RARE EARTHS 101 - Avalon Rare Metals

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RARE EARTH ApplicATionS Rare earths are used in everyday products to produce energy, reduce energy consumption, increase energy efficiency and advance lifestyle consumer and medical products. Energy production Energy Reduction Energy Efficiency lifestyle products Petroleum Refining UV Filters in Glass Electric / Hybrid Vehicles Color Screens La Ce Nd Sm Y Eu Tb High-Powered Electric Motors Reducing Fuel Consumption Rechargeable Batteries Hardware Components Nd Dy Tb Nd La Nd Electric / Hybrid Vehicles Lighter Vehicles Energy-Efficient Lighting Medical Services La Dy Eu Tb Ce Nd Gd Wind Turbines Smaller, Lighter Electric Motors Ce Y La Nd Dy Tb Nd Dy Tb RARE EARTH pERmAnEnT mAGnETS (REpms) are much more powerful than alternatives, providing better performance with a smaller size, which has led to many miniaturization applications. REPMs have been advanced by neodymium, dysprosium, samarium, praseodymium and terbium. ElEcTRic moToRS are made more energy efficient, lighter weight, quieter and smaller with REPMs. These motors are typically used in washers, dryers, vacuum cleaners and compressors. W i n d T u R B i n E power generation is directly proportional to the sweep area of the blades and the cube of wind speed. As a result wind turbines are being deployed in remote areas, such as offshore, where wind speeds are greater. Wind turbine blade spans are also getting larger and overall assemblies taller. Direct drive turbine generators use REPMs and eliminate the need for a gearbox No gearbox means a simplified turbine drivetrain, reduced energy losses and decreased maintenance costs Approximately 600 – 900 kg of REPMs are needed per megawatt of wind turbine capacity, of which 25-30% is REE
HyBRid VEHiclES cut fossil fuel consumption by combining a conventional internal combustion engine with a battery powered traction drive. REE are used in the metal hydride component of the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery, the electric traction motor, and regenerative braking system Hybrid vehicles contain approximately 30 kg of REE, with the majority accounted for by the NiMH battery REPM electric motors are used for power steering columns, windows, windshield wipers and more REE play a critical role in automotive catalytic convertors, which transform the primary pollutants in engine exhaust into non-toxic compounds m R i m A c H i n E S used for medical imaging and diagnostics now incorporate REPMs to generate high strength magnetic fields. REPMs are replacing expensive traditional systems of wire coils that need to be cooled in liquid helium to reduce electrical resistance New units provide more space for the patient. l i G H T E m i T T i n G d i o d E S ( l E d s) use phosphors which typically incorporate rare earth elements. The most common LED phosphor is cerium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ce:YAG). LEDs are 80% more efficient than incandescent lighting and 40% more efficient than compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). conSumER ElEcTRonicS such as high performance speakers, headphones and ear buds use tiny REPMs for improved bass response and higher overall sound quality. c A m E R A l E n S E S binoculars, eyeglasses, mirrors and television faceplates are polished using agents which rely on rare earth oxides, often cerium oxide. In addition, lanthanum oxide is used to improve visual clarity in binoculars, camera lenses, microscopes and telescopes. m E d i c A l : Rare earths are used in a wide range of applications including drug treatments, diagnostic techniques and equipment. Solutions of organicgadolinium complexes are used as intravenous contrast agents to enhance MRI imaging Radioisotope yttrium-90 is used in cancer treatment Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers are used in eye surgery plASmA TElEViSionS and computer monitors are coated with phosphors which generate the primary colours red, blue and green. Europium is required for phosphors which generate the colour red. A new blue europium phosphor retains brightness ten times longer than previous blue phosphors. Phosphors are also used to create the white backlight used in LCD screens. F l u i d c R A c K i n G c A T A l y S T S u s e lanthanum and cerium in the refining of crude oil to improve the activity and hydrothermal stability of the catalyst, and enhance gasoline yields.
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RARE EARTHS 101 - Avalon Rare Metals

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