A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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Disabilities/slow occupant groups – Yes, the user can input a percentage to be used from the default unimpeded walking speed. Delays/pre-movement time – Yes, both response delays and decision making delays are simulated. Toxicity of the occupants – Yes, but infrequently used. Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – Shortest route, which can be altered due to behavioral aspects of the evacuation. Limitations: The model developers state that there are few practical limits on the size of the simulations because the model can handle several thousand occupants and plan areas of many km 2 . A-70
Models Not Yet Released A.20 Spatial-Grid Evacuation Model (SGEM) Package Developer: Lo, S.M. from the Department of Building and Construction, City University in Hong Kong (primary developer). Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to make use of CAD plans to generate escape patterns from complex buildings 85, 86 . Availability to the public for use: The model is not yet available to the public. The model has been used for some consultancy projects; however the developers are still working on the interface of the model, the CAD feature, and the simulation process. Modeling method: Movement/Partial-Behavioral model Structure of model: The structure of the model is ultimately a fine network model. Initially, the model resolves the building into nodes that represent spaces/zones (unprotected, partially protected, and fully protected) of the building with at least one arc (opening) between the zones, which is labeled as a coarse network. Then, each zone is divided up into a finite grid of cells each measuring 0.4 x 0.4 m in size to represent the amount of space taken up by one occupant, which is the reason that the model is labeled as a fine network model. Additionally, only one person occupies a grid cell at a time. Perspective of model: Individual perspective. The model tracks individual occupants at each time step throughout the building. Also, occupants’ movements throughout the building are based not only on the distance to an exit but also on other conflicts that arise during the evacuation. Occupant behavior: None/implicit. Individual behavior is simulated using a wayfinding function. The wayfinding function of the model is affected by personal characteristics of the individual (age, gender, drive, patience, etc) and the environmental stimuli in a zone (obstacles, conflicts, smoke, alarm signals, assistance of a manager, etc.). This wayfinding function ultimately adjusts the directional adjustment of individual’s movement (depending on obstacles and conflicts) and the individual’s speed (slowing, stopping). However, the reference for the model 85 then states that “at present, we merely consider three classes of behavioural effect and provide respective weightings,” without going into more detail. The route choice tendency alters the tendency of a direction an occupant takes to leave a zone. On the other hand, the wayfinding function decides the direction the occupant will actually take at each time step. A-71
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Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
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Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
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Tables Table 1. Overall features of
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A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
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2 Features of Egress Models This re
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The current model categories for pu
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• Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
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2.11 Validation The models are also
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(2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
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Table 1. Overall features of egress
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Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
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Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
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3.2 Overview of Model Features The
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If the user has a project that invo
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5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
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29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
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57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
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86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
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Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
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Use of fire data: None. Output: The
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y the arc), which is calculated by
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A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
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A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
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A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
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Occupants can also be introduced in
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A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
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Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97: Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99: Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101: A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
Page 102 and 103: maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105: A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
Page 106 and 107: Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 110 and 111: Occupant movement: Cellular automat
Page 112 and 113: graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115: not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117: A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119: evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121: the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 122 and 123: factor,” the current goal is chan
Page 124 and 125: Use of fire data: The model can acc
Page 126 and 127: • Physical scale - This scale is
Page 128 and 129: • Free - elevator is idle Use of
Page 130 and 131: are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133: A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
Page 134 and 135: A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
Page 136 and 137: types of subroutines consist of tho
Page 138 and 139: • Boundaries of room subdivisions
Page 140 and 141: Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
Page 142 and 143: Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145: A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
Page 146 and 147: affected by the movement of others,
Page 148 and 149: A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151: 28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153: 57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
Page 154 and 155: 86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156: 115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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