WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru
WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru
Radix Panacis Quinquefolii to be drawn. Further randomized controlled clinical trials with larger populations of patients with diabetes and better methodology are needed before therapeutic recommendations can be made. Uses described in traditional medicine Used orally as a diuretic, digestive, tonic and a stimulant (5, 6, 23). Used to enhance stress resistance, and to treat cough, loss of appetite, colic, vomiting, insomnia, neuralgia, rheumatism and headaches (5, 24). Experimental pharmacology Antihyperglycaemic activity Intraperitoneal administration of an aqueous extract of the root exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia when administered at a dose of 10 g/kg body weight (bw) (p < 0.01). Activity-guided fractionation of the extract led to isolation of three glycans, the quinquefolans A, B and C, which displayed significant hypoglycaemic activity (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) in normal mice and in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia at a dose of 10, 100 and 10 mg/kg bw, of quinquefolans A, B and C, respectively (17). Antioxidant activity The antioxidant activity of a root extract containing 8% ginsenosides was assessed in the metal chelation, affinity to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl stable free radical, and peroxyl and hydroxyl free radical assays. Dissociation constants (Kd) for the extract to bind transition metals were of the order of Fe 2+ > Cu 2+ > Fe 3+ and corresponded to the affinity to inhibit metal-induced lipid peroxidation. In a metal-free linoleic acid emulsion, the extract exhibited a significant concentrationdependent (0.01–10 mg/ml) mitigation of lipid oxidation as assessed by the ammonium thiocyanate method (p 0.05). The extract also showed strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity up to a concentration of 1.6 mg/ml (r 2 = 0.996). The extract also inhibited the non-site-specific deoxynucleic acid (DNA) strand breakage caused by Fenton agents, and suppressed the Fenton-induced oxidation of a 66 Kd soluble protein obtained from mouse brain over a concentration range of 2.0–40.0 mg/ml (25). The free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant effects of the crude drug appear to be related to the concentration of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rb2 in the plant (26). The effect of saponins, isolated from the root, on the oxidation of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) was measured. The potential of the saponins for reducing LDL oxidation as well as limiting the ability of oxidized-LDL 231
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>WHO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>m<strong>on</strong>ographs</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>selected</strong> <strong>medicinal</strong> <strong>plants</strong><br />
HO<br />
O<br />
HO O<br />
O<br />
HO O<br />
Araf = OH<br />
Arap = OH<br />
Glc = OH<br />
Rha = CH 3<br />
HO<br />
HO<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
OH OH<br />
-L-arabinofuranosyl -L-arabinopyranosyl -D-glucopyranosyl -L-rhamnopyranosyl<br />
HO<br />
HO<br />
OH<br />
H 3 C CH 3<br />
R<br />
H 3 C<br />
HO H<br />
H<br />
CH 3 CH 3<br />
H<br />
H H H CH 3<br />
O O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
HO<br />
Glc<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
H 3 C<br />
CH 3<br />
Ginsenoside Rb1<br />
Ginsenoside Rb2<br />
Ginsenoside Rc<br />
R = Glc<br />
R = Arap<br />
R = Araf<br />
Ginsenoside Rd R = H<br />
H 3 C CH 3 O H O<br />
HO<br />
H 3 C<br />
HO H<br />
H<br />
CH 3<br />
O<br />
CH 3 CH 3<br />
H H 3 C<br />
H H H CH 3<br />
HO<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
O HO<br />
OH<br />
OH<br />
HO<br />
O<br />
R<br />
Ginsenoside Rg1 R = H<br />
Ginsenoside Re R = Rha<br />
H 3 C<br />
HO H<br />
H<br />
CH 3 CH 3<br />
H<br />
H H CH 3<br />
HO<br />
H<br />
H 3 C CH 3 O H<br />
HO<br />
HO<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
O<br />
Rha<br />
O<br />
Pseudoginsenoside F11<br />
OH<br />
CH 3<br />
H CH 3<br />
Medicinal uses<br />
Uses supported by clinical data<br />
N<strong>on</strong>e.<br />
Uses described in pharmacopoeias and well established documents<br />
While some preliminary studies have indicated that the root may be useful<br />
as an adjunct for the management of postprandial hyperglycaemia in<br />
subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (18–22), the numbers of subjects<br />
participating in the studies was too small to enable any solid c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
230
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