WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru

WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru

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ong>WHOong> ong>monographsong> on selected medicinal plants Dosage forms Crude drug for infusions, dry extracts, fluidextract and other Galenical preparations for internal and external use (47). Posology (Unless otherwise specified) Daily dosage: for oral use 4–6 g of herb. Infusion: 2–4 g in 150 ml water three times daily. Fluidextract (1:1, 45% ethanol w/w) 1.5–3.0 ml daily. Tincture (1:5, 70% ethanol) 3–8.5 ml daily. Dry extract (4.5–5.5:1 w/w) 0.36–0.44 g, three times daily. External use: boil 50 g of herb in 1 l of water, add to one full bath (47). References 1. European Pharmacopoeia, 5th ed. Strasbourg, Directorate for the Quality of Medicines of the Council of Europe (EDQM), 2005. 2. Bedevian AK. Illustrated polyglottic dictionary of plant names. Cairo, Medbouly Library, 1994. 3. Farnsworth NR, ed. NAPRALERT database. Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL (an online database available directly through the University of Illinois at Chicago or through the Scientific and Technical Network [STN] of Chemical Abstracts Services), 30 June 2005. 4. Youngken HW. Textbook of pharmacognosy, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Blakiston, 1950. 5. Bisset NR, Wichtl M, eds. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals, English ed. Boca Raton, FL, Medpharm, 1994. 6. Perry LM, Metzger J. Medicinal plants of east and southeast Asia: Attributed properties and uses. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1980. 7. Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Paris, Lavoisier, 1995. 8. Boulos L. Medicinal plants of North Africa. Algonac, Michigan, Reference Publications, 1983. 9. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Exeter, British Herbal Medicine Association, 1996. 10. Ziaková A, Brandsteterová E. Validation of HPLC determination of phenolic acids present in some Lamiaceae family plants. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 2003, 26:443–453. 11. ong>WHOong> guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007. 12. Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues, 2nd rev. ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997 (ong>WHOong>/FSF/FOS/97.7). 13. Blumenthal M et al., eds. The complete German Commission E ong>monographsong>: Therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin, TX, American Botanical Council, 1998. 306

Folium Rosmarini 14. Cantrell CL et al. Seco-hinokiol, a new abietane diterpenoid from Rosmarinus officinalis. Journal of Natural Products, 2005, 68:98–100. 15. Hagers Handbuch der Drogen (CD ROM). Heidelberg, Springer Verlag, 2003 [in German]. 16. Sotelo-Félix JI et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) in the alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in the rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2002, 81:145–154. 17. Fahim FA et al. Allied studies on the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on experimental hepatotoxicity and mutagenesis. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1999, 50:413–427. 18. Lo AH et al. Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-B in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis, 2002, 23:983–991. 19. Aruoma OI et al. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid. Xenobiotica, 1992, 22:257–268. 20. Fuhrman B et al. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic. Antioxidant and Redox Signaling, 2000, 2:491–506. 21. Gutiérrez ME et al. Interaction of tocopherols and phenolic compounds with membrane lipid components: Evaluation of their antioxidant activity in a liposomal model system. Life Science, 2003, 72:2337–2360. 22. Del Baño MJ et al. Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis: antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003, 51:4247–4253. 23. Zeng HH et al. Antioxidant properties of phenolic diterpenes from Rosmarinus officinalis. Acta Pharmacologia Sinica, 2001, 22:1094–1098. 24. Asai A, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Antioxidative effects of turmeric, rosemary and capsicum extracts on membrane phospholipid peroxidation and liver lipid metabolism in mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1999, 63:2118–2122. 25. Calabrese V et al. Biochemical studies of a natural antioxidant isolated from rosemary and its application in cosmetic dermatology. International Journal of Tissue Reactions, 2000, 22:5–13. 26. Slameňová D et al. Rosemary-stimulated reduction of DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites in mammalian cells treated with H 2 O 2 or visible light-excited methylene blue. Cancer Letters, 2002, 177:145–153. 27. Del Campo J, Amiot MJ, Nguyen-TC. Antimicrobial effect of rosemary extracts. Journal of Food Protection, 2000, 63:1359–1368. 28. Bagamboula CF, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J. Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Journal of Food Protection, 2003, 66:668–673. 29. Makino T et al. Suppressive effects of rosmarinic acid on mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in rats. Nephron, 2002, 92:898–904. 307

