A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

More documents

Recommendations

Info

factor,” the current goal is changed. Examples of goal modifiers are alarms, smoke detectors, usual noises, firefighter arrival, an impaired person, and smoke tolerance. • Goal generator: The model is provided with goals and their probability of occurring. Then, each goal is assigned an action set from the action library. An example provided by the model developer is that if a goal of firefighting was chosen, actions such as go to fire area, fight the fire, etc. may be assigned to this goal. The same action can be assigned to more than one goal. • Fire event: The user introduces information about the fire environment into the model. The information involves the location of the fire and the spread of smoke throughout the space. Subevents are scheduled into the model, such as spread of smoke to a location at the fire floor, spread of smoke to another floor, alarm goes off, fire fighters arrive, etc. While these events are scheduled, local spread rates are entered interactively during the simulation. The developer describes the simulation as interactive, allowing the user to point to areas on the screen and provide different values for the environment. • Physical environment: The user also enters into the model a description of the building and the fire protection aspects, such as location of alarms, status of doors, etc. The building configuration is also sketched interactively and the output is graphical. • Route modifier library: The model assigns preference levels to spaces along different routes in the building. The criteria existing for these preference levels are the following: high priority is given to spaces with “architectural and functional differentiation” because of the belief that occupants have created stronger mental images of these areas; simple paths (instead of complex) are associated with a high probability of making a rational decision; higher preference is given to exits with perceptual access; and priority is indifferent to the introduction of exit signs. • People characteristics: Cognitive properties, such as preference levels, are assigned to each occupant group. Other characteristics include walking speed, asleep or awake at time of fire, and smoke tolerance. • Goal Initiator: This is the central unit that checks the goal modifiers to see if a goal change is needed for each individual at each time frame. If so, the next goal is chosen stochastically. Then, the goal is passed to the action generator. • Action Generator: The individual person is moved by this generator according to the action. The effect of the individual action on the fire event, building, and other individual is transferred to the goal modifiers. A-84
Model People Characteristics Fire Event Goal Generator Goal Initiator Action Library Goal Modifier Library Physical Environment Action Generator Route Modifier Library (Cognitive Factors) Next Person Go to next person Next Frame Go to next time frame End of Simulation Figure A.24: Conceptual Structure of the BGRAF Model 101, p. 200 Occupant movement: The user determines the total time that the simulation will run. The movement is not explained in detail, other than that the user specifies a specific walking speed of the individual, occupant mobility status, alertness of the occupant, smoke tolerance, and the occupant’s initial location in the building. It is not clear how congestion is modeled. Output: The following output is provided by the model: • Evacuation time • Initial distance from exit • Number of people that successfully escaped the fire • Length of exposure to smoke • Action statistics and order actions Tabular output summarizes the goals pursued by the occupants and the actions that each occupant has taken. Also output are the distances traveled, exits used, and current locations of each occupant. A-85
Page 1:
Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5:
Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7:
Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10:
A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12:
2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14:
The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16:
• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18:
2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20:
(2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22:
Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24:
Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26:
Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28:
3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30:
If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32:
5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34:
29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36:
57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37:
86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41:
Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43:
Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45:
y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47:
A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49:
A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51:
A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53:
Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55:
A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57:
Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59:
A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61:
Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63:
Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65:
Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67:
Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69:
A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71:
adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109: Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121: the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 124 and 125: Use of fire data: The model can acc
Page 126 and 127: • Physical scale - This scale is
Page 128 and 129: • Free - elevator is idle Use of
Page 130 and 131: are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133: A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
Page 134 and 135: A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
Page 136 and 137: types of subroutines consist of tho
Page 138 and 139: • Boundaries of room subdivisions
Page 140 and 141: Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
Page 142 and 143: Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145: A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
Page 146 and 147: affected by the movement of others,
Page 148 and 149: A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151: 28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153: 57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
Page 154 and 155: 86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156: 115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
show all

A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?