WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru

Radix Panacis Quinquefolii
Pesticide residues
The recommended maximum limit of aldrin and dieldrin is not more than
0.05 mg/kg (14). For other pesticides, see the European pharmacopoeia (14)
and the <strong>WHO</strong> guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with
reference to contaminants and residues (13) and pesticide residues (15).
Heavy metals
For maximum limits and analysis of heavy metals, consult the <strong>WHO</strong>
guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants
and residues (13).
Radioactive residues
Where applicable, consult the <strong>WHO</strong> guidelines for assessing quality of
herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues (13).
Chemical assays
Not less than 2% total ginsenosides of Rg1, Re and Rb1 (2).
Major chemical constituents
Major constituents of the root are the damamrane triterpene saponins
collectively known as ginsenosides. As in the case of Panax ginseng, the
ginsenosides of P. quinquefolius are derivatives of protopanaxadiol or
protopanaxatriol, with the majority of these compounds (e.g. ginsenosides
Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1 and Ro) being common to both species.
However, there are quantitative and qualitative differences. The
total ginsenoside content of Panax quinquefolius is higher than that of
Panax ginseng whereas the ginsenosides Rf and Rg2 do not occur in
P. quinquefolius. On the other hand, 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 is
found in P. quinquefolius, but not in P. ginseng. In cultivated P. quinquefolius,
however, the dominant ginsenosides are malonyl (m)-Rbl,
Rb1 and Re with the percentages of m-Rb1 and Rb1 being almost identical.
(Rg1 levels and total ginsenosides are much higher in wild than in
cultivated P. quinquefolius.) (6). Furthermore, the combined amount of
Rbl and m-Rb1 often exceeds half of the total ginsenoside content with
the total malonyl ginsenoside (m-Rb1, m-Rb2, m-Rc and m-Rd) content
being approximately 40% (5, 6). In a study of wild American ginseng,
total ginsenosides range from 1–16%, with the majority being in
the range of 4–5% (16). Polysaccharides of biological significance include
quinquefolans A, B and C (17). The structures of ginsenosides
Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1 and pseudoginsenoside F11 are presented
below.
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