<str<strong>on</strong>g>WHO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>m<strong>on</strong>ographs</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>selected</strong> <strong>medicinal</strong> <strong>plants</strong><br />

Dosage forms<br />

C<strong>ru</strong>de d<strong>ru</strong>g for infusi<strong>on</strong>s, dry extracts, fluidextract and other Galenical<br />

preparati<strong>on</strong>s for internal and external use (47).<br />

Posology<br />

(Unless otherwise specified)<br />

Daily dosage: for oral use 4–6 g of herb. Infusi<strong>on</strong>: 2–4 g in 150 ml water<br />

three times daily. Fluidextract (1:1, 45% ethanol w/w) 1.5–3.0 ml daily.<br />

Tincture (1:5, 70% ethanol) 3–8.5 ml daily. Dry extract (4.5–5.5:1 w/w)<br />

0.36–0.44 g, three times daily. External use: boil 50 g of herb in 1 l of water,<br />

add to <strong>on</strong>e full bath (47).<br />

References<br />

1. European Pharmacopoeia, 5th ed. Strasbourg, Directorate for the Quality of<br />

Medicines of the Council of Europe (EDQM), 2005.<br />

2. Bedevian AK. Illustrated polyglottic dicti<strong>on</strong>ary of plant names. Cairo, Medbouly<br />

Library, 1994.<br />

3. Farnsworth NR, ed. NAPRALERT database. Chicago, University of Illinois<br />

at Chicago, IL (an <strong>on</strong>line database available directly through the University<br />

of Illinois at Chicago or through the Scientific and Technical Network [STN]<br />

of Chemical Abstracts Services), 30 June 2005.<br />

4. Youngken HW. Textbook of pharmacognosy, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Blakist<strong>on</strong>,<br />

1950.<br />

5. Bisset NR, Wichtl M, eds. Herbal d<strong>ru</strong>gs and phytopharmaceuticals, English<br />

ed. Boca Rat<strong>on</strong>, FL, Medpharm, 1994.<br />

6. Perry LM, Metzger J. Medicinal <strong>plants</strong> of east and southeast Asia: Attributed<br />

properties and uses. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1980.<br />

7. B<strong>ru</strong>net<strong>on</strong> J. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, <strong>medicinal</strong> <strong>plants</strong>. Paris, Lavoisier,<br />

1995.<br />

8. Boulos L. Medicinal <strong>plants</strong> of North Africa. Alg<strong>on</strong>ac, Michigan, Reference<br />

Publicati<strong>on</strong>s, 1983.<br />

9. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Exeter, British Herbal Medicine Associati<strong>on</strong>,<br />

1996.<br />

10. Ziaková A, Brandsteterová E. Validati<strong>on</strong> of HPLC determinati<strong>on</strong> of phenolic<br />

acids present in some Lamiaceae family <strong>plants</strong>. Journal of Liquid Chromatography<br />

and Related Technologies, 2003, 26:443–453.<br />

11. <str<strong>on</strong>g>WHO</str<strong>on</strong>g> guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to<br />

c<strong>on</strong>taminants and residues. Geneva, World Health Organizati<strong>on</strong>, 2007.<br />

12. Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues, 2nd rev. ed. Geneva,<br />

World Health Organizati<strong>on</strong>, 1997 (<str<strong>on</strong>g>WHO</str<strong>on</strong>g>/FSF/FOS/97.7).<br />

13. Blumenthal M et al., eds. The complete German Commissi<strong>on</strong> E <str<strong>on</strong>g>m<strong>on</strong>ographs</str<strong>on</strong>g>:<br />

Therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin, TX, American Botanical<br />

Council, 1998.<br />

306

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