of fire wardens during an evacuation are determined by the user. Also, the wardens can be assigned the unique action of a “room-toroom” search on their floor level. On the fire floor, wardens relay the message to “leave immediately” to the occupants. On the other levels, the wardens hold their occupants until receiving instructions from the master warden to begin evacuation (this is the phased evacuation mode). The floors, instead of wardens, can be equipped with an emergency warning system, and the occupant’s decision to evacuate will depend on his/her defined cues (such as the information broadcast over the system). Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – Route choice is dependent on a list of information, many of it conditional to the environment, during the evacuation as well as the familiarity with the building. Limitations: According to the developer, EvacSim needs more development and a complete validation. The model is not presently modeling some behavior related to residences, and he would like to integrate a fire model. A-90
Models No Longer in Use A.25 Takahashi’s Fluid Model Developers: Takahashi, Tanaka, and Kose, Ministry of Construction, Japan Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to predict and evaluate the evacuation time of people in a fire, mainly from a low level hazard 106, 107 . The assumption of this model is that people move like a fluid. Availability to the public for use: According to one of the authors, the model was published for general use about 15 years ago from the Building Center of Japan and was used for a while in research and practical fire safety design of actual buildings. However, because hand calculation methods have been widely used among building designers for the estimation of evacuation time lately, the model has not become as popular in use. Modeling method: Movement model Structure of model: This is a coarse network system. The 6 space elements are room, path, stair, vestibule, hall, and refuge area. The two “imaginary spaces” are link and crowding. Perspective of model: The model views the occupants globally as a homogeneous group with the ability to move like a fluid with a constant speed in each space element. The occupants view the building globally as well, since they are moved throughout the building through the most optimal route. Occupant behavior: No behavior. Occupant movement: Occupants are uniformly distributed in rooms and given delay times by the user. Takahashi’s fluid program models the movement of the occupants throughout the room using two different approaches, depending on the obstacles in a room. The L-shape approach is used for rooms where obstacles are present, which allows the occupants to approach the exit in an L-shaped or indirect manner. For rooms without obstacles, the occupants approach the exit directly using the centripetal approach, as shown in Figure A.26. Figure A.26: Occupant movement in a room following the centripetal approach 106, p. 554 For both methods, the number of evacuees arriving to the exit after a time (t) is affected by the length and width of the room, the user specified walking speed, and the density of the evacuees in the room. Any crowding at the exits from rooms is redistributed to achieve the minimum or optimal evacuation time from each space. The fluid movement equations used for the simulation A-91
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
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Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
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Tables Table 1. Overall features of
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A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
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2 Features of Egress Models This re
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The current model categories for pu
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• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
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2.11 Validation The models are also
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(2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
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Table 1. Overall features of egress
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Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
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Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
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3.2 Overview of Model Features The
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If the user has a project that invo
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5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
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29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
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57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
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86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
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Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
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Use of fire data: None. Output: The
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y the arc), which is calculated by
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A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
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A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
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A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
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Occupants can also be introduced in
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A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
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Any interaction between the occupan
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A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
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Limitations: No individual consider
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Occupant movement: From the Simulex
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Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
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Table A.6: Validation study results
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A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
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adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
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A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
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the FED model by Purser. This inclu
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parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121: the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 122 and 123: factor,” the current goal is chan
Page 124 and 125: Use of fire data: The model can acc
Page 126 and 127: • Physical scale - This scale is
Page 130 and 131: are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133: A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
Page 134 and 135: A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
Page 136 and 137: types of subroutines consist of tho
Page 138 and 139: • Boundaries of room subdivisions
Page 140 and 141: Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
Page 142 and 143: Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145: A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
Page 146 and 147: affected by the movement of others,
Page 148 and 149: A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151: 28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153: 57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
Page 154 and 155: 86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156: 115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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