Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry - E-Library Home

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Methods for Studying Enzymatic Reactions 73 (a) C H cleavage rate determining k H k D C H (c) C H cleavage after rate determining step no KIE observed C H = 6-7 (b) C H cleavage partially rate determining k H = 2-3 k D C H (d) C H cleavage before rate determining step KIE observed on k cat /K M ([S] > K M ES [S]
74 Chapter 4 O D H ketosteroid isomerase SLOW HO EnzB-D FAST O D H k H k D = 6.2 O H D ketosteroid isomerase SLOW HO D EnzB-H FAST O D k H = 1.1 k D Figure 4.26 Substrate kinetic isotope eVects in the ketosteroid isomerase reaction. abstracted is replaced by deuterium, and a primary kinetic isotope eVect of 6.2 is observed on k cat . However, with 4S-[4- 2 H]-ketosteroid a secondary kinetic isotope eVect of 1.1 is observed, due to re-hybridisation of C-2 in the ratedetermining step. If an enzymatic reaction is carried out in 2 H 2 O rather than 1 H 2 O a solvent kinetic isotope eVect is observed if there is a proton transfer from water or a water-exchangeable group in the rate-determining step. For example, in the ketosteroid isomerase reaction there is a D 2 O solvent isotope eVect of 1.6 on k cat , due to replacement of the phenolic proton of Tyr-14 by deuterium, as shown in Figure 4.27. D 2 O solvent isotope eVects also arise where there is base-catalysed attack of water in a rate-determining step. However, D 2 O solvent isotope eVects can in some cases arise for a number of reasons far removed from active site catalysis, so they need to be interpreted with caution. Finally, kinetic isotope eVects are not restricted only to cleavage of C2H bonds: rate-determining cleavage of C2O, C2N and C2C bonds can be studied using 18 O-, 15 N- and 13 C-labelled substrates. In these cases the diVerence in zero point energy between heavy isotopes is very much smaller, so the observed eVects are typically Tyr 14 O D O k H2 O k D2 O = 1.6 H − O O Asp 38 Figure 4.27 D 2 O solvent isotope eVect in the ketosteroid isomerase reaction.
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Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme
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Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme
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Contents Preface Representation of
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Contents vii 8 Enzymatic Addition/E
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Representation of Protein Three-Dim
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2 Chapter 1 H 2 N O NH 2 + H 2 O Ja
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4 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 The vitamins.
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6 Chapter 1 has very diVerent biolo
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2 All Enzymes are Proteins 2.1 Intr
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10 Chapter 2 (Gln). There are three
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12 Chapter 2 AAA Lys ACA Thr AGA Ar
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14 Chapter 2 H N O H N O Figure 2.8
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16 Chapter 2 (a) (b) Figure 2.12 St
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18 Chapter 2 Figure 2.14 Structure
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20 Chapter 2 (a) X Y Enzyme + Subst
Page 33 and 34: 22 Chapter 2 maintaining protein te
Page 35 and 36: 24 Chapter 2 surface glycoprotein g
Page 37 and 38: 26 Chapter 2 O-linked glycosylation
Page 39 and 40: 28 Chapter 2 Metalloproteins I. Ber
Page 41 and 42: 30 Chapter 3 O N H R CO 2 H acylase
Page 43 and 44: 32 Chapter 3 (a) Free energy uncata
Page 45 and 46: 34 Chapter 3 Ester k rel Effective
Page 47 and 48: 36 Chapter 3 3.4 The importance of
Page 49 and 50: 38 Chapter 3 pKa Tyrosine CH 2 O H
Page 51 and 52: 40 Chapter 3 glycoside hydrolysis (
Page 53 and 54: 42 Chapter 3 O O Glu 143 O − R H
Page 55 and 56: 44 Chapter 3 the hydroxyl groups of
Page 57 and 58: 46 Chapter 3 E + S E + S ES' ES ‘
Page 59 and 60: 48 Chapter 3 Examination of protein
Page 61 and 62: 50 Chapter 3 (Note: Similar results
Page 63 and 64: 52 Chapter 4 (1) Direct UV (2) Radi
Page 65 and 66: 54 Chapter 4 Figure 4.3 PuriWcation
Page 67 and 68: 56 Chapter 4 The two kinetic consta
Page 69 and 70: 58 Chapter 4 Lineweaver−Burk Plot
Page 71 and 72: 60 Chapter 4 E + S K i EI+ I ES E +
Page 73 and 74: 62 Chapter 4 (2) by treatment with
Page 75 and 76: 64 Chapter 4 In general the stereoc
Page 77 and 78: H D T CO 2 H CO − 2 T HO D H −
Page 79 and 80: 68 Chapter 4 4.5 The existence of i
Page 81 and 82: 70 Chapter 4 18O 18O 18 O O P O −
Page 83: 72 Chapter 4 If a reaction involves
Page 87 and 88: 76 Chapter 4 Table 4.3 Group speciW
Page 89 and 90: 78 Chapter 4 [S] (mM) Rate of produ
Page 91 and 92: 80 Chapter 4 Enzyme kinetics I.H. S
Page 93 and 94: 82 Chapter 5 O = C NHR peptidase H
Page 95 and 96: 84 Chapter 5 non-speciWc protease c
Page 97 and 98: 86 Chapter 5 His 57 His 57 Asp 102
Page 99 and 100: 88 Chapter 5 Other serine proteases
Page 101 and 102: 90 Chapter 5 Figure 5.8 Structure o
Page 103 and 104: 92 Chapter 5 now predominate Perhap
Page 105 and 106: OH R O Zn 2+ O O O Ph Glu 270 H 2 N
Page 107 and 108: 96 Chapter 5 CASE STUDY: HIV-1 prot
Page 109 and 110: 98 Chapter 5 HO Transition state pe
Page 111 and 112: 100 Chapter 5 The aminoacyl group o
Page 113 and 114: 102 Chapter 5 5.5 Enzymatic phospho
Page 115 and 116: 104 Chapter 5 Figure 5.29 Structure
Page 117 and 118: 106 Chapter 5 Figure 5.32 Structure
Page 119 and 120: 108 Chapter 5 Adenosine 5 0 -tripho
Page 121 and 122: 110 Chapter 5 functional group. Gly
Page 123 and 124: 112 Chapter 5 CH 2 OH O RO HO OH O
Page 125 and 126: 114 Chapter 5 to these atoms that t
Page 127 and 128: 116 Chapter 5 Problems (1) Using pa
Page 129 and 130: 118 Chapter 5 (6) Retaining glycosi
Page 131 and 132: 120 Chapter 5 J.R. Knowles (1980) E
Page 133 and 134: 122 Chapter 6 +1.0 Redox potential
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Table 6.1 Classes of redox enzymes.
