A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library
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maximum value. Lastly, the lower diagonal score is 0.7 x (1.0 m/s x 0.8) = 0.56. In the lower<br />
diagonal case, there is only one other occupant in the current and potential cells, other than the<br />
green occupant, so the speed is decreased to 80 % <strong>of</strong> its maximum value. The highest score <strong>of</strong><br />
0.56 is given to the lower diagonal, so the bottom diagonal cell is chosen.<br />
The choice <strong>of</strong> an occupant’s route is influenced by both distance and the degree <strong>of</strong> difficulty<br />
specified for the doors and windows by the user. Occupants can, however, stray from the<br />
minimum distance path to avoid high crowded areas. Also, a specified behavior may lead the<br />
occupants to a specific part <strong>of</strong> the building before evacuation will begin.<br />
Output: The output consists <strong>of</strong> detailed information about each person in the simulation at<br />
every time step. Also included is route information, fire conditions in certain rooms in the<br />
building, summary <strong>of</strong> every Monte Carlo run, evacuation time, and a pictorial output (at any time<br />
throughout the simulation).<br />
Use <strong>of</strong> fire data: CRISP3 has its own zone-based fire model.<br />
Import CAD drawings: Yes, CAD drawings can be imported into the model. The user must<br />
specify the heights <strong>of</strong> the floor plan and ceilings at different points on each floor plan. If CAD<br />
plans are not used, the user must create a build file which specifies the building geometry by<br />
inputting:<br />
• x,y coordinates <strong>of</strong> the building layout, such as rooms, stairs, vents<br />
• Height <strong>of</strong> ceiling and vents<br />
• Connections between rooms and between stairs<br />
The user also specifies the type and location <strong>of</strong> detection system (in the detection input file) and<br />
if the stand-alone evacuation model in used, the occupants are alerted at the start <strong>of</strong> the<br />
simulation if no delay time is added. Also, the x,y coordinates <strong>of</strong> any obstacles on each floor<br />
must be listed in a separate obstacle input file.<br />
Visualization capabilities: 2-D and 3-D capabilities (Josephine)<br />
Validation studies: CRISP’s use has been frequently documented by BRE in such projects as<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice buildings, a large exhibition hall, and an airport terminal. These were done in order to<br />
conclude available safe egress time (ASET) versus required safe egress time (RSET) conditions,<br />
main factors in the evacuation (exit routes, width <strong>of</strong> doors, etc.), and worst scenarios, to name a<br />
few.<br />
An evacuation <strong>of</strong> a 3-story <strong>of</strong>fice building 79 , housing 202 civil service staff, was performed in<br />
1996, and subsequently modeled in CRISP to develop and improve the model for use in <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
buildings. Similar to validation efforts for the WAYOUT model, questionnaires were<br />
administered to the staff after the drill to obtain information on workplace, location at time <strong>of</strong><br />
alarm, and any emergency roles and actions taken when responding to alarm. Respondents<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> 22 designated emergency staff, one wheelchair user, and 118 staff with no<br />
emergency responsibility. In the actual evacuation <strong>of</strong> the building, all staff, except the<br />
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