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126 Chapter 6 An important point is
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128 Chapter 6 O H − OH − O OH H
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130 Chapter 6 one-electron transfer
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132 Chapter 6 (a) R N H + N O R N H
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134 Chapter 6 Inactivation by trany
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Page 149 and 150:
138 Chapter 6 (a) (b) Figure 6.23 S
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140 Chapter 6 glutathione called tr
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142 Chapter 6 neither has a stable
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144 Chapter 6 of the haem cofactor
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146 Chapter 6 Figure 6.33 Active si
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148 Chapter 6 HO H N N O O H N prol
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150 Chapter 6 R R R O 2 , Fe 2+ O O
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152 Chapter 6 CoA. Explain these re
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154 Chapter 6 NADH models O. Almars
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7 Enzymatic Carbon-Carbon Bond Form
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158 Chapter 7 O H − OH O − O H
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162 Chapter 7 Figure 7.6 Active sit
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164 Chapter 7 7.3 Claisen enzymes I
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166 Chapter 7 CoAS O EnzB − H D T
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168 Chapter 7 onto the acetyl-thioe
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170 Chapter 7 In the case of erythr
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172 Chapter 7 O HO O − O ATP ADP
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174 Chapter 7 CO 2 − vitamin K-de
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176 Chapter 7 7.8 Thiamine pyrophos
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178 Chapter 7 HN N + N H NH S O OPP
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180 Chapter 7 O OH OH camphor geran
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182 Chapter 7 CH 3 * OPP (−)pinen
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186 Chapter 7 C C C C C O OCH 3 C H
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188 Chapter 7 AcO HO HO NHAc O OH +
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190 Chapter 7 (9) Usnic acid is a n
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192 Chapter 7 Radical couplings W.M
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194 Chapter 8 C-O cleavage H E1 H C
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196 Chapter 8 leads to the formatio
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198 Chapter 8 aconitase citrate cis
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200 Chapter 8 *H R H H CO 2 − NH
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202 Chapter 8 EnzB − 2 H − O 2
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204 Chapter 8 involves no change in
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206 Chapter 8 Glyphosate H H N CO
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208 Chapter 8 (5) Chorismic acid (s
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9 Enzymatic Transformations of Amin
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CO − − 2 CO 2 H H CO 2 − N +
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214 Chapter 9 - BEnz CO − 2 Cl H
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216 Chapter 9 Arg 292 Arg 292 Lys 2
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218 Chapter 9 Arg 292 Asp 292 HN H
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220 Chapter 9 S − B 1 Enz H − C
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222 Chapter 9 9.6 N-Pyruvoyl-depend
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224 Chapter 9 The biosyntheses of n
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226 Chapter 9 Further reading Gener
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228 Chapter 10 B 1 - H + NH 3 CO
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230 Chapter 10 ‘low-barrier’ +
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232 Chapter 10 H S C 6 H 13 HN His
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234 Chapter 10 O H NH 3 CO 2 − CO
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236 Chapter 10 sub-units. Each sub-
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238 Chapter 10 Further reading Gene
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11 Radicals in Enzyme Catalysis 11.
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242 Chapter 11 CH 2 Co III Ad H OH
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244 Chapter 11 − O 2 C − O CO
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246 Chapter 11 H N H O 734 H N H PF
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248 Chapter 11 H H* + H + H 3 N CO
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250 Chapter 11 O HN NH + H 3 N H 3
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252 Chapter 11 cofactor is involved
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254 Chapter 11 Protein Radicals J.
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256 Chapter 12 self-splicing reacti
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258 Chapter 12 Figure 12.2 Structur
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260 Chapter 12 antigen combining si
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262 Chapter 12 R O OR' OH − R O
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264 Chapter 12 CO 2 − − O 2 C O
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266 Chapter 12 (1) Selective substr
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268 Chapter 12 HO O HO OH HO OH O O
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270 Chapter 12 Problems (1) How rev
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Appendix 1: Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rule
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Appendix 2: Amino Acid Abbreviation
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276 Appendix 3 Preparation of orang
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278 Appendix 4 (2) Intramolecular a
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280 Appendix 4 from water at a-posi
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282 Appendix 4 Chapter 8 (1) Treat
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284 Appendix 4 (b) Formation of rad
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286 Index b-hydroxydecanoyl thioest
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288 Index glycosylation 26-7 glysop
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290 Index phenylalanine ammonia lya
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292 Index transition states 31-2 an
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